Hasil untuk "Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects"

Iwan Williams, Ninell Oldenburg, Ruchira Dhar et al.

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) aims to explain how neural networks work by uncovering their underlying causal mechanisms. As the field grows in influence, it is increasingly important to examine not just models themselves, but the assumptions, concepts and explanatory strategies implicit in MI research. We argue that mechanistic interpretability needs philosophy: not as an afterthought, but as an ongoing partner in clarifying its concepts, refining its methods, and assessing the epistemic and ethical stakes of interpreting AI systems. Taking three open problems from the MI literature as examples, this position paper illustrates the value philosophy can add to MI research, and outlines a path toward deeper interdisciplinary dialogue.

Santhosh G S, Akshay Govind S, Gokul S Krishnan et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant traction across critical domains owing to their impressive contextual understanding and generative capabilities. However, their increasing deployment in high stakes applications necessitates rigorous evaluation of embedded biases, particularly in culturally diverse contexts like India where existing embedding-based bias assessment methods often fall short in capturing nuanced stereotypes. We propose an evaluation framework based on a encoder trained using contrastive learning that captures fine-grained bias through embedding similarity. We also introduce a novel dataset - IndiCASA (IndiBias-based Contextually Aligned Stereotypes and Anti-stereotypes) comprising 2,575 human-validated sentences spanning five demographic axes: caste, gender, religion, disability, and socioeconomic status. Our evaluation of multiple open-weight LLMs reveals that all models exhibit some degree of stereotypical bias, with disability related biases being notably persistent, and religion bias generally lower likely due to global debiasing efforts demonstrating the need for fairer model development.

Maciej Besta, Shriram Chandran, Robert Gerstenberger et al.

We introduce MBTI-in-Thoughts, a framework for enhancing the effectiveness of Large Language Model (LLM) agents through psychologically grounded personality conditioning. Drawing on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), our method primes agents with distinct personality archetypes via prompt engineering, enabling control over behavior along two foundational axes of human psychology, cognition and affect. We show that such personality priming yields consistent, interpretable behavioral biases across diverse tasks: emotionally expressive agents excel in narrative generation, while analytically primed agents adopt more stable strategies in game-theoretic settings. Our framework supports experimenting with structured multi-agent communication protocols and reveals that self-reflection prior to interaction improves cooperation and reasoning quality. To ensure trait persistence, we integrate the official 16Personalities test for automated verification. While our focus is on MBTI, we show that our approach generalizes seamlessly to other psychological frameworks such as Big Five, HEXACO, or Enneagram. By bridging psychological theory and LLM behavior design, we establish a foundation for psychologically enhanced AI agents without any fine-tuning.

Francisco Carrasco Cuadros

Estamos viviendo un verdadero cambio de época. Hemos franqueado el umbral de una nueva etapa de la posmodernidad. Bauman denomina a esta etapa posmodernidad líquida. Su modelo explicativo nos ayuda a comprender la profundidad del cambio que experimentamos y que lleva consigo un nuevo paradigma antropológico. Los hombres y las mujeres de este tiempo que pueden plantearse contraer matrimonio canónico, viven en esta cultura en la que no tiene ningún sentido establecer  una relación interpersonal fiel y para siempre. ¿Qué respuesta podemos dar los pastores y los profesiones del derecho canónico a estos serios retos?  Las reflexiones que se vierten en este trabajo quieren servir de ayuda para seguir avanzando en la comprensión y la aplicación del derecho canónico matrimonial. Entre otras una concepción de la discreción de juicio que tenga más en cuenta el  elemento de la sensibilidad en el consentimiento o una concepción más inculturada del error determinante.

Song Tong, Kai Mao, Zhen Huang et al.

