Hasil untuk "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering"

S. Al-Salem, A. Antelava, A. Constantinou et al.

Plastic plays an important role in our daily lives due to its versatility, light weight and low production cost. Plastics became essential in many sectors such as construction, medical, engineering applications, automotive, aerospace, etc. In addition, economic growth and development also increased our demand and dependency on plastics which leads to its accumulation in landfills imposing risk on human health, animals and cause environmental pollution problems such as ground water contamination, sanitary related issues, etc. Hence, a sustainable and an efficient plastic waste treatment is essential to avoid such issues. Pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical plastic waste treatment technique which can solve such pollution problems, as well as, recover valuable energy and products such as oil and gas. Pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW) has gained importance due to having better advantages towards environmental pollution and reduction of carbon footprint of plastic products by minimizing the emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide compared to combustion and gasification. This paper presents the existing techniques of pyrolysis, the parameters which affect the products yield and selectivity and identify major research gaps in this technology. The influence of different catalysts on the process as well as review and comparative assessment of pyrolysis with other thermal and catalytic plastic treatment methods, is also presented.

Nathan Johnson, Michael Liebreich, D. Kammen et al.

H. Jung, Giyoung Shin, Hojung Kwak et al.

Human society has become increasingly reliant on plastic because it allows for convenient and sanitary living. However, recycling rates are currently low, which means that the majority of plastic waste ends up in landfills or the ocean. Increasing recycling and upcycling rates is a critical strategy for addressing the issues caused by plastic pollution, but there are several technical limitations to overcome. This article reviews advancements in polymer technology that aim to improve the efficiency of recycling and upcycling plastic waste. In food packaging, natural polymers with excellent gas barrier properties and self-cleaning abilities have been introduced as environmentally friendly alternatives to existing materials and to reduce food-derived contamination. Upcycling and valorization approaches have emerged to transform plastic waste into high-value-added products. Recent advancements in the development of recyclable high-performance plastics include the design of super engineering thermoplastics and engineering chemical bonds of thermosets to make them recyclable and biodegradable. Further research is needed to develop more cost-effective and scalable technologies to address the plastic pollution problem through sustainable recycling and upcycling.

Pragya Bradu, Antara Biswas, Chandralekha Nair et al.

This review gives concise information on green technology (GT) and Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0). Climate change has begun showing its impacts on the environment, and the change is real. The devastating COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected lives and the world from the deadly consequences at a social, economic, and environmental level. In order to balance this crisis, there is a need to transition toward green, sustainable forms of living and practices. We need green innovative technologies (GTI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to develop green, durable, biodegradable, and eco-friendly products for a sustainable future. GTI encompasses all innovations that contribute to developing significant products, services, or processes that lower environmental harm, impact, and worsening while augmenting natural resource utilization. Sensors are typically used in IoT environmental monitoring applications to aid ecological safety by nursing air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions, and even monitoring species’ movements and habitats. The industries and the governments are working together, have come up with solutions—the Green New Deal, carbon pricing, use of bio-based products as biopesticides, in biopharmaceuticals, green building materials, bio-based membrane filters for removing pollutants, bioenergy, biofuels and are essential for the green recovery of world economies. Environmental biotechnology, Green Chemical Engineering, more bio-based materials to separate pollutants, and product engineering of advanced materials and environmental economies are discussed here to pave the way toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the UN and achieve the much-needed IR 4.0 for a greener-balanced environment and a sustainable future. Graphical abstract

