Hasil untuk "Zoology"

Rassam Noura, El Alami Younes, Houari Abdelghani et al.

You should leave 8 mm of space above the abstract and 10 mm after the abstract. The heading Abstract should be typed in bold 9-point Arial. The body of the Faced with the growing frequency and intensity of urban flooding, particularly in Moroccan cities undergoing rapid and poorly planned urbanization, valley management is a strategic issue that is both environmental and territorial in nature. As a territory exposed to complex dynamics, the Fez metropolitan area provides an ideal case study for developing an integrated model for urban valley management, aimed at reducing flood risk and enhancing the ecological value of river environments. The approach adopted is based on an integrated analysis of hydrogeomorphological dynamics, land use patterns, and socio-environmental vulnerability indicators. Modeling hydraulic hazards, analyzing hydrogeomorphological features, and assessing the ecological functions of valleys have helped identify sustainable development solutions such as riverbed restoration, the creation of buffer zones, and the integration of green infrastructure. The results highlight the need for collaborative territorial governance and prior environmental assessment to guide development proposals. The objective is to contribute to international debates on integrated water resource management and urban resilience by proposing operational recommendations for sustainable land-use planning based on the ecological and functional potential of valleys.

Enrico Gugliandolo, Bilal Mghili, Francesca Fabrizi et al.

This study examines the occurrence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals in Terra Nova Bay, a coastal area of the Ross Sea in Antarctica that is increasingly recognised as vulnerable to human influence. During the 37th Italian Antarctic Expedition (2021–2022), researchers collected seawater, sediment, and fish samples from the notothenioid species <i>Trematomus bernacchii</i> to evaluate microbial resistance in an environment once considered largely pristine. Fifty heterotrophic bacterial isolates were obtained and tested against twenty-eight antibiotics, revealing a notable presence of multidrug resistance. These multidrug-resistant isolates were then assessed for their tolerance to eight heavy metal salts to understand whether resistance traits extended beyond antimicrobials. Twelve isolates showing resistance to both antibiotics and metals were selected for further genetic screening, targeting key resistance genes linked to tetracycline, vancomycin, sulphonamides, and other antimicrobial classes. The detection of multiple resistance genes in genera such as <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Pseudoalteromonas</i>, and <i>Psychrobacter</i> indicates that both natural selective pressures and local, human-related contamination may be shaping resistance patterns in this region. Overall, the study demonstrates that even remote Antarctic marine ecosystems can host bacteria with complex resistance profiles. While these ecosystems are largely isolated, human activities such as scientific research, tourism, and the introduction of pollutants may contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes, raising important ecological and potential public health considerations regarding the spread of resistance in polar environments.

Victor Temoche, Irene Acosta, Pablo Gonzales et al.

Goat production in the dry forest of northern Peru is essential for rural livelihoods but remains poorly characterized regarding its productivity and sustainability. This study used multivariate techniques—a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)—to analyze data from 284 producers in Tumbes, Piura, and Lambayeque. Surveys captured 48 variables (41 qualitative, seven quantitative) on productivity, socioeconomics, and management. The MCA explained 22.07% of the variability in two dimensions, while the PCA accounted for 63.9%, focusing on productivity and diversification. The FAMD integrated these variables, explaining 51.12% of variability across five dimensions, emphasizing socioeconomic and management differences. The HCA identified three clusters: cluster 1 featured intensive systems with advanced management and commercial focus, cluster 2 included extensive systems limited by water scarcity, and cluster 3 reflected semi-intensive systems with irrigation and diversified production. These findings provide a detailed understanding of goat systems in northern Peru, identifying opportunities to improve resource use and tailor strategies to enhance sustainability. The multivariate analysis proved effective in capturing the complexity of these systems, supporting productivity and improving livelihoods in rural areas.

Abbas Hasan Wadah, Alhakeem Zaineb M.

This paper shows path of controlling hybrid system with wind and diesel generators via a programmable logic controller, these systems produce the required electrical power from different sources. This system can be used in different areas that have wind speeds between (10-180) km/h. When the winds are within this range, then the wind turbine generator is starting and suppling the electrical power to the load, if there is any fault is occurred or the wind is not within the working range then the wind turbine generator ceases and the diesel generator will start and supply the electrical power to the load.

