Vahid Azadi, Karim Hajizadeh Bastani, Habib Shahbazi Shiran
The griffin is one of the symbolic animals that is deeply rooted in the culture and beliefs of different governments. The motif of this animal is present both in mythology and the history of literature, as well as in the majority of architectural elements, dishes, ornaments, textiles, which manifest the beliefs and opinions of the people of ancient times. The griffin is one of the mythical birds of the ancient world, shaped like an eagle from the front half and a lion from the back half. It can be said that the exact origin of the griffin is not known and many names have been mentioned for this animal in different civilizations and it has appeared in various forms in the art of different nations. Based on this, the present research studies the symbology of this special and rare animal (along with its motif) in numerous works of art in Iran in the Achaemenid era and the comparative study of this image in that era. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and its information is collected through library sources and published images of ancient times. The results of the analysis show that the griffin has concepts and beliefs that among the ancient people suggest greatness, opposition between good and evil, royal power, protector and guardian. At the same time, these motifs are symmetrically created in a static and dynamic state, which is completely abstract. The motif of Griffin in each region has been influenced by the native culture of the people of that region and has various concepts that have been changed at any time according to the ethnic, cultural, artistic conditions and beliefs of the time.
59. Kütüphane Haftası nedeniyle TRT Radyo 1’de yayınlanan “Gecenin İçinden” adlı programda Türk Kütüphaneciliğinin tarihi, önemli örnekleri, kütüphanelerin sosyo-kültürel ve akademik hayattaki yeri ve önemi ile gelecekte kitap ve kütüphanenin bilginin toplumsallaşmasındaki rolü üzerine yöneltilen sorulara verilen cevaplardan oluşan söyleşidir.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
A História enquanto disciplina escolar tornou-se cada vez mais presente ao longo do processo de escolarização desencadeado pelos debates iluministas e a Revolução Francesa, ainda que com contornos muito distintos daquilo que nos é familiar atualmente e formata nossos livros didáticos. A coleção de Précis de l’Histoire se apresenta como um artefato especial para a análise desse processo: composta por cinco volumes e cuja publicação aparece completa em 1830, sendo prescrita desde então para os collèges parisienses como um curso de história, na acepção moderna do termo. O artigo objetiva analisar a construção narrativa, feita por Auguste Poirson, acerca dos gregos e sua origem presente nas segunda e terceira edições (1828; 1831) do Précis de l’Histoire Ancienne para demonstrar: a datada indefinição de fronteiras para a escrita de um compêndio destinado ao uso escolar; e também, nos termos da nascente historiografia profissionalizada, o debate entre inteligibilidades antigas e modernas. Ao mesmo tempo, propõe reflexões acerca da escrita da história Antiga escolar tendo como horizonte o escopo temporal entre o início e o fim do século XIX e o início do século XX.
The article is a review of a new textbook on the history of ancient Rome, written by a famous scientist, candidate of historical sciences V. O. Nikishin, senior lecturer at the Department of Ancient History at the History Faculty of Moscow State University. The history of Ancient Rome is the final stage of the ancient history of the Mediterranean. By the beginning of the new era, there was a powerful state that united within its borders the vast territories of the Eastern and Western Mediterranean - the Roman Empire, which absorbed the colossal cultural heritage of ancient Mediterranean civilizations. Ancient Roman society accumulated and synthesized in order to then transmit to the next generations the greatest achievements of ancient culture at the highest stage of its development, which explains the exceptional importance of Ancient Rome in world history. The author gives a fairly detailed analysis of the textbook, and comes to the conclusion that it is written just brilliantly, but needs to expand some sections.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
A change from RNA- to DNA-based genetic systems is hypothesized as a major transition in the evolution of early life forms. One of the possible requirements for this transition is a change in the substrate specificity of the replication enzyme. It is largely unknown how such changes would have occurred during early evolutionary history. In this study, we present evidence that an RNA replication enzyme that has evolved in the absence of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) relaxes its substrate specificity and incorporates labeled dNTPs. This result implies that ancient replication enzymes, which probably evolved in the absence of dNTPs, could have incorporated dNTPs to synthesize DNA soon after dNTPs became available. The transition from RNA to DNA, therefore, might have been easier than previously thought.
This article examines one of the most stressful and difficult periods in Herzen’s life associated with the writer’s ideological crisis of the late 1840s, which was reflected in his journalistic works of the 1850s. This research is an attempt to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the book From the Other Shore as an autobiographical text in order to trace the formation of a new concept of the author’s personality and ways to overcome his ideological crisis. The article examines the nature of autobiographism in Herzen’s creative writing of the 1850s, which L. Ya. Ginzburg defined as historical autobiographism. Romantic autobiographism of the 1830s and socio-psychological autobiographism of the 1840s were replaced by historical autobiographism (definition by L. Ginzburg). Issues of historical order become part of the writer’s personal life. Moreover, Herzen personifies the principles of historiosophy: he regards the experience of an individual as the experience of humanity at large. However, Herzen’s uncertain position in European democratic social circles was responsible for the crisis as well. That is why Herzen formulated and chose for himself the position of an outside observer. The method of historical analogies (definition by R. Нestanov) highlights this new view — Herzen compares the events of Europe with the events of the end of Ancient civilization and juxtaposes himself with Roman philosophers. Furthermore, he uses the technique of dramatising the present, and, consequently, history itself, which leads to the effect of double reflection (reflection of reflection or meta-reflection), and helps him distance from the present and overcome the emotional drama of the late 1840s — early 1850s.
History (General) and history of Europe, Language and Literature
Indah Wahyu Puji Utami, Ismail Lutfi, S. Jati
et al.
