Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Jolanta Mędelska, Henryk Duszyński-Karabasz

Autorzy artykułu poddali analizie język powieści Kresy, napisanej w 1917 roku przez ziemianina pochodzącego z kresów północno-wschodnich, płodnego publicystę, prozaika, krytyka literackiego Kazimierza Zdziechowskiego. Autor opisuje życie prowincjonalnego miasta oraz okolicznych wsi i dworków na Mińszczyźnie w okresie tuż przed I wojną światową i w czasie trwania wojny. Swą książkę K. Zdziechowski zadedykował pamięci Kresowianki Elizy Orzeszkowej. Analiza wykazała, że mimo sugestywnego tytułu i innych sprzyjających okoliczności autor nie korzystał z bogatego repertuaru środków północnokresowych w celach stylizacji językowej. Nieliczne refleksy cech polszczyzny zza północno-wschodniej granicy etnicznej występują tylko w narracji odautorskiej i nie mają charakteru stylizacyjnego. Należą do idiolektu autora. W tekście znalazło odzwierciedlenie 7 zjawisk z zakresu wymowy północnokresowej (np. zwężenie o do u), 8 osobliwości fleksyjnych (np. zmiany rodzaju gramatycznego rzeczownika) i 5 swoistych struktur składniowych (np. orzecznik przymiotnikowy w narzędniku). Zdecydowana większość osobliwości to cechy w badanym okresie cofające się w języku ogólnopolskim, innowacji powstałych na Kresach jest znacznie mniej. Nikła reprezentacja północnokresowizmów wynika ze skuteczności warszawsko-krakowskich korektorów albo też ze sprawnej autokorekty erudyty K. Zdziechowskiego.

Achim Rabus, Martin Meindl

The paper highlights the recent advances of computer-assisted manuscript transcription using Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) programs such as Transkribus. Numerous examples showing the capabilities of current HTR models with respect to different Slavic scripts and handwriting styles are presented and ways to use automatically transcribed sources for multiple purposes are discussed. We demonstrate that the transcription quality is stable throughout an entire document and that researchers can gauge the quality of their HTR transcription based on a limited number of pages. Afterwards, a calculation is conducted showing that the use of HTR as an instrument of pre-transcribing manuscripts and printings makes the overall process of transcribing significantly cheaper, thus making projects possible that could not be conducted without HTR technology due to financial reasons. The paper is concluded with an appeal to share training data and make ample use of these new advancements in HTR.

Наталия Евгеньевна Ананьева, Оксана Александровна Остапчук

90-летний юбилей профессора Януша Ригера. Текст поступил в редакцию 30.07.2025. Цитирование Ананьева Н. Е., Остапчук О. А. 90-летний юбилей профессора Януша Ригера // Славянский альманах. 2025. No 3–4. С. 421–428. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2025.3-4.24

Guilherme Duarte, Nelma Moreira, Luca Prigioniero et al.

In this paper we consider block languages, namely sets of words having the same length, and study the deterministic and nondeterministic state complexity of several operations on these languages. Being a subclass of finite languages, the upper bounds of operational state complexity known for finite languages apply for block languages as well. However, in several cases, smaller values were found. Block languages can be represented as bitmaps, which are a good tool to study their minimal finite automata and their operations, as we illustrate here.

Rose Bohrer

In the pedagogy of programming languages, one well-known course structure is to tour multiple languages as a means of touring paradigms. This tour-of-paradigms approach has long received criticism as lacking depth, distracting students from foundational issues in language theory and implementation. This paper argues for disentangling the idea of a tour-of-languages from the tour-of-paradigms. We make this argument by presenting, in depth, a series of case studies included in the Human-Centered Programming Languages curriculum. In this curriculum, case studies become deep, serving to tour the different intellectual foundations through which a scholar can approach programming languages, which one could call the tour-of-humans. In particular, the design aspect of programming languages has much to learn from the social sciences and humanities, yet these intellectual foundations would yield far fewer deep contributions if we did not permit them to employ case studies.

