Hasil untuk "Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law"

Zhouwei Zhai, Mengxiang Chen, Anmeng Zhang

Large language models offer transformative potential for e-commerce search by enabling intent-aware recommendations. However, their industrial deployment is hindered by two critical challenges: (1) knowledge hallucination due to insufficient encoding of dynamic, fine-grained product knowledge, and (2) security vulnerabilities under jailbreak attacks that threaten compliance. To address these issues, we propose SIA--a Synthesize-Inject-Align framework for building knowledgeable and secure e-commerce search LLMs. Our approach first synthesizes high-quality natural language corpus by combining structured knowledge graphs with unstructured behavioral logs, augmented with reasoning chains and safety-aware data. We then introduce a parameter-efficient pre-training strategy based on Depth Up-Scaling to inject domain knowledge while preserving general capabilities. Finally, a dual-path alignment method via multi-task instruction tuning and adversarial training strengthens both task performance and safety robustness. The framework has been deployed at JD.com, China's largest self-operated e-commerce platform, where A/B tests across five core search scenarios demonstrate significant improvements in key business metrics, validating its industrial effectiveness and scalability.

Tejaswini Bollikonda

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains such as healthcare, finance, and law, yet their integration raises pressing concerns around trust, accountability, and reliability. This paper explores adaptive trust metrics for multi LLM ecosystems, proposing a framework for quantifying and improving model reliability under regulated constraints. By analyzing system behaviors, evaluating uncertainty across multiple LLMs, and implementing dynamic monitoring pipelines, the study demonstrates practical pathways for operational trustworthiness. Case studies from financial compliance and healthcare diagnostics illustrate the applicability of adaptive trust metrics in real world settings. The findings position adaptive trust measurement as a foundational enabler for safe and scalable AI adoption in regulated industries.

Panagiotis Pantiris, Petros L. Pallis, Panos T. Chountalas et al.

<i>Background:</i> The adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in humanitarian logistics is essential for improving coordination and decision making, especially in the challenging landscape of disaster-relief settings. However, the current literature offers limited empirical evidence with respect to the specific impact of AI on coordination and decision making for real-life humanitarian problems. Based on evidence from the humanitarian sector, this paper focuses on how AI could help humanitarian organizations collaborate better, streamline relief supply-chain operations and use resources more effectively. <i>Methods:</i> Twelve key themes influencing AI integration are identified by the study using a Grounded Theory (GT) approach based on interviews with experts from the humanitarian sector. These themes include data reliability, operational limitations, ethical considerations and cultural sensitivities, among others. <i>Results:</i> The findings suggest that AI improves forecasting, planning and inter-organizational coordination and is especially useful during the preparedness and mitigation stages of relief operations. Successful adoption, however, depends on adjusting tools to actual field conditions, building trust and training and striking a balance between algorithmic support and human expertise. <i>Conclusions:</i> The paper offers useful and practical advice for humanitarian organizations looking to use AI technologies in an ethical way while taking into account workforce capabilities, cross-agency cooperation and field-level realities.