Thierry Bourgoin, Ilia Gjonov, Albena Lapeva-Gjonova et al.

The mutualistic interspecific relationships of trophobiosis between trophobiont planthoppers (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) providing food to the host called xenobiont, are reviewed. The degree of interspecific relationships between these symbionts varies from occasional or short time duration (a few hours to a few days) to longer ones, with trophobionts left free to escape (optobiotic type) by the xenobiont, or maintained enclosed in nests or ant shelters (cryptobiotic type). Of 267 collected cases, 126 are new illustrated observations. Occasional trophobiosis is documented in 13 families of planthoppers and appears to be quite general in Fulgoromorpha, although it is reported for the first time for Dictyopharidae, Eurybrachidae, and Nogodinidae. Xenobionts associated with planthoppers are reported from ants and other Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Blattodea, but also from Mollusca and even small gekkonid vertebrates. Tettigometridae appear to be exclusively tended by ants, while Fulgoridae significantly more often by cockroaches (40%) than by ants (27%). Long-time trophobiosis occurs always with ants, cryptobiotic ones reported in Cixiidae, Delphacidae, Tettigometridae, Meenoplidae, Flatidae and Hypochthonellidae, while optobiotic ones remain restricted to tettigometrids. A particular focus on Tettigometridae attended by ants is provided with new etho-ecological observations of 92 currently described tettigometrids species, 32 different species (35%) are now known to be able to be ant-attended. In Bulgaria, where fourteen species occur, trophobiosis occurs with at least five species of them (36%). In tettigometrids, subsociality, sessility, and underground life appear to be key factors allowing more complex relationships with ants. However, the planthopper size and thus the amount of food (drops of honeydew) is probably also an important factor. This might explain many new observations in large-sized and often isolated fulgorids with cockroaches. Tapping of trophobiont forewings by cockroaches, moths, or of the bark subtrate by geckos has been observed, but antennal palpation behaviours by ants are the most commonly observed with tettigometrids, although not with larger planthoppers. In tettigometrids, specific tegumentary glands secretions (allomones) of the abdomen pleurites might also mediate their long-term mutualistic associations, even possibly completing honeydew kairomones actions mediating planthopper trophobiosis in general.

Yoo-Bhin Kim, Jina Park, Yun-Ji Heo et al.

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> (CV) or <i>Tetradesmus obliquus</i> (TO) on laying performance, egg quality, and gut health indicators of laying hens. A total of 144 Hy-Line Brown laying hens aged 21 weeks were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments with eight replicates of six hens. Dietary treatments were as follows: CON, basal diet; CV, basal diet + 5 g <i>C. vulgaris</i>/kg of diet; TO, basal diet + 5 g <i>T. obliquus</i>/kg of diet. The results showed that diets supplemented with CV or TO had insignificant effects on laying performance, egg quality (i.e., Haugh unit and eggshell strength and thickness), jejunal histology, cecal short-chain fatty acids, and antioxidant/immune markers in ileal mucosa samples of laying hens. Compared with the control group, the egg yolk color score was higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in laying hens fed on diets containing CV and TO, although the former was a more intense yellow than the latter. Small intestinal lamina propria cells were isolated using flow cytometry to examine the percentages of immune cell subpopulations. Dietary microalgae did not affect B cells or monocytes/macrophages but altered the percentage of CD4+ T cells and CD8− TCR γδ T cells. Collectively, diets supplemented with <i>C. vulgaris</i> or <i>T. obliquus</i> can improve egg yolk color and would modulate host immune development and competence in laying hens.