Matteo Cimini

Program logics are a powerful formal method in the context of program verification. Can we develop a counterpart of program logics in the context of language verification? This paper proposes language logics, which allow for statements of the form $\{P\}\ \mathcal{X}\ \{Q\}$ where $\mathcal{X}$, the subject of analysis, can be a language component such as a piece of grammar, a typing rule, a reduction rule or other parts of a language definition. To demonstrate our approach, we develop $\mathbb{L}$, a language logic that can be used to analyze language definitions on various aspects of language design. We illustrate $\mathbb{L}$ to the analysis of some selected aspects of a programming language. We have also implemented an automated prover for $\mathbb{L}$, and we confirm that the tool repeats these analyses. Ultimately, $\mathbb{L}$ cannot verify languages. Nonetheless, we believe that this paper provides a strong first step towards adopting the methods of program logics for the analysis of languages.

Muhammad Shoaib Farooq, Taymour zaman Khan

Programming is an integral part of computer science discipline. Every day the programming environment is not only rapidly growing but also changing and languages are constantly evolving. Learning of object-oriented paradigm is compulsory in every computer science major so the choice of language to teach object-oriented principles is very important. Due to large pool of object-oriented languages, it is difficult to choose which should be the first programming language in order to teach object-oriented principles. Many studies shown which should be the first language to tech object-oriented concepts but there is no method to compare and evaluate these languages. In this article we proposed a comprehensive framework to evaluate the widely used object-oriented languages. The languages are evaluated basis of their technical and environmental features.

Elisabeth Griebl, Benedikt Fein, Florian Obermüller et al.

Block-based programming languages like Scratch are increasingly popular for programming education and end-user programming. Recent program analyses build on the insight that source code can be modelled using techniques from natural language processing. Many of the regularities of source code that support this approach are due to the syntactic overhead imposed by textual programming languages. This syntactic overhead, however, is precisely what block-based languages remove in order to simplify programming. Consequently, it is unclear how well this modelling approach performs on block-based programming languages. In this paper, we investigate the applicability of language models for the popular block-based programming language Scratch. We model Scratch programs using n-gram models, the most essential type of language model, and transformers, a popular deep learning model. Evaluation on the example tasks of code completion and bug finding confirm that blocks inhibit predictability, but the use of language models is nevertheless feasible. Our findings serve as foundation for improving tooling and analyses for block-based languages.

Séverine Fratani, Guillaume Maurras, Pierre-Alain Reynier

Regular nested word languages (a.k.a. visibly pushdown languages) strictly extend regular word languages, while preserving their main closure and decidability properties. Previous works have shown that considering languages of 2-nested words, i.e. words enriched with two matchings (a.k.a. 2-visibly pushdown languages), is not as successful: the corresponding model of automata is not closed under determinization. In this work, inspired by homomorphic representations of indexed languages, we identify a subclass of 2-nested words, which we call 2-wave words. This class strictly extends the class of nested words, while preserving its main properties. More precisely, we prove closure under determinization of the corresponding automaton model, we provide a logical characterization of the recognized languages, and show that the corresponding graphs have bounded treewidth. As a consequence, we derive important closure and decidability properties. Last, we show that the word projections of the languages we define belong to the class of linear indexed languages.

A. Lykhachova

The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the study of relict Paleo-Balkan languages in their connection with other Indo-European languages in linguistics of the second half of the XIX century – the beginning of the XXI century. It is noted that when identifying a group of Paleo-Balkan languages, a single criterion has not yet been clearly established: both areal and genetic principles are involved. At the same time the material of Paleo-Balkan languages is not fully taken into account in the genealogical classification of Indo-European languages; if Thracian, Phrygian, and Illyrian languages are included in this classification as separate groups, then the place of old Macedonian, “Pelasgian”, and other Paleo-Balkan languages in the classification is not defined. In addition, the traditional genealogical classification does not take into account the special proximity of Paleo-Balkan languages to Armenian, Albanian and Ancient Greek. The discovery and study of Paleo-Balkan languages are briefly described. The connections of Paleo-Balkan languages with Albanian, Armenian, Ancient Greek, Hittite, Luvian, Baltic, Germanic, Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages are revealed. The author of the article focuses on the fact that Paleo-Balkan languages are mainly reconstructed at the phonological, lexical, derivational levels (to a lesser extent – at the morphological and syntactic levels), although due to the limited and uneven corresponding data, such reconstruction is also limited, and in some cases contradictory. From the point of view of Indo-Europeanists, lexical elements of Paleo-Balkan origin are recorded in modern Albanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Romanian and Armenian. The article emphasizes that Paleo-Balcanistics provided significant factual material important for substrate theory and contributed to the development of the linguistic stratigraphy method.

