Hasil untuk "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"

Kristin Nordbø Haug

Artikkelen gjev eit innblikk i den historiske utviklinga til genus og substantivbøying i vossamål, basert på eldre undersøkingar samanlikna med eksperimentelle talemålsdata frå 2022, med 64 informantar i tre ulike aldersgrupper. Artikkelen diskuterer relasjonen mellom genus og substantivbøying og spørsmålet om genus predikerer bøying. Den historiske utviklinga går mot ein tettare relasjon mellom genus og substantivbøyinga ved at det nærmar seg eit 1:1 høve mellom genus og suffiks. Datainnsamlinga frå 2022 viser at det tidlegare så stabile genussystemet er i ferd med å verta ustabilt i hokjønn hjå born og unge deltakarar. 66 % (29/44) av born og unge vekslar mellom hokjønnsartikkelen ai og hankjønnsartikkelen ain føre hokjønnsord, medan substantivendinga i bunden form eintal er stabil. Relasjonen mellom genus og substantivbøyinga endrar seg parallelt med at genussystemet endrar seg.

Christopher Meir

The year 2022 saw three Scandinavian films – Loving Adults, Black Crab and Troll – place highly on Netflix’s lists of the most popular non-English language films on the service globally. These were led by Troll, a Norwegian feature that was fully financed by Netflix itself and branded as an ‘original’ film, which went on to become the most popular non-English language film ever on the platform. Using the popularity of these films and other Nordic titles on the world’s leading subscription video-on-demand (SVoD) platform as a point of departure, this article investigates the changing industrial landscape for film production and distribution in the region in light of the influence that streaming platforms are having therein. The focus is on a detailed case study of the integrated studio SF Studios, which produced two of these three landmark films as well as numerous others that were released as Netflix original movies between 2020 and 2023. In addition to illuminating the business and creative practices of both SF and Netflix, the article argues that deals such as these are fomenting greater artistic diversity in Scandinavia by opening up distribution pathways and production resources for popular genre films from the region.

Ayşegül Aycan Solaker

Nesneler, gösterge olarak gösterenler kümesi içerisinde yer almakta ve anlam taşımaktadır. Göstergeler, zaman zaman kendi anlamlarını aktarabilecekleri gibi kimi zaman da anlaşılmayı ve yorumlanmayı bekleyen derin anlama da sahiptir. Bu esnada ise öznenin kendisini çevreleyen nesneye yüklediği anlam, toplumsal ve kültürel olarak bir eşya hafızası oluşturmakta ve öznenin ait olduğu toplum ve kültürel düzeyi, göstergeyi anlaması ve yorumlayabilmesi için önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Fakat diğer yandan öznenin nesnelere karşı oluşturduğu tecrübe zemini ve hafızası da nesnelere verdiği derin anlamın bir göstergesini oluşturabilmektedir. Bu noktada Fransız göstergebilimci Roland Barthes, nesnelerin yananlam gösterenlerinin neler olabileceğine dair bir uğraş içerisine girilmesi gerektiğinin, aksi takdirde nesnenin tanım olarak anlam vermeyeceğinin altını çizmektedir. Jan Assmann, bellek bağlamında nesneler ile ilgilenerek öznenin günlük gereçlerden kasabalara, yollardan taşıtlara kadar kendisini çevreleyen şeylerle birlikte var olduğunu belirtmektedir ve öznenin içinde yaşadığı nesneler dünyasının, sadece şimdiki zamana değil, aynı zamanda geçmişine de işaret eden bir zaman göstergesine sahip olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Dolayısıyla eşyaların daha doğrusu nesnelerin öznenin sadece bugününün göstereni değil, aynı zamanda geçmişiyle de irtibatlı bilgi veren ve yorumlanabilen gösterenler olduğu söylenebilmektedir. Özellikle edebi metinlerde yer alan gösterenlerin çoğul anlamlar içerebileceği göz önünde tutularak her metnin ikinci bir işleme ihtiyacı olduğu ve söz konusu işlemin yorum gerektirdiği bilinmelidir, zira bir gösterge üzerinden elde edilen yorum, aslında göstergeleri başka göstergeler ile yeniden açıklamamıza olanak sağlayan anlamlar alanında yer almakta ve dolayısıyla anlamlar yeniden üretilebilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, yazarın hayatını yansıtan Getrennte Rechnungen (Ayrı Hesaplar) adlı eserindeki hafıza nesnelerinin Roland Barthes’a referansla yananlamsal gösterenler bağlamında incelenmesidir.

