Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Yakir Aharonov, Guy Hetzroni

This oral history interview provides Yakir Aharonov's perspective on the theoretical discovery of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in 1959, during his PhD studies in Bristol with David Bohm, the reception of the effect, the efforts to test it empirically (up to Tonomura's experiment), and some of the debates regarding the existence of the effect and its interpretation. The interview also discusses related later developments until the 1980s, including modular momentum and Berry's phase. It includes recollections from meetings with Werner Heisenberg, Richard Feynman, and Chen-Ning Yang, also mentioning John Bell, Robert Chambers, Werner Ehrenberg, Sir Charles Frank, Wendell Furry, Gunnar Källén, Maurice Pryce, Nathan Rosen, John Wheeler, and Eugene Wigner.

Hiroto Sato, Konan Shimizu

In social learning environments, agents acquire information from both private signals and the observed actions of predecessors, referred to as history. We define the value of history as the gain in expected payoff from accessing both the private signal and history, compared to relying on the signal alone. We first characterize the information structures that maximize this value, showing that it is highest under a mixture of full information and no information. We then apply these insights to a model of markets for history, where a monopolistic data seller collects and sells access to history. In equilibrium, the seller's dynamic pricing becomes the value of history for each agent. This gives the seller incentives to increase the value of history by designing the information structure. The seller optimal information discloses less information than the socially optimal level.

Jolanta Kolbuszewska

Artykuł zawiera szereg refleksji poczynionych po lekturze monografii prof. Hansa-Jürgena Bömelburga, niemieckiego historyka podejmującego od wielu lat tematykę związaną z dziejami Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, w tym przeszłości Łodzi w XX w. Książka jest ważna, gdyż zewnętrzny obserwator może zobaczyć więcej, umieścić przedmiot badań w szerszym kontekście, ponadto jest mniej uzależniony od środowiskowych układów. Z większą śmiałością podejmuje zagadnienia odsuwane przez rodzimych badaczy, problemy dotąd nieobecne w naukowej refleksji, inaczej rozkłada akcenty etc. Niemiecki historyk konsekwentnie zaaplikował model i kategorie badawcze niedoreprezentowane w polskiej historiografii. Potencjalni czytelnicy mogą liczyć na pogłębione, wnoszące nowe ustalenia, oryginalne ujęcie tematu. Monografia znakomicie uzupełnia dotychczasowy stan badań dotyczący dziejów XX-wiecznej Łodzi.

Katarzyna Taczyńska

The article examines how Jewish heritage is commemorated in the cities of Lower and Upper Silesia, Poland. After World War II, these parts of Poland experienced a selective representation of its past, in which Polish narratives were prioritized, often overshadowing the German presence. Through a comparative analysis, this research examines recent initiatives, including the opening of the Upper Silesian Jews House of Remembrance in Gliwice and the activities of various organizations in Wrocław dedicated to preserving local Jewish history. Using qualitative methodologies (in-depth interviews with museum staff and direct observations), as well as the examination of various texts, this study analyzes how nationalism shapes the representation of the Holocaust in different organizations and highlights the challenges in effectively educating the public about the shared history of Poles and German Jews in contemporary Poland.

Elżbieta Steczek-Czerniawska

W niniejszym artykule autorka podjęła próbę analizy kalendarzy kaliskich z XIX i początku XX wieku jako źródła do badań nad historią codzienności. Skupia uwagę na ich treści i kontekście społeczno-kulturowym, a także na tym, co mówią one o życiu mieszkańców Kalisza w tamtym czasie. Udowadnia, jak za pomocą kalendarzy możemy odtworzyć obraz życia, który, choć już dawno minął, wciąż przemawia do nas swoją autentycznością i bliskością.