Luis Adrián Cabrera-Diego, Jose G. Moreno, A. Doucet

L. Vinogradova, Aleksandr V. Gura

The authors of this article attempt to reveal the symbolism of tickling as an aggressive behaviour of mythological characters using ethnolinguistic methods. This analysis is carried out on the basis of the study of Polesie dialectal vocabulary and phraseology related to this demonological function, with the involvement of a wide range of common Slavic linguistic data, and a significant body of folk mythological beliefs. The work includes three thematic sections: terminology and ways of nominating tickling in Slavic languages and dialects; tickling as a harmful function of evil spirits directed at a person; and tickling as an action of mythologized animals aimed at livestock. Geographically, the combination of the functions of tickling in a mermaid (rusalki) and a weasel can be observed in at least two regions – in Polesie and the Upper Volga. In the language and in traditional culture, there is a similarity in the ratio and interaction of tickling as a tactile action and acoustic “tickling” associated with various types of sounds emanating from living beings (people, animals, birds, and insects). In the language, a portion of onomatopoeic verb vocabulary is built in parallel to the words for tickling, which serve to convey the sounds of human speech, animal cries, sharp noises made by people, etc., which indicates a kind of mutual attraction between intense verb iterations related, on the one hand, to the tactile, and on the other, to the audible. In the folk tradition, the tickle motif creates a correlation between the strong physical irritation that mythological characters (demons and animals) inflict on people and livestock with their annoyingly repetitive actions, and the auditory perception of restless, often annoying, cries and sounds of animal origin,which are endowed with folklore and some demonological characteristics.

D. I. Raskin

The issue of the role of education and professional qualifications in the establishment of the highest bureaucratic elite in the Russian Empire in the 19th — early 20th centuries is considered in the article. Particular attention is paid to the availability of special (profile) education for ministers and department directors of the main civilian departments. The connection between the attempt to differentiate the requirements for the educational qualification of officials de-pending on the type of service at the beginning of the 19th century, on the one hand, and projects to abolish civil ranks, on the other are analyzed. The results of a comparative analysis of information about education and service experience of representatives of the highest bureaucracy of various departments are presented. Special attention is paid to medical and “technical” departments, the leadership of which required special qualifications.  It is shown that legal education has come to be considered a profile qualification not only for the judicial, but also for the administrative service. The age characteristics of Russian ministers at the time of their occupation of ministerial posts are given. It has been proved that the problem of raising the educational level of the Russian bureaucracy was largely solved for the upper and middle level of the Russian bureaucracy by the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, but the problem of professional qualifications still existed, although significant steps were taken to resolve it.

Yu. Wang, E. N. Remchukova

The article is devoted to the multimodal analysis of the representation of the national-cultural phenomenon “Confucianism” in the field of advertising in modern China on the examples of nationally-oriented advertising texts of different thematic varieties. The relevance of the work is due to the importance of preserving and continuing the heritage of Confucianism in modern Chinese society, especially in the media space. Particular attention is paid to the multimodal analysis of verbal and non-verbal means of expressing the key concept of Confucianism “five constancies of a righteous person” in Chinese nationally oriented advertising texts. It is shown that the concept of “five permanencies” as one of the important components of Confucianism gets its continuation in the field of advertising in modern China, develops in accordance with the social life of the Chinese people in the modern era. It has been established that the use of the Confucian idea of the five permanencies of a righteous person can be considered as one of the most important and effective ways to create advertising with the aim of influencing the target audience of the Chinese domestic market. The conclusions and results of the study allow us to get a general idea of the concept of the five constancies of Confucianism, as well as the practice of its application as methods of manipulating public consciousness in modern Chinese advertising, which is of great importance for sinological research in various scientific fields.