mohammad behnam, mohammad Hossein zarei

During its activity, the Strasbourg court has tried to take care in the decisions issued while protecting human rights, in order to play an intermediary role in critical situations when the national security of the member countries of the convention is in danger, so as to be on the side of " human rights " and do not ignore the "national security" of governments. However, what makes the care of human rights a challenge is the complex and advanced "communication technologies" that, on the one hand, allow dangerous criminals (domestic and international) to communicate, coordinate, avoid detection, etc.; and on the other hand, such a possibility deems as a threat to countries security and causes to expand their "discretion" and result in marginalize human rights. The question is, how has the Strasbourg court been able to protect human rights while paying attention to the national security concerns of countries in the challenging issue of the intersection of human rights, technology and security In response, It can be said that The court through the submitted cases, on the one hand, has taken care of, so that governments do not abuse advanced technologies to control people's communications and information or violate their privacy, and on the other hand, according to the possibility Abusing the capacity of technology by law-breaking groups, especially cyber attackers and terrorists, the Court has rushed to the aid of the governments and given them Certain Margin of appreciation to interception to protect their national security.1. Introduction It is obvious that the protection of human rights is the most important application of the European Court of Human Rights, known as the Strasbourg Court, and the Court has tried to protect European human rights with its brilliant performance in numerous cases. Despite this, one of the issues that leads to the functional limitation of the court is the issue of the security of the member states, which in articles (6, 8 to 11) allow them to take necessary measures when "national security" is endangered. and has given them a degree of "discretion" or "margin of Appreciation" to detect the threat and necessary measures to deal with it. One of the important issues facing the Court is the efforts of member states to deal with threats related to their security interests and possible violations of human rights, and the Court has tried to protect human rights against the excesses of countries in various cases. However, in recent years, due to the growth and development of communication technologies, the security threats facing countries have expanded, and the same issue has had an impact on the Court's approach. Maybe in the past it was obvious that the threat to a country's security is understood in the context of foreign military threats; But the passage of time and the developments that have taken place have changed this mentality and the scope of the threat to the security of a country has become much wider; In such a way that even the United Nations Security Council approved such a development. In Resolution 1308, the Security Council considers the AIDS virus as a possible threat to stability and security if the necessary care is not taken; or in Resolution 2177 considers the unprecedented spread of the Ebola virus in Africa as a threat to international peace and security; And in Resolution 2565, it declares that the unprecedented spread of the COVID-19 virus may endanger the maintenance of international peace and security. However, according to some, such resolutions are more based on desirable rights than existing rights and their recommendatory nature prevails over their mandatory nature. However, with the emergence of new technologies, the scope of fundamental security interests should be expanded to include cyber, communication and information threats, and as the International Court of Justice has also acknowledged, the concept of fundamental security interests is definitely not limited to armed attack but it is beyond that. Communication technologies is a word that should not be limited to the Internet and its main role should be to facilitate the reception, transmission, storage, processing and collection of information, which means radio, television, satellite transmitters, e-mail, network Social... can also be considered as an example that such characteristics include positive and negative effects. Among the positive effects of technology, we can mention the provision of suitable solutions for various issues, informing people of their rights, guaranteeing human rights claims, informing about human rights violations, etc., and on the other hand, the negative effects of communication technologies; can