Sirikul Soontararak, Piyathida Ardaum, Napaporn Senarat et al.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is mostly incurable and non-regenerative with long-term complications. Autologous conditioned serum (ACS), which is enriched in Interleukin 1 receptor antagonists (IL-1RA) and growth factors, could be an alternative treatment to accelerate the positive therapeutic effects. ACS is proposed to alleviate inflammation by blocking IL-1 receptors. However, to date, there is no report focusing on the cell-mediated anti-inflammation and regenerative effect caused by ACS, especially the ACS from patients. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of ACS generated from dogs with spontaneous OA, focusing on its promising anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties in vitro compared to the matched plasma. We found that ACS prepared from ten OA dogs contained significant concentrations of IL-1RA, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta, which are key cytokines in anti-inflammation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we found that ACS suppressed T cell activity by reducing proliferation of effector T cells and simultaneously expanding numbers of immune suppressive FOXP3⁺ T cells. Lastly, we showed that ACS enhanced the proliferation of osteocytes and fibroblasts and promoted extracellular matrix gene expression in primary chondrocyte culture. Therefore, these studies indicate that ACS prepared from dogs with OA is active as an immunomodulatory and regenerative strategy for use in OA management.

Eleonora Muñoz-Ibarra, Rafael A. Molina-López, Inma Durán et al.

Literature related to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in exotic pets is minimal, being essential to report objective data on this topic, which represents a therapeutic challenge for veterinary medicine and public health. Between 2016 and 2020, laboratory records of 3156 exotic pet specimens’ microbiological diagnoses and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) results were examined. The samples were classified into three animal classes: birds (<i>n</i> = 412), mammalia (<i>n</i> = 2399), and reptilian (<i>n</i> = 345). The most prevalent bacteria in birds and mammals were <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. (15% and 16%), while in reptiles they were <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. (23%). Pseudomonas was the genus with the highest levels of AMR in all animal groups, followed by <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. By contrast, Gram-positive cocci and <i>Pasteurella</i> spp. were the most sensitive bacteria. Moreover, in reptiles, <i>Stenotrophomonas</i> spp., <i>Morganella</i> spp., and <i>Acinetobacter</i> spp. presented high levels of AMR. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were isolates from reptiles (21%), birds (17%), and mammals (15%). The Enterobacterales had the highest MDR levels: <i>S. marcescens</i> (94.4%), <i>C. freundii</i> (50%), <i>M. morganii</i> (47.4%), <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (46.6%), <i>E. cloacae</i> (44%), and <i>E. coli</i> (38.3%). The prevalence of MDR <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strains was 8%, detecting one isolate with an XDR profile. Regarding antimicrobial use, many antibiotics described as critically important for human use had significant AMR prevalence in bacteria isolated from exotic pets. Under the One-Health approach, these results are alarming and of public health concern since potential transmission of AMR bacteria and genes can occur from exotic pets to their owners in both senses. For this reason, the collaboration between veterinarians and public health professionals is crucial.

Aleksei Miroliubov, Maksim Nesterenko

Background: Rhizocephalan barnacles stand out in the diverse world of metazoan parasites. The body of a rhizocephalan female is modified beyond revealing any recognizable morphological features, consisting of the interna, the system of rootlets, and the externa, a sac-like reproductive body. Moreover, rhizocephalans have an outstanding ability to control their hosts, literally turning them into “zombies”. Despite all these amazing traits, there is no genomic and transcriptomic data about any Rhizocephala. Methods: We collected transcriptomes from four body parts of an adult female rhizocephalan Peltogaster reticulata: externa and main, growing, and thoracic parts of the interna. We used all prepared data for the de novo assembly of the reference transcriptome. Next, a set of encoded proteins was determined, the expression levels of protein-coding genes in different parts of the parasite body were calculated and lists of enriched bioprocesses were identified. We also in silico identified and analyzed sets of potential excretory / secretory proteins. Finally, we applied phylostratigraphy and evolutionary transcriptomics approaches to our data.  Results: The assembled reference transcriptome included transcripts of 12,620 protein-coding genes and was the first for both P. reticulata and Rhizocephala. Based on the results obtained, the spatial heterogeneity of protein-coding genes expression in different regions of P. reticulata adult female body was established. The results of both transcriptomic analysis and histological studies indicated the presence of germ-like cells in the lumen of the interna. The potential molecular basis of the interaction between the nervous system of the host and the parasite's interna was also determined. Given the prolonged expression of development-associated genes, we suggest that rhizocephalans “got stuck in the metamorphosis”, even in their reproductive stage. Conclusions: The results of the first comparative transcriptomic analysis for Rhizocephala not only clarified but also expanded the existing ideas about the biology of this amazing parasites.