Leveraging the synergy between causal knowledge graphs and a large language model (LLM), our study introduces a groundbreaking approach for computational hypothesis generation in psychology. We analyzed 43,312 psychology articles using a LLM to extract causal relation pairs. This analysis produced a specialized causal graph for psychology. Applying link prediction algorithms, we generated 130 potential psychological hypotheses focusing on `well-being', then compared them against research ideas conceived by doctoral scholars and those produced solely by the LLM. Interestingly, our combined approach of a LLM and causal graphs mirrored the expert-level insights in terms of novelty, clearly surpassing the LLM-only hypotheses (t(59) = 3.34, p=0.007 and t(59) = 4.32, p<0.001, respectively). This alignment was further corroborated using deep semantic analysis. Our results show that combining LLM with machine learning techniques such as causal knowledge graphs can revolutionize automated discovery in psychology, extracting novel insights from the extensive literature. This work stands at the crossroads of psychology and artificial intelligence, championing a new enriched paradigm for data-driven hypothesis generation in psychological research.

Yu Zhang, Zhao Kang

Few-shot document-level relation extraction suffers from poor performance due to the challenging cross-domain transferability of NOTA (none-of-the-above) relation representation. In this paper, we introduce a Transferable Proto-Learning Network (TPN) to address the challenging issue. It comprises three core components: Hybrid Encoder hierarchically encodes semantic content of input text combined with attention information to enhance the relation representations. As a plug-and-play module for Out-of-Domain (OOD) Detection, Transferable Proto-Learner computes NOTA prototype through an adaptive learnable block, effectively mitigating NOTA bias across various domains. Dynamic Weighting Calibrator detects relation-specific classification confidence, serving as dynamic weights to calibrate the NOTA-dominant loss function. Finally, to bolster the model's cross-domain performance, we complement it with virtual adversarial training (VAT). We conduct extensive experimental analyses on FREDo and ReFREDo, demonstrating the superiority of TPN. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our approach achieves competitive performance with approximately half the parameter size. Data and code are available at https://github.com/EchoDreamer/TPN.

Jiyue Jiang, Liheng Chen, Sheng Wang et al.

Existing dialogue data augmentation (DA) techniques predominantly focus on augmenting utterance-level dialogues, which makes it difficult to take dialogue contextual information into account. The advent of large language models (LLMs) has simplified the implementation of multi-turn dialogues. Due to absence of professional understanding and knowledge, it remains challenging to deliver satisfactory performance in low-resource domain, like psychological dialogue dialogue. DA involves creating new training or prompting data based on the existing data, which help the model better understand and generate psychology-related responses. In this paper, we aim to address the issue of multi-turn dialogue data augmentation for boosted performance in the psychology domain. We propose a knowledge-driven progressive thought prompting method to guide LLM to generate multi-turn psychology-related dialogue. This method integrates a progressive thought generator, a psychology knowledge generator, and a multi-turn dialogue generator. The thought generated by the progressive thought generator serves as a prompt to prevent the generated dialogue from having significant semantic deviations, while the psychology knowledge generator produces psychological knowledge to serve as the dialogue history for the LLM, guiding the dialogue generator to create multi-turn psychological dialogue. To ensure the precision of multi-turn psychological dialogue generation by LLM, a meticulous professional evaluation is required. Extensive experiments conducted on three datasets related to psychological dialogue verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Beatriz García Fueyo

Recensión

Liaquat Hossain

Individual and community psychology plays an important role in disaster management as human behavior exhibit diverse risk perceptions, recognition of the threats that exists, positive and negative emotions, panic, anger, rumor, stress and learned helplessness. These psychological factors are important as lack of attention to these can lead to detrimental outcome of disaster management effort. Disaster psychology has been seen as an emerging area of research and practice which deals with understanding of the psychological impact of individuals and community aftermath of the disasters. The aim of this paper is to put forward the conceptualization and development of dynamic networked psychology as a theoretical framework and its implications in exploring emotional contagion during disasters. We advocate theories of structural network dynamics can be used to construct DNP for exploring individuals as well as community coping mechanisms for improving preparedness, response and recovery of disasters. The advent of computational social science promotes the empirical modelling and analysis of massive volume of user data by inferring meaningful patterns for finding answers to important social and behavioral science research questions dealing with individual and community coping ability. In presenting a theoretical framework, we suggest that the underlying assumptions and integration of theories of social influence can be used to explore networks of emotional contagion for disasters.

