Solid‐state batteries represent a new approach to energy storage, offering superior safety, higher energy density, and extended cycle life compared to conventional liquid electrolyte‐based lithium‐ion batteries. However, the practical application of solid‐state batteries is hindered by degradation phenomena, particularly on interfaces between components, compromising their long‐term performance. In this work, the kinetics of the state‐of‐charge‐dependent electrolyte degradation at the LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2│Li6PS5Cl interface, as well as its influence on cycling performance, are systematically studied electrochemically in solid‐state battery half cells. Combining cycling and C‐rate experiments with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that half cells charged to higher cutoff potentials (≥3.8 V versus In/InLi; ≥4.4 V versus Li+/Li) exhibit significantly faster degradation kinetics. These influence the cycling performance leading to a plateau in the charge capacity at ≥3.8 V versus In/InLi, while the electrolyte degradation does not affect the bulk electrode transport. Overall, this work emphasizes the importance to investigate state‐of‐charge‐dependent decomposition kinetics in composite electrodes to better understand cycling behavior.
Platinum (Pt) based electrocatalysts remain the gold standard for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic environments due to their optimal hydrogen adsorption-free energy (ΔGH⁎ ≈ 0), high electrical conductivity, and superior chemical stability. However, the scarcity and high cost of Pt necessitate innovative strategies to reduce Pt loading while enhancing catalytic efficiency and long-term durability. This review systematically presents the recent advancements in Pt-based HER electrocatalysts, emphasizing mechanistic insights across the Volmer, Heyrovsky, and Tafel steps, and explores the influence of Pt’s electronic structure and nanostructuring on HER kinetics. Strategies such as alloying with transition metals (e.g., Ni, Co, Zn), developing single-atom catalysts (SACs), and engineering hybrid systems with supports like MXenes, graphene aerogels, and metal carbides are discussed in detail. These approaches optimize active site exposure, electronic modulation, and catalyst-support interactions to achieve high turnover frequencies, low overpotentials, and enhanced electrochemical stability under industrially relevant conditions. The review further highlights key performance indicators such as Tafel slope, mass activity, TOF, and stability, along with advanced synthesis methods, including atomic layer deposition and microwave-assisted reduction. Finally, current challenges in scalability, degradation resistance, and cost-performance trade-offs are evaluated, providing future directions toward sustainable, high-performance HER systems based on Pt. This comprehensive analysis aims to bridge the gap between fundamental catalyst design and practical hydrogen production technologies.
Pure phase change materials (PCMs) have drawbacks such as low thermal conductivity and poor physical properties like flammability, which limit their further application in battery thermal management systems. This paper introduces an innovative flame-retardant composite phase change material (CPCM) made from paraffin, expanded graphite, chitosan (CS), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP). The physicochemical properties and flame-retardant performance of CPCMs with five different flame-retardant ratios of 9%, 12%, 15%, 18%, and 21% are studied, and their application effects in battery thermal safety are revealed. The results show that the combination of flame retardants CS, APP, and AHP exhibits effective synergistic effects, and the prepared CPCM exhibits good flame-retardant properties and thermal management effects. The CPCM exhibits outstanding thermal management performance when the flame-retardant content is 12%. At a maximum discharge rate of 3C, compared to natural air-cooling conditions, the maximum battery temperature and temperature difference are controlled within the safe range of 41 °C and below 5 °C, respectively. The CPCM can play an important role in the thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries.
Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations, Industrial electrochemistry
Determining charge and discharge behavior is essential for optimizing charging strategies and evaluating balancing algorithms in battery energy storage systems and electric vehicles. Conventionally, a sequence of circuit simulations or tedious hardware tests is required to evaluate the performance of the balancing algorithm. To mitigate these problems, this paper proposes a variable capacitor model that can be easily built from the incremental capacity curve. This model provides a direct and insightful R-C time constant method for the charge/discharge time calculation. After validating the model accuracy by experimental results based on the cylindrical lithium-ion cell test, a switched-capacitor active balancing and a passive cell balancing circuit are implemented to further verify the effectiveness of the proposed model in calculating the cell balancing time within 2% error.
Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations, Industrial electrochemistry
Gabriela Paula Vieira Dalmora, Eron Paulo Borges Filho, Angelo Antonio Maraschin Conterato
et al.