Ting Hu, Ying Sun

Attribution of historical climate changes is particularly challenging for periods before the mid-20th century due to sparse and low-quality observational data, raising questions about which temporal scales best capture the climate system’s response to external forcings and can robustly constrain future projections. To address these issues, this study performs a multi-scale attribution analysis of temperature extremes over the period 1901–2020 and examines the robustness of attribution-based scaling factors across different time scales. Despite uncertainties in the early data, the newly developed homogenized observations show pronounced warming in both cold and hot extremes, along with a lengthening of the growing season during 1901–2020. These trends intensified markedly after the 1950s, with the magnitude of changes approximately doubling for some extreme indices. Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models successfully reproduce the overall warming trends in observations, although they underestimate the magnitude of changes, particularly in the pre-1950 period. Using optimal fingerprinting, more than 70% of the observed changes are attributed to greenhouse gas forcing, with aerosols offsetting less than 35% of the greenhouse gas-induced warming. Attribution analysis conducted within a large-ensemble model framework across multiple time scales shows that the ranges of best estimates and confidence intervals (CIs) for scaling factors decrease as the time period lengthens. The century-scale attribution yields the narrowest CIs and most robust best estimates, indicating the most robust detection results. Despite the robustness of century-scale results, scaling factors from 1951–2020 are selected to constrain projections due to more reliable observational constraints. Constrained end-of-century (2081–2100) projections show amplified increases of 20.3%–33.1% for most extremes compared to raw projections, highlighting the critical impact of attribution period selection and providing a transferable framework for regional climate risk assessment.

Md Jarir Hossain, Bahareh Tavousi Tabatabaei, Mazen Kiki et al.

A. Fernandes, M. Pacheco, L. Ciríaco et al.

M. Marín-Martín, E. Tejedor, G. Benito et al.

<p>The Mediterranean basin, a recognized climate change hotspot, faces increasing hydroclimatic pressures, particularly from severe drought and precipitation events. To assess contemporary changes and potentially manage future impacts, it is crucial to understand the long-term context of this variability beyond the relatively short instrumental record. This study utilizes tree-ring records to reconstruct past hydroclimate in the Iberian Range of eastern Spain, a water-sensitive Mediterranean environment. We present a well-replicated tree-ring width chronology from <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> and <i>Pinus nigra</i> trees that calibrates and verifies significantly against cumulative instrumental precipitation over a 320 d period ending in June (<span class="inline-formula"><i>r</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.749; <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">&lt;</span> 0.01). The resulting 520-year reconstruction reveals substantial multi-centennial variability in precipitation and reveals an increase in the frequency and intensity of hydroclimatic extremes (both wet and dry) during the late 20th and early 21st centuries compared to the longer-term baseline. The reconstruction has a spatial representativeness centred over eastern and central Iberia and covaries with independent historical drought indices derived from rogation ceremony records during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The documented intensification of hydroclimatic extremes is consistent with climate change projections and provides a baseline for evaluating ecosystem resilience and water resource vulnerability.</p>

P. L. Rosendahl, J. Schneider, G. Bobillier et al.

<p>Understanding crack phenomena in the snowpack and their role in avalanche formation is imperative for hazard prediction and mitigation. Many studies have explored how structural properties of snow contribute to the initial instability of the snowpack, focusing particularly on failure initiation within weak snow layers and the onset of crack propagation. This work addresses the subsequent stage, the effect of slab touchdown after weak-layer failure in mixed-mode loading (compressive anticrack (mode I) and shear (mode II) loading). Our results demonstrate that slab touchdown reduces the energy release rate, which can lead to crack arrest even under static conditions. This challenges the idea that only the dynamic properties of snow layers and spatial snowpack variations govern arrest, emphasizing instead the crucial role of mechanical interactions between the slab, weak layer, and base layer. By integrating these findings into the broader context of snowpack stability analysis, we contribute to a more nuanced understanding of avalanche initiation mechanisms. The analysis is provided in a comprehensive open-source model (<span class="uri">https://github.com/2phi/weac</span>, last access: 11 June 2025).</p>

Ms .Wale P.S, Mr. Shivgunde P.P, Ms.Siddhi Ingale

An advanced cleaning tool intended to improve and automate floor care is a floor cleaning robot. For effective and comprehensive floor cleaning, this system combines multipurpose cleaning mechanisms, Al-driven navigation, and intelligent sensors. With the use of revolving brushes, suction technology, water spray, and quick drying mechanisms, the machine's automated wet and dry cleaning system can remove moisture,grime, and stains in a single pass. By efficiently avoiding furniture and other obstacles, smart mapping and obstacle detection maximise cleaning paths and offer a sanitary, environmentally responsible, and time- efficient method of maintaining spotless floors. The future of automated cleaning technology is embodied by the Smart Floor Cleaner and Dryer, which improves convenience and hygiene with minimal human help.