Mike D. Schneider

I provide some philosophical groundwork for the recently proposed 'trans-Planckian censorship' conjecture in theoretical physics. In particular, I argue that structure formation in early universe cosmology is, at least as we typically understand it, autonomous with regards to quantum gravity, the high energy physics that governs the Planck regime in our universe. Trans-Planckian censorship is then seen as a means of rendering this autonomy an empirical constraint within ongoing quantum gravity research.

Arkadiusz Nocoń

Wśród postaci, które w historii zbawienia odegrały ważną rolę, św. Józef jest postacią wyjątkową: tak ze względu na powierzoną mu misję, jak i na posiadane cnoty. Informacje w Piśmie Świętym na jego temat są jednak nadzwyczaj skromne. Trudno się więc dziwić, że lukę w jego biografii starały się wypełnić apokryfy, pisma, które mimo wielu uchybień wywarły duży wpływ na teologię, liturgię, sztukę. Pozostają też cennym świadectwem przeżywania wiary przez ówczesne wspólnoty chrześcijańskie. Z bogatego materiału badawczego autor starał się wydobyć w pierwszej części artykułu najważniejsze dane dotyczące „biografii” św. Józefa do momentu narodzenia Jezusa w Betlejem. Pozostała część „biografii” Józefa, jego relacje z Maryją i z Jezusem, oraz wnioski płynące z lektury apokryfów, w tym, co dotyczy św. Józefa, przedstawione zostaną w części drugiej.

Falaah Arif Khan, Eleni Manis, Julia Stoyanovich

Recent interest in codifying fairness in Automated Decision Systems (ADS) has resulted in a wide range of formulations of what it means for an algorithmic system to be fair. Most of these propositions are inspired by, but inadequately grounded in, political philosophy scholarship. This paper aims to correct that deficit. We introduce a taxonomy of fairness ideals using doctrines of Equality of Opportunity (EOP) from political philosophy, clarifying their conceptions in philosophy and the proposed codification in fair machine learning. We arrange these fairness ideals onto an EOP spectrum, which serves as a useful frame to guide the design of a fair ADS in a given context. We use our fairness-as-EOP framework to re-interpret the impossibility results from a philosophical perspective, as the in-compatibility between different value systems, and demonstrate the utility of the framework with several real-world and hypothetical examples. Through our EOP-framework we hope to answer what it means for an ADS to be fair from a moral and political philosophy standpoint, and to pave the way for similar scholarship from ethics and legal experts.

Igor Devetak

We propose that the Jungian psychological type of an individual is naturally modelled as a quantum state: a maximally entangled two-qubit state, one of whose qubits is undergoing quantum teleportation.

Dwi Wahyuni

Kondisi objektif heterogenitas, termaksud keragaman agama di kota Bandung, menunjukkan akan pentingnya ruang-ruang perjumpaan antar umat beragama sebagai upaya untuk hidup toleran, setara dan bisa berkerjasama. Sebagai bentuk ruang perjumpaan antar umat beragama, dialog keagamaan sudah semestinya terus digagas dan dipraktikkan dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat di Kota Bandung. Tulisan ini memaparkan berbagai gerakan dialog keagamaan yang telah, sedang dan akan dilakukan oleh komunitas-komunitas masyarakat sipil di kota Bandung. Pendekatan yang digunakan ialah analisis deskriptif, yakni menggambarkan fenomena berdasarkan pengamatan secara spesifik terhadap hal-hal yang telah ditentukan. Data yang telah terkumpul selanjutnya diinterpretasikan  dan dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif-kualitatif. Diantara komunitas atau organisasi gerakan dialog keagamaan di kota Bandung ialah Jaringan Kerja Antar Umat Beragama (JAKATARUB), Paguyupan Anti Diskriminasi Agama, Adat dan Kepercayaan (PAKUAN), Masyarakat Untuk Lintas Agama (MAULA), Sahabat Lintas Iman (SALIM), Forum Lintas Iman Deklarasi Sancang (FLADS), Peace Generation, Sekolah Damai Indonesia Wilayah Bandung, dan Halaqah Damai.