Marta Jaroszewicz

Reflections on the implications of governments’ preferences for emergency solutions typically focus around narratives of democratic erosion and the logic of the “state of exception”. The ambition of this article is to advance these reflections by examining emergency governance not only as a logic of power, but also as a set of political practices experienced by societies living under conditions of sustained emergency. It also seeks to move beyond the typical Western model of sovereignty. This article examines emergency governance in the context of mobility and migration regulations in Poland and Ukraine. Poland has faced a series of mobility-related emergencies since 2020, while Ukraine has been engaged in an unjust war against an external aggressor for the past three years. The article discusses the emergency governance of both countries across three dimensions: 1) within the context of sovereignty in a turbulent geopolitical landscape; 2) further conceptualising blurred boundaries between normality and exception; 3) studying the state’s approach to knowledge and ignorance in times of upheaval.

Emily F. Kerrison, Ron D. Ekers, John Morgan et al.

Recent observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) at radio frequencies have proved to be a powerful tool for probing the solar environment from the ground. But how far back does this tradition really extend? Our survey of the literature to date has revealed a long history of scintillating observations, beginning with the oral traditions of Indigenous peoples from around the globe, encompassing the works of the Ancient Greeks and Renaissance scholars, and continuing right through into modern optics, astronomy and space science. We outline here the major steps that humanity has taken along this journey, using scintillation as a tool for predicting first terrestrial, and then space weather without ever having to leave the ground.

Barbara Jankowiak, Sylwia Jaskulska, Vanesa Pérez-Martínez et al.

Bullying and cyberbullying significantly threaten the development and mental health of both victims and perpetrators. This study aimed to analyze the associations between socioeconomic characteristics, personal experiences of violence, perceived social support from peers, and acceptance of violence and (cyber)bullying perpetration. The study involved 1146 secondary school students, consisting of 698 females and 448 males, aged 13 to 16. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated using Poisson regression with robust variance. The results indicated that 12.32% of girls and 18.97% of boys reported engaging in bullying and/or cyberbullying. The likelihood of perpetration was lower among adolescents who had not experienced physical and/or sexual abuse before age 15, but higher among those in romantic relationships who had been victims of dating violence or had experienced (cyber)bullying victimization. Additionally, perceived social support from classmates was associated with a lower likelihood of becoming a perpetrator, whereas acceptance of violence was positively associated with (cyber)bullying perpetration. Preventing adolescents from becoming perpetrators of bullying and/or cyberbullying requires early intervention to prevent all forms of violence in childhood and adolescence, as well as bolstering personal and environmental resources by providing social support.

Elżbieta Mirga-Wójtowicz, Ignacy Jóźwiak, Monika I. Szewczyk et al.

Ryan M. McGranaghan

This review examines complexity science in Heliophysics, describing it not as a discipline, but as a paradigm. In the context of Heliophysics, complexity science is the study of a star, interplanetary environment, magnetosphere, upper and terrestrial atmospheres, and planetary surface as interacting subsystems. Complexity science studies entities in a system (e.g., electrons in an atom, planets in a solar system, individuals in a society) and their interactions, and is the nature of what emerges from these interactions. It is a paradigm that employs systems approaches and is inherently multi- and cross-scale. Heliophysics processes span at least 15 orders of magnitude in space and another 15 in time, and its reaches go well beyond our own solar system and Earth's space environment to touch planetary, exoplanetary, and astrophysical domains. It is an uncommon domain within which to explore complexity science. This review article excavates the lived and living history of complexity science in Heliophysics. It identifies five dimensions of complexity science. It then proceeds in three epochal parts: 1) A pivotal year in the Complexity Heliophysics paradigm: 1996; 2) The transitional years that established foundations of the paradigm (1996-2010); and 3) The emergent literature largely beyond 2010. The history reveals a grand challenge that confronts most physical sciences to understand the research intersection between fundamental science (e.g., complexity science) and applied science (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning). A risk science framework is suggested as a way of formulating the challenges in a way that the two converge. The intention is to provide inspiration and guide future research. It will be instructive to Heliophysics researchers, but also to any reader interested in or hoping to advance the frontier of systems and complexity science.