Go-Un Kim, Hyoeun Oh, Jin-Yong Jeong

The East Asian region is typically characterized by warm and humid conditions from late spring to summer. However, in recent decades, this region has experienced an increase in severe drying conditions, deviating from historical climatological patterns. This study investigated the precipitation − evaporation ( P − E ) trends across land and sea regions in East Asia (EA) during the extended summer season (April–September) from 1980 to 2022, and the key physical processes driving these trends through moisture budget decomposition and numerical experiments. The results reveal pronounced drying trends in southeastern China and the Yellow Sea and parts of the Korea Strait and Korean Peninsula over the past 43 years. The underlying physical processes driving these drying conditions differ between land and sea in EA. In southeastern China, the drying is driven by dynamic processes, particularly moisture divergence related to wind changes. This is linked to anomalous strengthening of descending motion due to the Indo-Pacific warm pool warming induced by both anthropogenic global warming and natural Pacific Decadal Oscillation-like sea surface temperature (SST) patterns. Conversely, drying in the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas is influenced by thermodynamic moisture advection. The altered humidity distribution due to global warming-induced SST patterns, which are higher over the Northwest Pacific marginal sea and lower in inland China, drives dry air transport from inland China to the Yellow Sea via background southwesterly wind. These findings enhance our understanding of the drying trend and their distinct processes in EA’s land and sea areas during the extended summer.

Hamid Reza Tajdari, Ali Soleymani, Nosratolah Montajabi et al.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of salinity and water stress on the physiological and functional characteristics of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the foliar application of plant growth regulators (PGRs). The experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in two environments. In each environment, water stress at two irrigation levels (after 90 and 120 mm of pan evaporation) and with two EC of 1.5 and 10 dS/m in the main plots and spraying of PGRs including salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and cytokinins (CK) (purine) content with a concentration of 100 ppm and the control treatment (spraying solution with normal water) were placed in subplots. Results indicated that all treatments caused significant increases in functional and qualitative characteristics and yield of Triticum aestivum L. The saline environment and irrigation level after 120 mm of pan evaporation caused a reduction in grain yield in all traits except for seed proline, seed nitrogen content, and seed protein content. Also, the combined foliar application of GA3 + CK + SA increased yield in most traits. The highest RWC of flag leaves was observed in the foliar application of GA3 + SA (3.36 kg/ha) and then in the foliar application of GA3 + SA + CK (57.87 kg/ha). GA3 interacts with PGR spraying to balance another development under saline and non-saline conditions.

Masoumeh Panahi, Rasool Rezaei, Habiballah Charehgani

Meloidogyne javanica and Ralstonia solanacearum are the highly specialized soil-born plant parasites with economic importance causing root-knot and bacterial wilt diseases in tomatoes, respectively. The occurrence and intensity of the bacterial wilt escalated in the presence of root-knot nematodes and R. solanacearum concurrently detected in different vegetable crops. Sampling and preparation of leaf extract were done to investigate the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX) enzymes at 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours post-inoculation (hpi) of tomato plants with R. solanacearum and M. javanica. The enzyme activity was measured at each time interval. The CAT and SOD enzymes exhibited maximum activity levels at 120 and 48 hpi in the nematode treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the levels of POX enzyme peaked at 48 and 72 hpi in the nematode and nematode-bacterium treatments, respectively. Pathogen stress eventually led to a decrease in the SOD and POX enzymes 120 hours after inoculation and a significant increase in CAT during nematode-bacterium treatment. The results revealed apparent enzyme activity variations in tomato plants infected with both pathogens at different time intervals after inoculation.

Seyed Amir Hossein Alavi, Kambiz Shahroudi, Mohammad Doostar et al.