Ali Arshad Riahi, Majid Sadeqi Hasanabadi, Robabeh Jalili Behabadi

Burhan al-Siddiqin, the Proof of the Veracious is an argument among other arguments for proving the existence of God. According to the principles of hukama (Islamic philosophers), this demonstration is ‘the firmest and most concise proof’ (burhan-e asadd akhsar) ones for proving the existence of God and in this proof it is not argued by other than God for proving God. Mullā Ṣadrā has advanced an exposition of Burhan al-Siddiqin based on the primacy of existence (asalat al-wujud), graded unity of being (wahdat-i tashkiki-i wujud) and possibly ontological poverty (faqr) of the existent things and he claims that his demonstration has the provisions of Burhan al-Siddiqin but different Explanations of his demonstration have been put forward and different critiques have been provided such as this proof contrary to its claim has several preliminaries. This paper is going to study and analyze Mullā Ṣadrā's Burhan according to two approaches means graded unity of being (wahdat-i tashkiki-i wujud) and the individual unity of the existence (al-wahdat al-shakhsi wujud) evaluates this proof. This examination shows that Mullā Ṣadrā's Burhan al-Siddiqin based on the approach of the individual unity of the existence is closer to the mentioned conditioned demonstration. But in this case, the demonstration faces other problems.

Sadman Ali, Malcolm Bremer, Steven Phillipps et al.

We have analysed the strength of the UV upturn in red sequence galaxies with luminosities reaching to below the $L^*$ point within four clusters at $z$ = 0.3, 0.55 \& 0.7. We find that the incidence and strength of the upturn remains constant up to $z=0.55$. In comparison, the prevalence and strength of the UV upturn is significantly diminished in the $z=0.7$ cluster, implying that the stellar population responsible for the upturn in a typical red sequence galaxy is only just developing at this redshift and is essentially fully-developed by $\sim 1$ Gyr later. Of all the mainstream models that seek to explain the UV upturn phenomenon, it is those that generate the upturn through the presence of a Helium-enhanced stellar subpopulation on the (hot) horizontal branch that are most consistent with this behaviour. The epoch ($z=0.7$) where the stars responsible for the upturn first evolve from the red giant branch places constraints on their age and chemical abundances. By comparing our results with the prediction made by the YEPS Helium-enhanced spectrophotometic models, we find that a solar metallicity sub-population that displays a consistent upturn between $0<z<0.55$ but then fades by $z=0.7$ would require a Helium abundance of $Y\geqslant0.45$, if formed at $z_f\sim4$. Later formation redshifts and/or higher metallicity would further increase the Helium enhancement required to produce the observed upturn in these clusters and vice versa.

Juan José García-Noblejas

When reasoning about the stories and dramas of television series, it is useful to resort to an ethical and anthropological criterion. This approach calls for distinguishing between an anthropological reason applicable to people in the real world and the dramatis personae. There are two coherent anthropological behaviors that may contribute to a viewers’ active position. The first one is to consider that Aristotle's Poetics and the contemporary extension of his content can rationally account for those stories and dramas, today precisely qualified as ‘tragic’. The second one is to understand the real world and its dramatic representations, in accordance with the Leonardo Polo’s transcendental anthropology, the vision which Jürgen Habermas finds in religions, and Joseph Ratzinger - articulating reason and faith - has summed up as living veluti si Deus daretur.

Johannes Preiser-Kapeller

We demonstrate the application of the multiplex networks-approach for the analysis of various networks which connected individuals and communities in the politically highly fragmented late medieval Balkans (1204-1453 AD) within and across border zones. We present how we obtain relational data from our sources and the integration of these data into three different networks (of roads, state administration and ecclesiastical administration) of various topologies; then we calculate several indicators for influences and overlaps between these different networks which connect the same set of nodes (settlements). We analyse changes and continuities in the topologies of the various networks for three time-steps (1210, 1324 and 1380 CE) and demonstrate the role of these networks as frameworks for social interactions. Finally, we combine all three networks into one network which shows properties observed for the small world model. Thus, we demonstrate possibilities for capturing historical complexity with the help of the multiplex networks approach.