G. Aad, B. Abbott, K. Abeling et al.

A search for new phenomena giving rise to pairs of opposite electrically charged muons with impact parameters in the millimeter range is presented, using 139 fb−1 of s=13 TeV pp collision data from the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The search targets the gap in coverage between existing searches targeting final states with leptons with large displacement and prompt leptons. No significant excess over the background expectation is observed and exclusion limits are set on the mass of long-lived scalar supersymmetric muon-partners (smuons) with much lower lifetimes than previously targeted by displaced muon searches. Smuon lifetimes down to 1 ps are excluded for a smuon mass of 100 GeV, and smuon masses up to 520 GeV are excluded for a proper lifetime of 10 ps, at 95% confidence level. Finally, model-independent limits are set on the contribution from new phenomena to the signal-region yields.

Tõnu Meidla, Leho Ainsaar, Olle Hints et al.

Ordovician rocks are widely distributed in the Baltoscandian region as well as in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. The Ordovician studies in this area were initiated in the 19th century in the outcrop belt in northern Estonia. The strata are well accessible here and fossils and sedimentary structures are excellently preserved. Further south, in other countries, the succession is lying progressively deeper (up to 2500 m) in the subsurface, except for limited exposure in Ukraine. The thickness of the Ordovician within the Estonian outcrop area reaches about 100 m but exceeds 200 m in several parts of the subsurface area. Since the 1960s, several Ordovician correlation charts have been compiled for this area. Recent developments in the stratigraphy are summarised in the volume ‘A Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System: Part 1’ (Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 532). The system of bio-, litho- and chronostratigraphic units is highly detailed in the area. The regional stages defined in Estonia were introduced for the western part of the East European Platform in the 1980s. The correlation of the regional succession to the global stratigraphic standard is generally well constrained, although it still needs to be refined in some details. A novel element of the stratigraphic standard, the isotopic zones, is based on secular variations of stable carbon isotopic composition of bulk carbonates and allows amendments to the correlation of strata. The application of a regular timescale is based on a well-dated system of biostratigraphic marker levels that were traced into the Baltic Palaeobasin and further to the south. The dated boundaries were tied to the regional succession mainly based on the correlation of conodont, chitinozoan and graptolite zones, but also using chemostratigraphic events. Correlation of formations to the chronostratigraphic standard in ten subregions (North and Central Estonia, South Estonia together with West Latvia and West Lithuania, Kaliningrad Region, East Latvia, Central Lithuania, East Lithuania together with northwestern Belarus, southwestern Belarus, West Volyn and Podillya together with East Volyn and Moldova) is summarised in an emended correlation chart. Development of the subregional correlation charts was well coordinated before the 1990s and the charts were based on a unified nomenclature of lithostratigraphic units for major facies zones that crossed the national borders. Trends in the development of nomenclature and correlation of formations have been different in different countries after 1991. This resulted in increasing differences in nomenclature and rank of lithostratigraphic units in subregions and led to an increase of the number of subregions. The development towards a more detailed stratigraphic classification in Lithuania has elevated the rank of many former units (several formations are now ranked as superformations, etc.). In 2011, a completely new system of formations and members replaced the formerly applied standard in the Kaliningrad Region. The climatic history of the region presented in papers of the last decades is modified in the light of the newest results of isotope-geochemical studies on Baltoscandian sections, which do not support the idea of gradual warming throughout the Middle and Late Ordovician in the region. The global cooling trend was also influencing Baltica despite the continental drift towards the lower latitudes. The richly fossiliferous regional succession has been extensively studied, but analyses with a broader view have been sparse. According to the general understanding, backed by data on different fossil groups, the main origination episodes in the early Darriwilian and Darriwilian–Sandbian transition led to the peak of regional diversity in the early Sandbian. Remarkable extinction events known from the early Darriwilian, early Sandbian and early Katian are expressed to a different degree in different fossil groups. The major extinction event in the latest Katian–Hirnantian, which impacted all major invertebrate groups, has been ascribed to the Hirnantian glaciation, the related glacioeustatic sea-level fall and the repeated rapid rearrangement of facies. A recovery that started in the latest Ordovician was relatively slow. Significant spatial differences in the dynamics of biodiversity within the eastern Baltic area and between this area and Scandinavia are considered partly due to uneven data coverage.