count the direction of people's ideas and information or the misuse of its capacities by dangerous groups for subversive actions. Therefore, countries have tried to expand their surveillance-interception field so that the misuse of technological capacities does not harm their national security interests. In this article, we are looking for an answer to the question of how the Court of Strasbourg can protect human rights in the challenging issue of the intersection of human rights, technology and national security. And what effect has technology had on the court's approach? For this purpose, first (in the second paragraph) we will have a reflection on the narrow and strict approach of the Court; In the following (third paragraph) we will examine the modification of the court's procedure under the influence of the development of communication technologies and after that (fourth paragraph) we will evaluate and analyze the court's procedure. In domestic law, despite the fact that there are a number of articles and books on human rights, technology and national security separately, there is no work that specifically looks at all three categories together, and it has been the same in foreign research. with the difference that in some articles, human rights and national security have been considered in the procedure of the European Court of Human Rights. 2. Methodology In this research, we tried to collect and gather information from the primary sources (including laws, regulations, directives, bylaws, judicial decisions, etc.) and secondary sources (such as books and articles, theses, research reports, etc.) in scientific research data centers, official and reputable websites, libraries, and similar resources. At first, we will have a reflection on the narrow and strict approach of the Court; In the following, we will examine the modification of the court's procedure under the influence of the development of communication technologies, and after that (Finally) we will evaluate and analyze the court's procedure. 3. Results and Discussion Communication technology is not limited to information transfer and one of its important applications is to introduce and guide different topics. If we measure such features in the age of technology, along with issues such as the spread of dangerous people and organizations domestically and internationally, we conclude that strengthening the precautionary approach to technology is a necessity for living in today's world. In the cases where technology, national security and human rights conflict, the court has not forgotten its position to create a balance. In other words, the court takes care of the passing of the cases so that governments do not abuse advanced technologies to control people's communications and information or violate their privacy or their freedom and other human rights, and on the other hand, in the decisions has shown that the court is not indifferent to the sovereignty of countries, and in cases where law-breaking groups, especially the most dangerous ones, i.e. cyber attackers and terrorist groups, may threaten the security of countries by using technology, it rushes to help the governments. And it did not let them use the capacity of technology to achieve sinister goals and hide themselves under the protection of human rights. In addition, in all cases, the court has maintained its legal-supervisory role regarding the whole case and has carefully evaluated the challenging actions of the government and has repeatedly stated that it is necessary to provide sufficient guarantees by the governments in order for the court to It should be noted that they have used all their efforts to prevent arbitrary behavior as well as abuse of their supervisory capacity through technology. Also, their actions to reach a legitimate goal and within the framework of the convention were necessary for a democratic society. Therefore, by considering the public interests and interests of the society on the one hand and individual interests and freedoms on the other hand, the court tries to create a balance between the two and issue a decision depending on the case and according to the facts and circumstances of each case; which has provided the protection of human rights and assured the governments of their national security. 4. Conclusions and Future Research In general, it seems that the Court, unlike some international courts, has tried to adopt a balanced approach and does not have a strict and one-sided view of the protection of human rights and does not forget its duty to fully comply with the provisions of the Convention, which in some articles, care has considered national security as one of the important duties of the member states.