This study aims to design a model for the relationships between the indices of a creative city and creative economy development in the creative city of Rasht, Guilan Province, Iran. In this research, the grounded theory was employed to conduct a qualitative analysis, and semi-structured interviews were carried out for data collection. For this purpose, eight interviews were given to senior and middle-ranking city managers on the research topic. Based on Strauss and Corbin’s systematic approach, a model was proposed for the relationships between the indices of a creative city and creative economy development through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The results of coding the interviews indicated that the creative economy was the axial category in the model. Creative economy development included eight components with different weights, among which “creative industries” and “creative citizens” had pivotal roles. According to the experts, different factors such as the characteristics of a creative city affect creative economy development, and urban management is considered to play a key role in this process.

W. V. D. Aalst, Oliver Hinz, Christof Weinhardt

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations (UN) member states, aims to ensure that living conditions and required resources meet current human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system in the long run (United Nations 2015). The UN defined seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These SDGs aim to end poverty, improve health and education, reduce inequality, and stimulate economic growth while addressing climate change and ensuring ecological integrity (United Nations 2015). Clearly, Business and Information Systems Engineering (BISE) plays a crucial role in realizing these goals. There seems to be a consensus that sustainability has at least three dimensions (also called pillars): (1) environmental, (2) economic, and (3) social. Although all three dimensions are important and interrelated, we would like to focus on the environmental dimension and how this relates to BISE (Fig. 1). Until now, there has been a strong correlation between human welfare and ecological footprints. In developed countries scoring high on the human development index, the ecological footprint per capita is much higher than in less developed countries. However, people realize increasingly that in the long run this will lead to global disasters ranging from global warming and rising sea levels to crop failures, undernutrition, and economic instability. Energy and food shortages due to the Ukraine war and broken supply chains due to the Covid-19 pandemic signaled the need for change. Business and Information Systems Engineering (BISE) as a community will need to play an essential role in this. Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and various forms of automation (e.g., Robotic Process Automation) will continue to transform the world. Therefore, researchers and legislators are concerned with the ethics of these technologies and trying to address problems such as the lack of explainability of black-box algorithms (Bauer et al. 2021) and infringements of citizens’ rights (e.g., privacy violations and biases). However, when it comes to climate change, we are facing even bigger challenges. Therefore, topics such as circularity deserve more attention. With this editorial, we would like to stimulate more research devoted to ‘‘BISE for sustainability’’ and the ‘‘sustainability of BISE’’. The first focuses on the development of information systems to improve the sustainability of existing products and systems. The second focuses on the direct implications of information processing on the environment, e.g., the energy use of large server farms. According to the New York Times, creating bitcoins to spend or trade consumes around 91 terawatt-hours of electricity annually, more than the whole energy usage of a country like Finland (Huang et al. 2021). The training of neural networks is also becoming an increasing factor in W. M. P. van der Aalst (&) Lehrstuhl für Informatik 9, RWTH Aachen, Ahornstr. 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany e-mail: wvdaalst@pads.rwth-aachen.de

C. Sianipar

Climate change has substantially affected rural areas, considering their lack of resources and knowledge. In general, new technologies claim to produce fewer environmental impacts to adapt to climatic changes. Still, they typically emerge at the expense of higher investments and the technical knowledge required. However, the economic and knowledge constraints of rural areas make it challenging to employ expensive and sophisticated environment-friendly technologies. This study aims to propose the concept of environmentally-appropriate technology for the rural context lacking economic resources and knowledge. Taking the case of a solar-powered cocoa dryer in Nias, Indonesia, this research employs a generic VDI 2222 engineering design and physiological modeling in conjunction with the conceptual understanding of environmental design and Design for the Environment (DfE) to demonstrate the proposed concept. The design considers locally available environment-friendly energy, materials, and signals to produce a well-functioning and affordable technology. Furthermore, this study involves field trials considering applicable cocoa quality standards in Indonesia (SNI 2323:2008) and market needs. The results show that the technology can include more than 95% of local materials and construction processes while using solar as a renewable energy source to generate the heat required by the cocoa drying process. More than 60% of the parts are degradable, while the rest are reusable. The technology also performs well technically, reaching the desired moisture content of the dried cocoa beans to meet market needs. These results demonstrate the possibility of an environmentally-appropriate technology, which is affordable, technically functioning, and environment-friendly for less resourceful regions such as rural areas. Future studies can use the approach to provide various technologies with similar techno-economic and environmental characteristics for different contexts lacking resources and knowledge.