Agata Skórzyńska

Małgorzata Karkocha

Przedstawione do edycji źródło pochodzi ze zbiorów Archiwum Diecezjalnego w Kielcach. Wyszczególniono w nim i opisano działalność 17 proboszczów sprawujących posługę duszpasterską w parafii Nawarzyce na przestrzeni czterech stuleci (XVI–XIX w.). Dokument ten nie był wcześniej publikowany i wyzyskiwany w szerszym zakresie przez historyków. W poważnym stopniu wzbogaca on naszą wiedzę o parafii nawarzyckiej i pracujących w niej duchownych, przynosząc szereg ciekawych informacji na temat zatargów miejscowych plebanów z właścicielami/dzierżawcami wsi parafialnych o należną im dziesięcinę, meszne czy prawo propinacji, sporów z egzekutorami testamentów zmarłych w Nawarzycach księży, jak również na temat świątyni parafialnej.

Rajeev S. Erramilli, Luca V. Iliesiu, Petr Kravchuk et al.

We perform a bootstrap analysis of a mixed system of four-point functions of bosonic and fermionic operators in parity-preserving 3d CFTs with O(N) global symmetry. Our results provide rigorous bounds on the scaling dimensions of the O(N)-symmetric Gross-Neveu-Yukawa (GNY) fixed points, constraining these theories to live in isolated islands in the space of CFT data. We focus on the cases N = 1, 2, 4, 8, which have applications to phase transitions in condensed matter systems, and compare our bounds to previous analytical and numerical results.

Soner Albayrak, Rajeev S. Erramilli, Zhijin Li et al.

We present the results of a conformal bootstrap study of the presumed unitary IR fixed point of quantum electrodynamics in three dimensions (QED$_3$) coupled to $N_f=4$ two-component Dirac fermions. Specifically, we study the four-point correlators of the $SU(4)$ adjoint fermion bilinear $r$ and the monopole of lowest topological charge $\mathcal{M}_{1/2}$. Most notably, the scaling dimensions of the fermion bilinear $r$ and the monopole $\mathcal{M}_{1/2}$ are found to be constrained into a closed island with a combination of spectrum assumptions inspired by the $1/N_f$ perturbative results as well as a novel interval positivity constraint on the next-lowest-charge monopole $\mathcal{M}_1$. Bounds in this island on the $SU(4)$ and topological $U(1)_t$ conserved current central charges $c_J$, $c_J^t$, as well as on the stress tensor central charge $c_T$, are comfortably consistent with the perturbative results. Together with the scaling dimensions, this suggests that a part of estimates from the $1/N_f$ expansion -- even at $N_f=4$ -- provide a self-consistent solution to the bootstrap crossing relations, despite some of our assumptions not being strictly justified.

Maria Papadopoulou, Zacharoula Smyrnaiou

Digital technologies, such as the Internet and Artificial Intelligence, are part of our daily lives, influencing broader aspects of our way of life, as well as the way we interact with the past. Having dramatically changed the ways in which knowledge is produced and consumed, the algorithmic age has also radically changed the relationship that the general public has with History. Fields of History such as Public and Oral History have particularly benefitted from the rise of digital culture. How does our digital culture affect the way we think, study, research and teach the past, as historical evidence spreads rapidly in the public sphere? How do digital technologies promote the study, writing and teaching of History? What should historians, students of history and pre-service history teachers be critically aware of, when swarmed with digitized or born-digital content, constantly growing on the Internet? And while these changes are now visible globally, how is the discipline of History situated within the digital transformation rapidly advancing in Greece? Finally, what are the consequences of these changes for History as a subject taught at Greek secondary schools? These are some of the issues raised in the text that follows, which is part of the course materials of the undergraduate course offered during winter semester 2020-2021 at the School University of Athens, School of Philosophy, Pedagogy, Psychology. Course Title: 'Pedagogics of History: Theory and Practice', Academic Institution: School of Philosophy-Pedagogy-Psychology, University of Athens.