Jens Fleischhauer

Veronika Horáčková

Samia Touileb, Debora Nozza

Scandinavian countries are perceived as role-models when it comes to gender equality. With the advent of pre-trained language models and their widespread usage, we investigate to what extent gender-based harmful and toxic content exists in selected Scandinavian language models. We examine nine models, covering Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian, by manually creating template-based sentences and probing the models for completion. We evaluate the completions using two methods for measuring harmful and toxic completions and provide a thorough analysis of the results. We show that Scandinavian pre-trained language models contain harmful and gender-based stereotypes with similar values across all languages. This finding goes against the general expectations related to gender equality in Scandinavian countries and shows the possible problematic outcomes of using such models in real-world settings. Warning: Some of the examples provided in this paper can be upsetting and offensive.

Teuta Abrashi

One peculiarity of all Indo-European Balkan (Slavic and non-Slavic) languages is object reduplication or clitic doubling. Since the German language does not use reduplication of objects, the aim of this article is to examine the possible equivalent in German to Balkan clitic doubling After researching the literature, two applicants could be considered as potential equivalents: the pronoun es and scrambling.There are two reasons the pronoun es is under consideration: (i) the pronoun es participate in a kind of a duplication construction when used in so called correlate function, and (ii) reduplicated object clitics perform some functions as the expletive pronoun es does. Scrambling came to the attention because some linguists suppose that both object duplication and scrambling are driven by the same information structure mechanisms. This article shows that object reduplication clitics and the correlated pronoun es can be treated as an equivalent to each other but only peripherally, in a few specific uses. While regarding scrambling, in contrast to some linguists, it turned out that object duplication and scrambling have no common features and are not always driven by the same language mechanisms. Scrambling, compared to object reduplication clitics, is allowed even if the object is an existential noun phrase (without an article). Furthermore, there are indications, that scrambling does not always assign the feature [-focus] as claimed and is not always driven by information structure mechanisms as object duplication does.

Judith Jesch, K. Jonas Nordby

Rummel Marlene

Höskuldur Thráinsson

Heinz Tobias

Markéta Štefková

This article deals with selected aspects of legal translation within the context of languages of limited diffusion. The statistical analysis of the scope of legal translations in the individual languages made by the so called sworn translators in Slovakia shows that the scope of translations does not really depend on the size of the language community due to the ties of the translations to the legal system of a specific country and its official languages, but it depends more on the political and economic contacts of specific countries and their language combinations. The introduction analyses specific issues of legal translation within the context of minor languages. They are mainly related to the lack of translator's professional aids as well as to the limited possibilities of further training and professionalization focusing on combinations of minor languages. The interdisciplinary approach to the researched topic gives rise to many questions related to the knowledge and quality management of legal translation and the ethical aspects of this activity. As result of this research the Project TRANSIUS – From Conventions to Norms in the Legal Discourse is presented. The project shall systematically analyse the state of play of research and practice of legal translation and the data from the analysis shall form a basis for a complex theory of legal translation and some of translator’s aids in the judicial discourse.

Kristin Bech, K. Eide

Nicoline van der Sijs

Systematic research into contact varieties of Dutch The purpose of this article is to show that the compilation of a corpus of Dutch contact varieties, CoVaCo, will offer new and interesting possibilities for research. Paragraph 2 gives an overview of Dutch contact varieties and the texts available in these varieties, digitally or in printed form. This proves that building CoVaCo is feasible. Paragraph 3 presents a number of limited case studies to show the research potential of CoVaCo. Finally, in paragraph 4, I ask researchers for practical support in building CoVaCo.

Hofferberth Nina Jeanette, Sauer David Sebastian

Henning Bergenholtz, Heidi Agerbo

This paper describes a radically different approach to polysemy and homonymy from the ones normally presented in linguistic and lexicographic literature on this topic. Our main criti-cism of the traditional approaches lies in their use of the term "word": If a word is defined as a linguistic sign, it means that it only has one expression and one meaning, and this entails that defining polysemy and homonymy as phenomena where one word has two or more meanings is not only problematic — it is impossible. For this reason, we argue that polysemy and homonymy do not exist. Furthermore, we claim that they are not even necessary concepts in lexicography as each lexeme could be represented by a lemma in an information tool. However, by changing the definitions of polysemy and homonymy to phenomena where an expression has two or more meanings, thereby focusing on the expression, it is possible to retain the terms. We propose that the best way to apply and also distinguish between polysemy and homonymy in an information tool would be to present the same expressions with different meanings as well as different grammars as homonyms, while expressions with different meanings but the same grammar are presented as polysems.

Charlotte Gooskens, R. V. Bezooijen

L. Delsing

C. Bentz, Morten H. Christiansen

Miriam Lazic