Z. Chang, Junhui Luo, Qiongzhen Tang et al.

To solve the environmental protection issue of carbonaceous rock slope, the failure mechanism of carbonaceous rock slope and the protection mechanism of vegetation concrete are analyzed based on the engineering characteristics of carbonaceous rock and vegetation concrete. Therefore, the field test of vegetation concrete was carried out to obtain the optimal dosage of vegetation concrete greening additive. The application of environmental protection technology of vegetation concrete on carbonaceous rock slope is applied in slope engineering of Hebai highway, and the change law of soil fertility was analyzed to verify the effect of ecological protection. The results show that the protection mechanism of vegetation concrete slope protection technology is mainly categorized into two groups, namely, the surface sealing effect of vegetation concrete substrate in the early stage and the plant ecological protection effect in the later stage. The experiment results show that the optimum dosage of green additive for vegetation concrete is ranging from 30 kg/m3 to 40 kg/m3. According to the field application, within one year after the construction of vegetation concrete, the contents of available phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter increased by 70.2%, 24.9%, and 76.8%, respectively. Moreover, the content of alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen decreased by 44.8% and bulk density by 17.4%; the content of total phosphorus changed little. After 60 days of construction, the vegetation coverage rate of the slope can reach more than 95% and there is no obvious soil erosion phenomenon after three times of heavy rainfall.

O. J. Oyebode, J. A. Otoko

Pollution of the environment and inappropriate management of medical wastes are major challenges facing developing countries and this must be tackled with recent technology for public health, enhanced natural ecosystems, and a better environment. This research is a two-step process that involves the assessment of the existing Hospital waste management practices in a multi-system Hospital in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Excess air, kerosene (auxiliary fuel), single chamber, Batch-fed (Manual feeding), and controlled air incinerator were designed. Wastes were loaded once at the beginning of the combustion cycle followed by combustion, ash burnout, cool down, and ash removal to assist medical waste management. Findings revealed that personnel involved in handling medical waste were equipped with inadequate protective gear. Medical waste was handled together with municipal waste and both wastes were incinerated in an open dumpsite without engineered sanitary landfill at disposal locations constituting a nuisance with a high risk of pollution to the surrounding environment. The incinerator was designed for a waste load of 269 kg.day-1. It consists of four zones; the waste and combustion zone (2.7 m × 1.8 m × 1 m), the ash zone (0.23 m height), the combustion fumes and one-second retention zone (0.43 m height) as well as the excess air zone (0.46 m height). This low-cost medical waste incinerator has a lot of improvement, operational effectiveness, and efficiency to the currently available techniques. Viable recommendations made will improve the state of environmental health and reduce the harmful effects of medical waste.

Md Sayeduzzaman Sarker, Umma Rafia Shoily, Nokibul Alam Chowdhury et al.

Rapid urban population growth and flourishing incomes have increased waste production in Dhaka city. A part of daily produced Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is disposed of at Matuail sanitary landfill located within Jatrabari Thana, Dhaka. This study has analyzed the environmental impacts at and around this landfill using remote sensing techniques. The objective of this research is to develop a means of environmental monitoring at the landfill site and its surroundings through the implementation of various time-series remote sensing indices e.g., Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI). LST is used to observe the Spatio-temporal pattern of temperature distribution. NDVI, SAVI, and MSAVI are the Bio-indicators and they are helpful to analyze the vegetation health condition at and around the landfill area. From the result of LST, it is observed that the average temperature of the Jatrabarithana has increased from 23.12℃ in 1993 to an optimum temperature of 35.20℃ in 2013, then it went down to 29.09℃ in 2018. The NDVI result for the study period shows that the percentages of ‘Bare Soil’ and ‘Structural Object’ have increased drastically from 10% to 41.20% and 13.30% to 31.52% respectively for these 25 years in Jatrabarithana. On the other hand, the percentages of ‘Shrub and Grassland’ and ‘Moderate Vegetation’ have decreased from 54.20% to 25.15% and 12.55% to 0% respectively. SAVI and MSAVI also show evidence of increasing the amount of bare soil and structural object and decreasing the amount of vegetation. Due to the waste stabilization process, and inappropriate management system at the Matuail landfill, along with urbanization, industrial activity, and deforestation, a harmful effect has been done to the surrounding environment. As an outcome, the temperature has risen rapidly and the amount of vegetation has declined to a significant extent. Journal of Engineering Science 12(3), 2021, 127-138