Mohadeseh Ghavami pour sereshkeh , Amirreza Mahmoudi

With the development of technology, artificially intelligent beings have been used in almost all areas of our daily lives. It is expected that these beings, which are currently at the service of humans and facilitate their work, will reach human level in the future and be able to perform some professions. These developments also bring with them numerous legal and criminal questions. What is the legal status of artificially intelligent beings, who is criminally liable in the crimes that arise from their use, and what is their role in the criminal proceedings, are among the questions that need to be answered. The purpose of this study is to provide a general assessment of these questions by considering legal regulations. The study methodology is descriptive-analytical. In this study, we have reached the conclusion that AIs are in the position of “property”, cannot be held liable for crimes resulting from their use, and although they have an important contribution to the criminal justice process, they cannot replace the subjects of the proceedings (judge, prosecutor, lawyer). In this context, the current legal regulations are largely capable of resolving the problems that have arisen. However, if AIs are to reach the status of “humans” as fully independent and self-aware entities, fundamental changes will be needed in our legal system. 1. Introduction The term “Fourth Industrial Revolution,” which refers to the digitalization of the production chain, the coordination of machines, humans, infrastructure, and the development of intelligent systems, was first introduced in 2011 at an exhibition held in Hanover, Germany. With the Fourth Industrial Revolution, it is predicted that the use of industrial robots will increase rapidly and automation will completely replace production processes, digital technologies will have significant impacts on efficiency, productivity, income distribution, and the environment, and half of the world’s trade will be conducted using the interaction of intelligent entities. With significant advances in information technology, we are witnessing the increasing expansion of applications of artificial intelligence entities in various fields. Artificially intelligent entities are widely used in almost all areas, including military operations, the industrial sector, the service sector, insurance services, medicine, and law. Translation programs, speech recognition systems, facial recognition systems, unmanned aerial vehicles used in military operations, and software that makes legal decisions by examining litigation data are only a small part of the areas where artificial intelligence is actively used. The increasing use of artificial intelligence saves time, labor, and money. However, the increasing presence of artificial intelligence in our daily lives also brings with it numerous legal challenges. The evolution and progress in the field of law, which can be considered a set of rules regulating human behavior, occur much slower than technological advances. For this reason, it is difficult to constantly update legal regulations in line with technological advances; As a result, questions such as the definition of artificial intelligence, the legal status of artificial intelligence, and the responsibility for the results of decisions based on predictions and inferences of artificial intelligence still await answers. In the first part of this study, the concept of artificial intelligence, its types, and its historical developments are explained to provide a conceptual assessment of the subject. In the second part, the views existing in the legal doctrine on the legal status of artificial intelligence are examined, and in the third part, the assessment of artificial intelligence from the perspective of criminal law is analyzed. Finally, in the conclusion section, possible challenges in the criminal law status of artificial intelligence with the increasing use of artificial intelligent entities and related solutions and suggestions will be addressed. Definition and History of Artificial Intelligence In studies related to technological progress, the term artificial intelligence, which is called “Artificial Intelligence” in English, is frequently used. However, a single and universally accepted definition of artificial intelligence has not yet been provided. John McCarthy, who coined the term artificial intelligence, defines it as “the engineering and science of building intelligent machines.” Humans can use their intelligence to solve problems they encounter. Artificial intelligence is a human-made machine that, depending on its level of development, acquires the ability to solve problems and is able to imitate human behavior. The definition of artificial intelligence, which Sebastian Tran, director of the Stanford University Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, has called “understanding something complex and making appropriate decisions,” is now recognized as a comprehensive and accepted definition in this field. Some authors consider artificial intelligence as a machine and define it as “the ability of a machine to learn from experience, adapt to new stimuli, and perform tasks similar to humans.” In line with the explanations provided, artificial intelligence is defined as follows: "Artificial intelligence refers to the imitation of human mental processes such as perception, reasoning, learning, and problem-solving by machines." The goal of artificial intelligence technology, which is the simulation of intelligence similar to human intelligence, is to create a robotic system consisting of machines, computers, and software that acts similarly to human intelligence, understands and classifies events, learns, evaluates, makes decisions based on the results of the evaluation, and implements the decision made. Just as there is disagreement over the definition of artificial intelligence, there is no consensus on the definition of a robot. Neil M. Richards, a professor of law, defines a robot as: “Biologically non-living systems that are created to perform both physical and mental activities”; therefore, it has been emphasized that just as there is no single definition for artificial intelligence, there is no complete consensus among experts on its definition for a robot. This definition emphasizes two characteristics of robots: 1. Being biologically non-living; 2. The ability to perform physical and mental activities. 