A five-century tree-ring record from Spain reveals recent intensification of western Mediterranean precipitation extremes

<p>The Mediterranean basin, a recognized climate change hotspot, faces increasing hydroclimatic pressures, particularly from severe drought and precipitation events. To assess contemporary changes and potentially manage future impacts, it is crucial to understand the long-term context of this variability beyond the relatively short instrumental record. This study utilizes tree-ring records to reconstruct past hydroclimate in the Iberian Range of eastern Spain, a water-sensitive Mediterranean environment. We present a well-replicated tree-ring width chronology from <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> and <i>Pinus nigra</i> trees that calibrates and verifies significantly against cumulative instrumental precipitation over a 320 d period ending in June (<span class="inline-formula"><i>r</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">=</span> 0.749; <span class="inline-formula"><i>p</i></span> <span class="inline-formula">&lt;</span> 0.01). The resulting 520-year reconstruction reveals substantial multi-centennial variability in precipitation and reveals an increase in the frequency and intensity of hydroclimatic extremes (both wet and dry) during the late 20th and early 21st centuries compared to the longer-term baseline. The reconstruction has a spatial representativeness centred over eastern and central Iberia and covaries with independent historical drought indices derived from rogation ceremony records during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The documented intensification of hydroclimatic extremes is consistent with climate change projections and provides a baseline for evaluating ecosystem resilience and water resource vulnerability.</p>