آزیتا زند, سحر ده یوری, معصومه ارفعی

مقدمه:  خشکسالی تأثیرات مخربی بر محیط زیست دارد. خشکسالی در ایران به تمام نقاط کشور سرایت کرده است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی مکانیسم های موثر مدیریت بحران خشکسالی از دیدگاه کارشناسان وزارت جهادکشاورزی استان البرز بود. روش­: تحقیق حاضر از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی و به روش توصیفی، همبستگی می باشد. جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل 316 نفر از کارشناسان سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان البرز  بوده است. نحوه تعیین حجم نمونه براساس جدول کرجی و مورگان برابر 183 نفر محاسبه شده است و روش  نمونه گیری به صورت تصادفی ساده با نسبت متناسب بوده است.آلفای محاسبه شده برای پرسشنامه تحقیق حاضر 80/0 می باشد.  یافته­ها: داده های تحقیق حاکی از آن است که متغیر عوامل مدیریتی حدود 4/32 ، متغیر عوامل اقتصادی حدود 31 درصد ، متغیر عوامل آموزشی حدود 5/28 درصد ومتغیر عوامل فرهنگی- اجتماعی حدود 5/30 درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته  مدیریت بحران خشکسالی را تبیین می نماید. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل عاملی شناسایی راهکارهای مدیریت بحران خشکسالی در زمینه کشاورزی در استان البرز نشان داد که؛ راهکارهای سیاسی - حمایتی، راهکارهای مدیریتی، راهکارهای فنی، راهکارهای قانونی، راهکارهای آموزشی و راهکارهای اقتصادی به ترتیب اولویت عواملی هستند که بیشترین سهم را در تبین راهکارهای مدیریت بحران خشکسالی در زمینه کشاورزی در استان البرز از دیدگاه کارشناسان مورد مطالعه داشته اند. این عوامل مقدار12/72 درصد از واریانس کل متغیرها را به خود اختصاص داده است. نتیجه­گیری: با توجه به نتایج حاصل از تحقیق شناسایی راهکارهای مدیریت بحران خشکسالی در زمینه کشاورزی در استان البرز می توان اظهار نمود که؛ راهکارهای سیاسی - حمایتی، راهکارهای مدیریتی، راهکارهای فنی، راهکارهای قانونی، راهکارهای آموزشی و راهکارهای اقتصادی به ترتیب اولویت عواملی هستند که بیشترین سهم را در تبین راهکارهای مدیریت بحران خشکسالی در زمینه کشاورزی در استان البرز از دیدگاه کارشناسان مورد مطالعه داشته اند. لازم است سیاست­های  حمایتی مناسب برای محافظت از کشاورزان در هنگام خشکسالی به منظور کاهش آسیب پذیری آنان دنبال شود. اتخاذ سیاست های مناسب مدیریت منابع آب کشاورزی توسط مدیریت آب کشور، افزایش دانش روستائیان در ارتباط با مدیریت مصرف بهینه آب کشاورزی، توجه به دانش بومی کشاورزی به منظور مدیریت خشکسالی، بیمه محصولات کشاورزی در معرض خطر خشکسالی، همکاری با دانشگاه های موفق در زمینه مدیریت خشکسالی، استفاده از تجارب سایر کشورها در زمینه مصرف بهینه آب گردد.