Shuolei Chen, Zhuoran Wu, Ole Russell Sleipness et al.

Dog ownership and dog walking brings various health benefits for urban dwellers, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, but trigger a number of controversies. Dog parks have become increasingly significant public resources in the pandemic to support these benefits while facing intense conflicts. To develop effective dog parks in urban settings, growing numbers of scholars have provided insights into the design and management strategies for addressing the benefits and conflicts. The objective of this study is to synthesize and analyze various aspects of dog park design and management and to assess identified strategies for enhancing their benefits while mitigating their drawbacks. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic study was conducted to synthesize the benefits, conflicts, and management strategies of dog parks, supported by Citespace. Benefits and conflicts in dog park design and management have been synthesized and organized according to their frequency of presence and the statistical results. We analyzed and assessed existing design and management strategies. Through this systematic study, we discovered the need obtain o po experimental evidence on effective dog park design and management to enhance their benefits while mitigating their sources of conflict and limitations in the intensity of park visitors’ physical activity in off-leash areas. Guidelines for the design and management strategies for effective dog parks were made to enhance their benefits while alleviating conflicts in the future development of sustainable dog parks that promote healthy relationships between canines and residents in urban built environments.

J. Williamson, E. Slade, S. Luke et al.

1School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; 2Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore; 3Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; 4Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; 5Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute, Cambridge, UK; 6Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia; 7Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; 8School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and 9Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

L. H. M. Gultom, Gushairiyanto Gushairiyanto, Depison Depison

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between body weight and body weight gain of Sentul chickens aged DOC, 1, 2, and 3 months.  The research materials were Sentul and Merawang chicken. This research method was an experimental method with a sample of 41 males and 41 females from each breed. The data collected includes; body weight and body weight gain of DOC-3 months old. The data that have been collected were analyzed using the t-test of average differences (t-test), the relationship between body weights was analyzed using the correlation test. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that the body weights of male and female of Sentul chicken aged DOC-2 months were not significantly different (P>0.05), but significantly different (P<0.05) at the age of 3 months. The highest body weight gain was at 1-2 months in both males and females. The highest correlation between body weights for a certain age is between 1-2 months so that 1-month body weight is a good bodyweight for selection based on body weight.

Yuri Phedorovich Kartavtsev

Application of molecular genetic markers appeared to be very fruitful in achieving many goals, including (i) proving the theoretic basements of general biology and (ii) assessment of worldwide biodiversity. Both are provided in the present meta-analysis and a review as the main signal. One of the basic current challenges in modern biology in the face of new demands in the 21st century is the validation of its paradigms such as the synthetic theory of evolution (STE) and biological species concept (BSC). Another of most valuable goals is the biodiversity assessment for a variety of social needs including free web-based information resources about any living being, renovation of museum collections, nature conservation that recognized as a global project, iBOL, as well as resolving global trading problems such as false labeling of species specimens used as food, drug components, entertainment, etc. The main issues of the review are focused on animals and combine four items. (1) A combination of nDNA and mtDNA markers best suits the identification of hybrids and estimation of genetic introgression. (2) The available facts on nDNA and mtDNA diversity seemingly make introgression among many taxa obvious, although it is evident, that introgression may be quite restricted or asymmetric, thus, leaving at least the “source” taxon (taxa) intact. (3) If we consider sexually reproducing species in marine and terrestrial realms introgressed, as it is still evident in many cases, then we should recognize that the BSC, in view of the complete lack of gene flow among species, is inadequate because many zoological species are not biological ones yet. However, vast modern molecular data have proven that sooner or later they definitely become biological species. (4) An investigation into the fish taxa divergence using the BOLD database shows that most gene trees are basically monophyletic and interspecies reticulations are quite rare.