2. Methodology This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and its main goal is to examine the theoretical foundations, analyze the legal status, and identify challenges related to the criminal liability of artificial intelligence systems. Also, with a comparative look at the legal systems of other countries, an attempt is made to provide solutions to strengthen Iran's legal frameworks in this field. The required information has been collected through the library method and the sources used include specialized books, scientific articles, research reports, domestic and international laws, and official documents related to the research topic. In this research, data collected from various sources have been examined using comparative analysis, content analysis, and a critical approach. In the comparative analysis, the Iranian legal system has been compared with the laws and regulations of leading countries such as the European Union, the United States, and Japan to determine its strengths and weaknesses. Content analysis was used to examine and interpret the data from the perspective of legal arguments, and in a critical approach, the limitations and shortcomings of the Iranian legal system in facing the challenges of artificial intelligence were examined. This research was conducted in several stages: first, the background of the subject was studied and previous research and articles on the criminal liability of artificial intelligence were analyzed. Then, the existing legal situation was examined and domestic and international laws related to artificial intelligence were analyzed. Next, theoretical and practical challenges related to the criminal liability of artificial intelligence systems were identified, and finally, legal reforms and practical solutions appropriate to the conditions of Iran were proposed. This approach, which is a combination of comparative law methods and legal analysis, allows for the examination of laws and the presentation of reform proposals based on global experiences and helps the researcher to reach a comprehensive understanding of the current situation and provide practical solutions for amending laws and strengthening the Iranian legal system in this area. 3. Results and Discussion Artificial intelligence as a technological phenomenon has created numerous challenges in the field of criminal law. Studies show that in the current situation, these systems are considered more as “objects” than “persons” from a legal perspective. However, the expansion of the use of artificial intelligence and its possibility of achieving a level of self-awareness and decision-making autonomy requires a review of the fundamental concepts of criminal law. One of the important results of this research is that artificial intelligence systems in their current state lack will, awareness, and criminal intent and cannot be directly considered criminally liable. For this reason, in the event of a crime related to these systems, criminal liability is attributed to their users, programmers, or producers. This shows that current laws are mainly designed for the liability of human individuals and are inadequate in the face of the complexities of artificial intelligence systems. A comparative analysis of the legal systems of other countries showed that some countries, including the European Union, have addressed these challenges with the concept of “electronic personality.” In this approach, advanced AI systems are granted legal personality that allows them to be held accountable within a specific framework. However, this idea poses several philosophical and operational challenges and requires further studies and the development of detailed laws in Iranian criminal law. Another issue examined in this study is the role of AI in facilitating judicial processes. The findings show that AI can serve as an efficient tool in collecting evidence, analyzing data, and predicting the outcomes of lawsuits. However, there are concerns about algorithmic bias, privacy, and the potential for violating individuals’ fundamental rights, which require the development of detailed regulatory regulations to prevent the misuse of this technology. Another conclusion of the study is that with the increasing use of AI in self-driving cars and other complex devices, the likelihood of crimes such as accidents caused by defects in algorithms increases. In these cases, the current Iranian laws lack comprehensive provisions for determining criminal liability, and there is a need to more precisely define self-driving cars and determine the liability of individuals involved in the design, production, and use of these devices. Finally, the present study shows that the current Iranian laws, despite covering some aspects of the use of AI, are not sufficient to manage the emerging challenges of this technology. It is suggested that to address these shortcomings, a comprehensive legal framework be developed in which new concepts such as “electronic personality,” “producer liability,” and “joint liability” are considered. Also, the establishment of a specialized regulatory body to manage the legal challenges of AI seems necessary. These measures can help create a balance between exploiting the capabilities of AI and protecting fundamental human rights. 4. Conclusions and Future Research The advancement of AI technology and the expansion of its application have created complex issues in legal systems. The present study showed that AI in its current state lacks independent will and consciousness and cannot be recognized as criminally responsible. As a result, criminal liability for crimes related to it falls on users, producers, and programmers. However, if AI achieves the level of self-awareness, a review of legal concepts will be necessary. Current Iranian laws are mainly based on traditional approaches and are not sufficient to face the challenges of AI. In leading countries, concepts such as electronic personality have been proposed that could be the basis for AI liability in the future, but they need to be adapted to national legal structures. Also, AI has great potential to improve judicial processes, but risks such as algorithmic bias and privacy violations must also be managed. Future research could focus on exploring the possibility of granting legal personality to AI, developing regulations for self-driving cars, managing algorithmic biases, and conducting more comprehensive comparative studies to help develop more rigorous legal frameworks to manage the legal challenges posed by this technology