Maria Monteiro

This paper discusses the history of <i>Cantor Cristão</i>, the first official Brazilian Baptist hymnal, published in 1891, revealing important aspects of the development of Protestant hymnody in Brazil. It also exposes a web of long-distance connections, multiple linguistic and cultural elements, and distinct perspectives of those who chose to do missionary work and those who chose to welcome them. More specifically, I describe and reflect on the contributions of Solomon L. Ginsburg, an Orthodox Jew from Poland, converted to Christianity in England, and turned Evangelical missionary, who played a crucial role in the history of <i>Cantor Cristão</i> as publisher, author, and translator of hymns. In my analysis, I adopt a historical ethnomusicological perspective and utilize the concept of musical localization, as well as the complementary notions of negotiation of proximity and ethics of style as interpretative lenses. I am drawn to a more nuanced view of the legacy of the mission enterprise, one that is not blind to issues of power, ethnocentrism, and wealth, but makes room for a robust examination of all sorts of capital transfers and investments (economic, cultural, and social), and the real phenomena of musical localization and individual agency.

Lucyna Rotter

Skarbce kojarzą się zwykle z miejscami niesamowitymi, tajemniczymi, kryjącymi skarby i pamiątki z przeszłości. Nie zawsze tak jest, ale skarbce klasztorne często spełniają tę definicję. Nie inaczej jest w przypadku skarbca klasztoru kapucynów w Krośnie. Nie jest to skarbiec leciwy, najstarsze zabytki datowane są na XVIII wiek, jednak wydaje się być ciekawym zbiorem artefaktów sztuki złotniczej dedykowanych w większości przypadków zakonowi lub nawet konkretnie klasztorowi kapucynów krośnieńskich. Stąd podjęta w artykule próba skatalogowania zbiorów co może przyczynić się do dalszych prac nad opracowaniem złotnictwa zdeponowanego w krośnieńskim klasztorze.

Beata Woziwoda, Marcin K. Dyderski, Andrzej M. Jagodziński

Abstract Background Multi-purpose use of forests in a sustainable way forces a recognition of how introduction of alien woody species in forests with different land use histories affect native plants other than trees. Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea is an important understory component of temperate and boreal forests and provider of valuable non-wood forest products. Here we studied effects of land use changes and introduction of Northern red oak Quercus rubra on lingonberry in mesic Scots pine forests (in central Poland). We measured lingonberry cover, height of shoots, biomass of stems and leaves, and fruit productivity. Shoots were collected within 200 research plots located in recent and ancient Scots pine forests, with and without Q. rubra. Results We found that V. vitis-idaea reached lower cover, aboveground biomass and fruit production in recent than ancient forests and in forests with than without Q. rubra. The fruit production in recent pine forest was only 2% of that reported in ancient pine forest, and V. vitis-idaea did not reproduce generatively in forests with Q. rubra. Biomass and carbon sequestration of V. vitis-idaea in forests with alien (invasive) trees decreased by 75% compared to ancient pine forest. Effects were also clear at the individual shoot level – in less suitable conditions we found taller heights and higher biomass allocation into stems than foliage. Biomass allocation in fruiting and non-fruiting shoots in pine forests was also different – less of the dry biomass of fruiting shoots was allocated to leaves than to stems. Conclusions In the age of high interest in ecosystem services and discussions about usage of alien tree species as alternatives in forest management, our results clearly indicate disruption of ecosystem services provided by V. vitis-idaea in the presence of Q. rubra. Lingonberry benefited from the continuity of forest land use, however, regardless of land-use legacy, alien tree introduction led to decline in abundance of species crucial for ecosystem functioning. Therefore, to maintain valuable native species and for conservation of ecosystem services delivery, we suggest limiting the introduction of Q. rubra in areas with abundant V. vitis-idaea, especially in forests with continuous forest land-use history.