张伟 谢汉宾 杨刚 王军馥 李必成 王天厚 王小明

城市化在全球范围内快速扩张，已经成为影响物种进化的重要力量。两栖动物的迁移能力较弱，城市化导致两栖类被完全或部分的隔离，丢失更多的遗传多样性。本研究对上海市的金线侧褶蛙（Pelophylax plancyi）的mtDNA Cyt b 部分序列进行分析，共扩增出235条序列，获得61个单倍型。研究表明城市区域遗传多样性较低，上海市的金线侧褶蛙分化程度处于中低的水平（Max FST=0296；Min FST=0004），各种群之间遗传分化有限。黄浦江及其支流可能作为水上扩散通道，有助于基因交流，各城市公园之间的遗传分化差异并不显著；而长江阻碍了种群之间的交流，城市公园和郊区，以及岛屿种群之间的遗传分化显著。此外，单倍型网络和系统发育分析表明，上海的金线侧褶蛙并没有对应城市化程度形成相应的单系。

H. Hassan, Q. Ali, Md. Ashekur Rahman et al.

1 Department of Zoology (MRCC), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan 2 Marine Reference Collection and Resource Center, University of Karachi, Pakistan 3 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh 4 Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali khan Uinversity Mardan, KPK, Pakistan 5 Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan * Corresponding Author: habib5447@gmail.com

Duncan N. E. Stibbard-Hawkes

It has been argued that men's hunting in many forager groups is not, primarily, a means of family provisioning but is a costly way of signaling otherwise cryptic qualities related to hunting ability. Much literature concerning the signaling value of hunting draws links to Zahavi's handicap principle and the costly signaling literature in zoology. However, although nominally grounded in the same theoretical paradigm, these literatures have evolved separately. Here I review honest signaling theory in both hunter‐gatherer studies and zoology and highlight three issues with the costly signaling literature in hunter‐gather studies: (a) an overemphasis on the demonstration of realized costs, which are neither necessary nor sufficient to diagnose costly signaling; (b) a lack of clear predictions about what specific qualities hunting actually signals; and (c) an insufficient focus on the broadcast effectiveness of hunting and its value as a heuristics for signal recipients. Rather than signaling hunting prowess, hunting might instead facilitate reputation‐building.

G. Burgess, Alegría Olmedo, D. Veríssimo et al.

Ismailov Vladimir, Agasjeva Irina, Ananko Grigory et al.

Insect pest control is a key mechanism to give humans advantage over insects in competition for food resources. Bioinsecticides are highly virulent in target insects, can control their populations and prevent a sharp increase in their number. The bioinsecticide Virin HSK was created in FBRI SRC VB “Vector”. Helicoverpa zea single nuclear polyhedrosis virus strain HS-18 is the active basis for Virin HSK. Here we studied the effectiveness of Helicovex SK and Virin HSK bioinsecticides as cotton bollworms control agent in comparison with the chemical insecticide Pirinex, CE and determined the safety of these insectisides for the entomophage. The flow rate of the working fluid was 200 l/ha. Helicovex SK and Virin HSK protected soybean during bean ripening and corn in the period from wax ripeness to harvesting. Helicovex SK and Virin HSK had higher efficiency than Pirinex KE.

Setiawan Ruby, Sumerta I Nyoman, Anita Syahfitri et al.

Carrion beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) is one of the scavengers which obtain nutrition from carcass decomposition which supported by the microbial symbionts through the mutual symbiosis. In this study, we characterized and compared the gut microbial community from the species of Nicrophorinae (Nicrophorus distinctus Grouvelle, 1885) and Silphinae (Necrophila renatae Portevin, 1920) from Dako Mountain, Central Sulawesi using 16S metagenomic approach. A total of 661 bacterial Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) at the species level were obtained from the guts of Ni. distinctus and Ne. renatae. Those numbers were predominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteriodetes in both species. Interestingly, a high number of Lactobacillales was observed in Ni. distinctus and lower number in Clostridiales and Cardiobacteriales compared to Ne. renatae, which showed higher abundance of those classes. Both of these insect species have nearly the same microbial diversity values, even though there some lower taxa levels were found different abundance. These results suggest that the patterns of the gut microbial structure depicted their roles in certain behavior and habitat on decomposing carcasses and could be correlated to the specific level of taxa roles in nutrient processing.