Wethaya Faijaidee, Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao, Pornsiri Jongkol

<i>Background:</i> The increasing global focus on sustainability has made Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) a critical strategy for businesses to balance environmental responsibility with operational efficiency. Despite its benefits, GSCM adoption in developing countries faces significant challenges. This study addresses the gap by investigating these barriers within the Thai context, providing actionable insights for policymakers and businesses. <i>Methods:</i> A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a survey of 480 business owners, executives, and supply chain employees, and expert analysis using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The ISM technique was used to determine the relationships and hierarchy among key barriers to GSCM implementation. <i>Results:</i> The findings reveal that weak legal frameworks, insufficient supplier engagement, and a lack of social responsibility are the most significant barriers. Secondary factors, such as low consumer demand and minimal competitive pressure, exacerbate these challenges. The ISM analysis highlighted the cascading effects of foundational barriers on other dimensions of GSCM adoption. <i>Conclusions:</i> Strengthening environmental regulations, promoting supplier collaboration, and embedding sustainability in corporate culture are key to overcoming GSCM barriers to sustainably enhance Thailand’s competitiveness.

Zihao Li

The emergence of big data, AI and machine learning has allowed sellers and online platforms to tailor pricing for customers in real-time. While online algorithmic pricing can increase efficiency, market welfare, and optimize pricing strategies for sellers and companies, it poses a threat to the fundamental values of privacy, digital autonomy, and non-discrimination, raising legal and ethical concerns. On both sides of the Atlantic, legislators have endeavoured to regulate online algorithmic pricing in different ways in the context of privacy and personal data protection. Represented by the GDPR, the EU adopts an omnibus approach to regulate algorithmic pricing and is supplemented by the Digital Service Act and the Digital Market Act. The US combines federal and state laws to regulate online algorithmic pricing and focuses on industrial regulations. Therefore, a comparative analysis of these legal frameworks is necessary to ascertain the effectiveness of these approaches. Taking a comparative approach, this working paper aims to explore how EU and US respective data protection and privacy laws address the issues posed by online algorithmic pricing. The paper evaluates whether the current legal regime is effective in protecting individuals against the perils of online algorithmic pricing in the EU and the US. It particularly analyses the new EU regulatory paradigm, the Digital Service Act (DSA) and the Digital Market Act (DMA), as supplementary mechanisms to the EU data protection law, in order to draw lessons for US privacy law and vice versa.

Simon Chesterman

Artificial intelligence is reshaping science, society, and power. Yet many debates over its likely impact remain fixated on extremes: utopian visions of universal benefit and dystopian fears of existential doom, or an arms race between the U.S. and China, or the Global North and Global South. What's missing is a serious conversation about distribution - who gains, who loses, and who decides. The global AI landscape is increasingly defined not just by geopolitical divides, but by the deepening imbalance between public governance and private control. As governments struggle to keep up, power is consolidating in the hands of a few tech firms whose influence now rivals that of states. If the twentieth century saw the rise of international institutions, the twenty-first may be witnessing their eclipse - replaced not by a new world order, but by a digital oligarchy. This essay explores what that shift means for international law, global equity, and the future of democratic oversight in an age of silicon sovereignty.

Leonardo Iurada, Simone Bombari, Tatiana Tommasi et al.

Large-scale deep learning models are known to memorize parts of the training set. In machine learning theory, memorization is often framed as interpolation or label fitting, and classical results show that this can be achieved when the number of parameters $p$ in the model is larger than the number of training samples $n$. In this work, we consider memorization from the perspective of data reconstruction, demonstrating that this can be achieved when $p$ is larger than $dn$, where $d$ is the dimensionality of the data. More specifically, we show that, in the random features model, when $p \gg dn$, the subspace spanned by the training samples in feature space gives sufficient information to identify the individual samples in input space. Our analysis suggests an optimization method to reconstruct the dataset from the model parameters, and we demonstrate that this method performs well on various architectures (random features, two-layer fully-connected and deep residual networks). Our results reveal a law of data reconstruction, according to which the entire training dataset can be recovered as $p$ exceeds the threshold $dn$.

Kamran Behnia, Shiyan Li, Johnpierre Paglione et al.

Recently, Wang et al. [1] reported on an unusual violation of Wiedemann-Franz law in three semimetals. We compare their observations to our observations in a variety of systems, where the apparent WF law violations in the same temperature range arise as a consequence of electron-phonon decoupling. Given the empirical similarity of their data with these cases, the most plausible explanation for the reported violation is an experimental artefact.

Vineeth Nandhini, Hiremath Harshit, Gagan Bhushith et al.

Road traffic in metropolitan cities is increasing at enormous rates resulting in congestion. Vehicles rendering emergency services like ambulances, fire engines, law enforcement vehicles, etc., act as lifelines and should be looked into with the highest priorities on the road. Such emergency vehicles (EmVs / EVs) are seen stuck many times in traffic, especially during peak hours of the day. The vehicles that block the EmVs on the road are unaware of the arrival of the same. Hence this work proposes a system that uses a central server that receives the location of the EmV and shares it with the civilian vehicles around. This is achieved through pinpointed accuracy systems like the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), etc., The objective here is to help the EmVs reach their target location earlier thus saving lives.