Augmented Reality (AR) as a learning media has a very great potential to help students learn history, including Indonesian ancient history. AR gave the opportunity for students to learn heritages from Indonesian’s ancient history, i.e. from Singhasari period, by scanning a marker that would show a 3D model in their smartphone screen. This research focussing on the effectivity of AR as media for history learning by comparing students’ score in a pre-test – post-test design. 30 students from 10th grade at a vocational high school involved in this quasi-experiment. Overall, the AR is effective as history learning media in improving students’ score.
Abulgasim Ahbara, Abulgasim Ahbara, Hussain Bahbahani
et al.
Variations in body weight and in the distribution of body fat are associated with feed availability, thermoregulation, and energy reserve. Ethiopia is characterized by distinct agro-ecological and human ethnic farmer diversity of ancient origin, which have impacted on the variation of its indigenous livestock. Here, we investigate autosomal genome-wide profiles of 11 Ethiopian indigenous sheep populations using the Illumina Ovine 50 K SNP BeadChip assay. Sheep from the Caribbean, Europe, Middle East, China, and western, northern and southern Africa were included to address globally, the genetic variation and history of Ethiopian populations. Population relationship and structure analysis separated Ethiopian indigenous fat-tail sheep from their North African and Middle Eastern counterparts. It indicates two main genetic backgrounds and supports two distinct genetic histories for African fat-tail sheep. Within Ethiopian sheep, our results show that the short fat-tail sheep do not represent a monophyletic group. Four genetic backgrounds are present in Ethiopian indigenous sheep but at different proportions among the fat-rump and the long fat-tail sheep from western and southern Ethiopia. The Ethiopian fat-rump sheep share a genetic background with Sudanese thin-tail sheep. Genome-wide selection signature analysis identified eight putative candidate regions spanning genes influencing growth traits and fat deposition (NPR2, HINT2, SPAG8, INSR), development of limbs and skeleton, and tail formation (ALX4, HOXB13, BMP4), embryonic development of tendons, bones and cartilages (EYA2, SULF2), regulation of body temperature (TRPM8), body weight and height variation (DIS3L2), control of lipogenesis and intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids (FABP3), the occurrence and morphology of horns (RXFP2), and response to heat stress (DNAJC18). Our findings suggest that Ethiopian fat-tail sheep represent a uniquely admixed but distinct genepool that presents an important resource for understanding the genetic control of skeletal growth, fat metabolism and associated physiological processes.
This book on ancient medicine offers a unique resource for historians of medicine, historians of psychology, and classicists – and also cultural historians and historians of art. The Hippocratic texts and other contemporary medical sources have often been overlooked when it comes to their approaches to psychology, which are considered more mechanical and less elaborated than contemporary poetic and philosophical representations, but also than later medical works, notably Galenic. This book aims to do justice to early medical accounts by illustrating their richness and sophistication, their links with contemporary cultural products, and the indebtedness of later medicine to their observations. The ancient sources are read not only as archaeological documents, but also in the light of methodological discussions that are fundamental in the history of psychiatry and the history of psychology.
The Attic vases in the Iberian context sometimes acquired new functions with respect to the Greek world, as it is denoted in the case of the red-figure krater converted into a cinerary urn, a well-attested use in Andalucia. This paper is dedicated to the examination of the burial 137 of the necropolis of Cabezo Lucero (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante), which it has returned an attic krater used as a container of the bones and which it constitutes an exceptional case within the alicantino funerary space.
The material of Ukrainian diaspora life and activity in the USA and Canada in the National Museum of Ukrainian History collection is analyzed in the article. History of completing of materials and transferring of interesting exhibits during years of the Ukrainian independence is traced. Based on the wide circle of historical sources, the author confirms that the National Museum of Ukrainian History has the biggest collection from the ancient time until the nowadays, which consist of about one thousand exhibits. Scientists of the museum always try to fill the museum’s funds and collections. It is noted that methodology of the accumulation of material is based on primarily completing material of the most actual themes. The importance of the theme of data research is caused by need of investigation of Ukrainian diaspora role in the process of democratization and transformation of Ukraine, transferring of positive experience in the development of civil society, underlining of diaspora contribution to the economy and culture of our country, lobby of foreign and interior interests.
In general, the author notes the interest of the Ukrainian diaspora in promoting Ukrainian historical heritage. In its turn this is evidenced by hard work of the National Museum of Ukrainian History stuff that carries out scientific work by completing and studying fund collection “Ukrainian Diaspora” regularly and fills the museum by interesting exhibits on this subject. This study of Ukrainian life in emigration contributes to the preservation of national identity, rapprochement and consolidation of Ukrainians worldwide.
‘Mimesis’ is a concept explored in Antiquity as well as in cultural history. It also plays an important role in the Bible. In this article we argue for ‘mimesis’ as a role model for Bible teaching in religious education. In the first part we give some insights into the concept of mimesis, drawing on ancient philosophers (Aristotle, Plato). ‘Mimesis’ does not denote a copy of a prescribed object; instead, the type of depiction and reference brings it into the present in an intensive, creative and productive way. In the second part we want to give some examples for how ‘mimesis’ is used in the Bible itself. Biblical tradition can be described as a ‘mimetic process’. Furthermore, authors like Paul explicitly use the concept of ‘mimesis’, for example in his ethical admonition. Thus, the use of ‘mimesis’ in the Bible inspires directly our teaching on biblical genres, motifs and ways of thinking. The third part gives a draft of how the ‘mimetic didactic’ works, drawing on parables, Gospel writing, Johannine theology and coping with painful fate like Job. Mimetic hermeneutics transforms tradition in applying it into the contemporary situation. This can prove stimulating for contemporary contexts: mimesis is closely connected to tradition, but simultaneously encourages its transmission into the present day with astonishing variability and freedom.