Сергей Сергеевич Скорвид

В статье на материале островных чешских и польских говоров на территории России обсуждаются проблемы, связанные с вычленением в них русских лексических калек, в том числе с разграничением таких калек и адаптированных заимствований. Существует обширная переходная область на стыке лексического калькирования и адаптации заимствований; в ее рамках следует различать гибридные образования, в которых заимствуется русская аффиксальная морфема (префикс), формально совпадающая с имеющейся в данном идиоме; образования, в которых русская аффиксальная и/или корневая морфема преобразуется исходя из регулярных соответствий между идиомами; случаи образования носителями идиома-реципиента новых лексических единиц по русской модели с опорой на семантику соотносимых морфем при различии их звукового облика. Проблемы разграничения лексических калек и адаптированных заимствований порождает близкое родство русского языка и рассматриваемых идиомов как славянских. Автор намечает пути их решения, принимая во внимание размытость границ между анализируемыми феноменами при частой закрепленности русских лексических и семантических калек в изучаемых говорах за определенными устойчивыми коллокациями. В целях адекватного описания таких явлений предлагается ввести более общее понятие «сочетаемостные кальки». Статья поступила в редакцию 15.10.2020. Цитирование Скорвид С. С. Русские лексические и сочетаемостные кальки в чешских и польских островных говорах в России // Славянский альманах. 2021. No 1–2. С. 291–309. DOI: 10.31168/2073- 5731.2021.1-2.3.01

Jovana Perišić

The article examines the attempt of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to organise a breakthrough of the sports sanctions imposed on the country on 30 May, 1992. As a result of these sanctions, the country’s athletes were forced to participate in sports competitions without national emblems and flags. The next step was to be a complete ban on the participation of Yugoslav sport organisations in international competitions. In order to break through the international information blockade, the leadership of the FR of Yugoslavia tried to organise a commercial match between Robert Fischer and Boris Spassky, two veteran chess players, who played in the 1972 “Match of the Century.” The conference was organised by Jezdimir Vasiljević, a businessman who combined the cigarette and oil trade with the banking business. The results of this costly adventure were dubious. With the complete domination of huge international media corporations, positive results were almost impossible. However, the episode itself remains a bright page not only in the gloomy history of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, but also in the history of chess.

Uli Fahrenberg, Christian Johansen, Georg Struth et al.

We introduce languages of higher-dimensional automata (HDAs) and develop some of their properties. To this end, we define a new category of precubical sets, uniquely naturally isomorphic to the standard one, and introduce a notion of event consistency. HDAs are then finite, labeled, event-consistent precubical sets with distinguished subsets of initial and accepting cells. Their languages are sets of interval orders closed under subsumption; as a major technical step we expose a bijection between interval orders and a subclass of HDAs. We show that any finite subsumption-closed set of interval orders is the language of an HDA, that languages of HDAs are closed under binary unions and parallel composition, and that bisimilarity implies language equivalence.

Matteo Cimini, Benjamin Mourad

Language transformations are algorithms that take a language specification in input, and return the language specification modified. Language transformations are useful for automatically adding features such as subtyping to programming languages (PLs), and for automatically deriving abstract machines. In this paper, we set forth the thesis that teaching programming languages features with the help of language transformations, in addition to the planned material, can be beneficial for students to help them deepen their understanding of the features being taught. We have conducted a study on integrating language transformations into an undergraduate PL course. We describe our study, the material that we have taught, and the exam submitted to students, and we present the results from this study. Although we refrain from drawing general conclusions on the effectiveness of language transformations, this paper offers encouraging data. We also offer this paper to inspire similar studies.

Victoria Donovan, J. Rann, Darya Tsymbalyuk

Public engagement, impact, and knowledge exchange are concepts that today rank highly on research agendas across the UK. Yet the discussion of what constitutes engagement, on the politics and practicalities of building collaborations with non-academic partners, and on the ethics of conducting such work are still at their very earliest stages. Emerging from a British Academy-funded workshop, “Slavic Studies Goes Public: Creating an ECR Network in the Public Humanities,” this series of essays and critical-creative works — collaborations at the boundary of academic writing and artistic practice — explores what we see as some of the most important questions relating to public engagement in our field. What institutional factors and politics inform and determine the “who” of our public engagement work? How can the us/them dichotomy be rethought and with it the idea of “giving voice” to “voiceless” communities? How can those leading projects be sure that the legacy or change is desired by or necessary for the communities engaged? When does engagement end? When should it never have begun? Participants at the workshop responded to these questions in six reflective essays and three critical-creative collaborations. Rather than offering definitive answers, we hope that the workshop and this series will form a point of departure, engendering further conversations, collaborations, and creativity around Modern Languages and engagement.

L. Johannsen

wars were really about. To sum up, I cannot recommend this book highly enough, and it is my hope that its readership will not be limited by its being in Danish. Estonian and Latvian publishing houses would do well to see value in publishing it in their respective Baltic languages as well. Similarly, an English translation, or at least a summary, could serve well historians and military history hobbyists alike.