Soohyoung Lee, Dawoon Jeong, Jeong-Dong Lee

Occupational mobility is an emergent strategy to cope with technological unemployment by facilitating efficient labor redeployment. However, previous studies analyzing networks show that the boundaries to smooth mobility are constrained by a fragmented structure in the occupation network. In this study, positing that this structure will significantly change due to automation, we propose the skill automation view, which asserts that automation substitutes for skills, not for occupations, and simulate a scenario of skill automation drawing on percolation theory. We sequentially remove skills from the occupation-skill bipartite network and investigate the structural changes in the projected occupation network. The results show that the accumulation of small changes (the emergence of bridges between occupations due to skill automation) triggers significant structural changes in the occupation network. The structural changes accelerate as the components integrate into a new giant component. This result suggests that automation mitigates the bottlenecks to smooth occupational mobility.

Xiaoxi Kang, Lizhen Qu, Lay-Ki Soon et al.

The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in legal reasoning is often limited due to the unique legal terminologies and the necessity for highly specialized knowledge. These limitations highlight the need for high-quality data tailored for complex legal reasoning tasks. This paper introduces LegalSemi, a benchmark specifically curated for legal scenario analysis. LegalSemi comprises 54 legal scenarios, each rigorously annotated by legal experts, based on the comprehensive IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion) framework from Malaysian Contract Law. In addition, LegalSemi is accompanied by a structured knowledge base (SKE). A series of experiments were conducted to assess the usefulness of LegalSemi for IRAC analysis. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating the SKE for issue identification, rule retrieval, application and conclusion generation using four different LLMs.

Max Sina Knicker, Karl Naumann-Woleske, Michael Benzaquen

In an era of rapid technological advancements and macroeconomic shifts, worker reallocation is necessary, yet responses to labor market shocks remain sluggish, making it crucial to identify bottlenecks in occupational transitions to understand labor market dynamics and improve mobility. In this study, we analyze French occupational data to uncover patterns of worker mobility and pinpoint specific occupations that act as bottlenecks which impede rapid reallocation. We introduce two metrics, transferability and accessibility, to quantify the diversity of occupational transitions and find that bottlenecks can be explained by a condensation effect of occupations with high accessibility but low transferability. Transferability measures the variety of transitions from an occupation to others, while accessibility assesses the variety of transitions into an occupation. We provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing occupational complexity and mobility patterns, offering insights into potential barriers and pathways for efficient retraining programs. We argue that our approach can inform policymakers and stakeholders aiming to enhance labor market efficiency and support workforce adaptability.

Rampure Rahul, Tiruvallur Raghav, Acharya Vybhav et al.

Air traffic management is becoming highly complex with the rapid increase in the number of commercial and cargo flights, leading to increased traffic congestion and flight delays. To mitigate these issues, we present a flight path generation system that distributes the aeroplanes across the airspace and imparts minimal delays to the flight if required, thus ensuring that the aircraft follows the shortest route wherein it encounters the least amount of traffic. We develop a parallel genetic algorithm in CUDA-C with a novel fitness function allowing the system to reach an optimal solution where the air traffic density is minimised. The proposed algorithm was tested on one day's domestic flight schedule and achieved an 18% reduction in traffic density, with the flight times and delays remaining proportional to the data observed in the existing air traffic management system.

Rafael Tedrus Bento

Este artigo busca responder a seguinte questão: O art. 74, §2º, da CLT, constitui hipótese para o tratamento de dado biométrico ou como há três opções, o dado biométrico precisa de consentimento específico? Para tanto far-se-á uma busca legislativa, jurisprudencial e acadêmica sobre entendimentos relacionados ao art. 74, §2º, da CLT a LGPD e os princípios norteadores das áreas em questão, buscando, inclusive, entendimentos junto á União Europeia como método de abranger a pesquisa.

Jaime Andrés Villacreses Valle

En este trabajo proponemos analizar el proceso de transformación digital de las Administraciones Públicas, mediante: (i) la implementación de la Administración Pública Electrónica con el reconocimiento del derecho a relacionarse electrónicamente con la Administración; y, (ii) con el camino hacia la Administración Pública Inteligente con la incorporación de las tecnologías emergentes entre las que está la inteligencia artificial y la robótica. Adicionalmente, se analizará, de manare breve, el impacto del uso de las tecnologías en el empleo público, el teletrabajo y las competencias digitales de los empleados públicos. De esta manera, se pretende poner en consideración del lector, algunas reflexiones sobre este proceso de transformación digital de las Administraciones Públicas, para que pueda tener un panorama de lo que se ha hecho y de lo que se puede hacer a futuro.

Muhammad Zubair Khan, Oleg E. Peil, Apoorva Sharma et al.

In the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional materials, magnetic monolayers show great promise for the future applications in nanoelectronics, data storage, and sensing. The research in intrinsically magnetic two-dimensional materials mainly focuses on synthetic iodide and telluride based compounds, which inherently suffer from the lack of ambient stability. So far, naturally occurring layered magnetic materials have been vastly overlooked. These minerals offer a unique opportunity to explore air-stable complex layered systems with high concentration of local moment bearing ions. We demonstrate magnetic ordering in iron-rich two-dimensional phyllosilicates, focusing on mineral species of minnesotaite, annite, and biotite. These are naturally occurring van der Waals magnetic materials which integrate local moment baring ions of iron via magnesium/aluminium substitution in their octahedral sites. Due to self-inherent capping by silicate/aluminate tetrahedral groups, ultra-thin layers are air-stable. Chemical characterization, quantitative elemental analysis, and iron oxidation states were determined via Raman spectroscopy, wavelength disperse X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements were performed to examine the magnetic ordering. These layered materials exhibit paramagnetic or superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. At low temperature ferrimagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, with the critical ordering temperature of 38.7 K for minnesotaite, 36.1 K for annite, and 4.9 K for biotite. In-field magnetic force microscopy on iron bearing phyllosilicates confirmed the paramagnetic response at room temperature, present down to monolayers.

Pedram Havaei, Mohammad Ali Sandidzadeh

In the railway industry, track circuits are of great significance to ensure safe transportation and avoid crashes and accidents. These circuits majorly determine the existence of a train on sections of rail path called tracks using the conductivity properties of rail steel as a part of the circuit. In this paper, the problem of high implementation costs and blind spots for audio frequency track circuits is considered and solved. As the novelty of this work, a new structure for frequency track circuits is proposed leading to the elimination of all on-rail receivers and precise train positioning. The rail resistance is taken into account in the transmitter circuit to affect the amplitude of signals based on the traveled path. Moreover, a new topology is suggested to amend the audio frequency track circuit in order to decrease costs and remove blind spots as well. Compared to other track circuits, the proposed method has the advantage of lower costs, and train’s location approximation without the use of GPS (global positioning system). The proposed method works with signals with frequencies within 80 to 180 Hz and the maximum length of track sections is set to 900 meters to restrict rail’s resistance effects. Finally, in the simulation section, the efficiency of the proposed method is studied, and its capability is proved.

Caroline Ntara

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse international business (IB) scholarship and present current gaps and new realities to enhance scholarly discourse. Design/methodology/approach – The paper divides the scholarship into three distinct sections. First, it interrogates the changing definitions of the field from the 1880s to date. Secondly, IB paradigms are cross-examined while highlighting the understudied emerging interaction paradigm. Lastly, literature gaps, methodological gaps and new realities in IB are presented. Findings – This research shows that IB inquiry has concentrated on firm-level paradigms, leaving the emerging interaction paradigm understudied. As a result, there is a deficit of novel ideas and limited research on critical emerging issues affecting IB. Further, simplistic methodologies are prevalent, making IB scholarship weak. Additionally, a majority of studies concentrate on the Americas, Europe and Asia, leaving Africa understudied. Originality/value – This research augments the need for scholars to cross-examine the best approach to apply in IB discourse and presents gaps calling for new insights and future research directions.