Corrosion in marine environments poses a challenge for steel and concrete structures due to constant exposure to corrosive elements such as saltwater, oxygen, chlorides, and microorganisms, particularly sulfate-reducing bacteria. These conditions accelerate material deterioration, reducing the durability of infrastructures. This review highlights advancements in corrosion prevention methods, focusing on innovations that include metallic and organic coatings, cementitious composites, and ecological inhibitors. Among the advancements, Zn–Al metallic coatings form sacrificial anodes that preferentially oxidize, protecting steel substrates, while the incorporation of epoxy and polyurethane layers provides impermeable barriers against chloride penetration and moisture ingress. High-ductility cementitious composites enhance resistance by minimizing crack propagation and promoting self-healing through the deposition of calcium carbonate and C–S–H gel. Superhydrophobic surfaces leverage nano and microscale interactions to repel water and prevent biofilm formation, maintaining functionality even after mechanical damage. Ecological inhibitors, such as sodium phosphate, interact chemically with steel surfaces to create protective films, achieving up to 91.7% corrosion inhibition. Additionally, artificial intelligence models have advanced the prediction of corrosion rates, enabling tailored protection strategies. By elucidating these mechanisms, this study highlights sustainable and efficient solutions for extending infrastructure lifespans and enhancing safety and economic viability in marine environments.
In the present study, the influence of crystallinity and synthesis method of a NiFe2O4 catalyst for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is systematically investigated. Catalysts are prepared using an aerosol‐assisted spray‐pyrolysis approach, both with and without post‐calcination treatment, and a co‐precipitation method. The spray‐pyrolysis approach produces amorphous particles, whereas the co‐precipitation and post‐calcination result in partial crystallization of the particles. Notably, the post‐calcinated catalyst demonstrated the highest degree of crystallinity, corresponding to reduced catalytic activity and stability. Employing the amorphous NiFe2O4 catalyst provides the highest activity with an iRHF‐free cell voltage of 1.565 V at 1 A cm−2. By utilizing a Nafion instead of a PiperION ionomer the iRHF‐free cell voltage is further lowered by 37 mV. Moreover, in this configuration the cell performance remained stable, with a degradation rate of only 91 μV h−1, over 200 h at 3 A cm−2 and 80 °C with a cell voltage of just 1.8 V. These findings highlight the critical role of amorphous anode catalysts in achieving both high performance and enduring stability in AEMWE applications, suggesting pathways for future catalyst optimization.
Polyelectrolyte coacervates, with their greater-than-water density, low interfacial energy, shear thinning viscosity, and ability to undergo structural arrest, mediate the formation of diverse load-bearing macromolecular materials in living organisms as well as in industrial material fabrication. Coacervates, however, have other useful attributes that are challenging to study given the metastability of coacervate colloidal droplets and a lack of suitable analytical methods. We adopt solution electrochemistry and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements to obtain remarkable insights about coacervates as solvent media for low-molecular-weight catechols. When catechols are added to dispersions of coacervated polyelectrolytes, there are two significant consequences: (1) catechols preferentially partition up to 260-fold into the coacervate phase, and (2) coacervates stabilize catechol redox potentials by up to +200 mV relative to the equilibrium solution. The results suggest that the relationship between phase-separated polyelectrolytes and their client molecules is distinct from that existing in aqueous solution and has the potential for insulating many redox-unstable chemicals.
Ammonia is crucial for human life as an important ingredient for fertilizer, industrial and household chemicals, and is considered as a future fuel alternative and hydrogen storage molecule. There remain no viable alternatives to the energy-and capital-intensive Haber-Bosch (H-B) process. Efforts in the development of novel catalytic processes operated at milder conditions (low temperatures and ambient pressure), prominently electrochemistry and non-thermal plasma (NTP), and utilization of lower-cost H sources for ammonia formation than the ultrapure H2 have been witnessed in the last few years. Yet, limited progress from these routes has been made to date given unresolved low ammonia yield and technical challenges. Several rare works attempted to activate methane (CH4 ) and nitrogen (N2 ) by non-thermal plasma to produce ammonia and valued-added hydrocarbons have proven to be a promising research direction, rivalling the reaction between N2 and ultrapure H2 or water. The direct conversion of CH4 and N2 to ammonia is still at the beginning level, and it remains unclear that what extent these technologies must be improved to develop a commercial process. Toward this goal, this Perspective critiques current steps and miss-steps of sustainable plasma catalytic ammonia production from CH4 and N2 in terms of technology, plasma-catalyst synergy, mechanistic insights, and experimental protocols. We discuss mechanistic understandings of catalyst-promoted ammonia production and translate such discussions as well as key metrics achieved in the field into recommendations of feasible processes for ammonia and value-added hydrocarbons formation from CH4 and N2 .
Biofuel cells have been in the spotlight for the past century because of their potential and promise as a unique platform for sustainable energy harvesting from the human body and the environment. Because biofuel cells are typically developed in a small platform serving as a primary battery with limited fuel or as a rechargeable battery with repeated refueling, they have been interchangeably named biobatteries. Despite continuous advancements and creative proof-of-concept, however, the technique has been mired in its infancy for the past 100 years, which has provoked increasing doubts about its commercial viability. Low performance, instability, difficulties in operation, and unreliable and inconsistent power generation question the sustainable development of biofuel cells. However, the advancement in bioelectrocatalysis revolutionizes the electricity-producing capability of biofuel cells, promising an attractive, practical technique for specific applications. This perspective article will identify the misconceptions about biofuel cells that have led us in the wrong development direction and revisit their potential applications that can be realizable soon. Then, it will discuss the critical challenges that need to be immediately addressed for the commercialization of the selected applications. Finally, potential solutions will be provided. The article is intended to inspire the community so that fruitful commercial products can be developed soon.
Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations, Industrial electrochemistry
The nature of renewable energy resources (RERs), such as wind energy, makes them highly unstable, unpredictable, and intermittent. As a result, they must be optimized to reduce costs and emissions, increase reliability, and also to find the optimal size and location for RERs and energy storage systems (ESSs). Microgrids (MG) can be modified using ESSs to gradually reduce traditional energy use. In order to integrate RERs in a financially viable scheme, ESSs should be sized and operated optimally. The paper presents an enhanced biogeography-driven optimization algorithm for optimizing the operations and sizes of battery ESSs (BESSs) taking into account MGs that experience wind energy penetration in a way that migration rates are adaptively adjusted based on habitat suitability indexes and differential perturbations added to migration operators. An optimization problem was applied to a BESS to determine its depth of discharge and lifespan. This paper considers three different scenarios in using simulations and compares them to existing optimization methods for the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness of the offered scheme. Out of all the case studies examined, the optimized BESS-linked case study was the least expensive. We also show that a BESS must be of an optimum size to function both economically and healthily. For economic and efficient functioning of MGs, it has been shown that finding the optimum size of the ESS is important and potentially extends battery lifespan. The IBBOA obtained a more precise size for BESS’s volume, and the final outcomes are compared in this paper with other methods.
Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations, Industrial electrochemistry
Crystallization is at the heart of many industrial processes in pharmaceuticals, dyes and pigments, microelectronics, and emerging wearable sensors. This paper reviews nucleation and early-stage crystal growth activated by an electrical pulse at microelectrodes and nanoelectrodes. We review thermodynamic and kinetic theories of electrochemistry developed around microelectrodes. We describe various methods to make microelectrodes and nanoelectrodes. Fundamental understanding is still needed for predicting and controlling nucleation and early-stage crystal growth. Using nanoelectrodes, nucleation and growth kinetics can be studied on one nucleation site at a time. In contrast, on macroelectrodes, nanoparticles are nucleated at random sites and at different times. This gives rise to overlapping growth zones resulting in inhomogeneous particle deposition and growth. The random size and density distributions prevent electrodeposition from being widely adopted as a manufacturing tool for making nanodevices. We describe advances in electrodeposition of metal nanoparticles and organic charge-transfer complexes on micro/nanoelectrodes. We anticipate increased interests in applying electrochemistry for making nanodevices particularly nanosensors and nanosensor arrays. These electrochemically fabricated nanosensor arrays will in turn fulfill the promise of nanoelectrodes as the most advanced analytical tools for medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and renewable energy.
Muhamad Huzaifah Omar, K. A. Razak, M. N. Ab Wahab
et al.
3D-printing or additive manufacturing is presently an emerging technology in the fourth industrial revolution that promises to reshape traditional manufacturing processes. The electrochemistry field can undoubtedly take advantage of this technology to fabricate electrodes to create a new generation of electrode sensor devices that could replace conventionally manufactured electrodes; glassy carbon, screen-printed carbon and carbon composite electrodes. In the electrochemistry research area, studies to date show that there is a demand for electrically 3D printable conductive polymer/carbon nanomaterial filaments where these materials can be printed out through an extrusion process based upon the fused deposition modelling (FDM) method. FDM could be used to manufacture novel electrochemical 3D printed electrode sensing devices for electrochemical sensor and biosensor applications. This is due to the FDM method being the most affordable 3D printing technique since conductive and non-conductive thermoplastic filaments are commercially available. Therefore, in this minireview, we focus on only the most outstanding studies that have been published since 2018. We believe this to be a highly-valuable research area to the scientific community, both in academia and industry, to enable novel ideas, materials, designs and methods relating to electroanalytical sensing devices to be generated. This approach has the potential to create a new generation of electrochemical sensing devices based upon additive manufacturing. This minireview also provides insight into how the research community could improve the electrochemical performance of 3D-printed electrodes to significantly increase the sensitivity of the 3D-printed electrodes as electrode sensing devices.
Abstract In recent years, thousands of scientific articles have considered the application of electrochemical technologies to remediate environmental problems ranging from the treatment of polluted soils to the removal of hazardous species from industrial liquid wastes. New research topics continue to emerge. Despite such research efforts, the technology readiness level (TRL) for many of those technologies remains very low; although most are considered promising, many are far from being introduced as efficient processes into the market. Important barriers need to be overcome to reach high TRLs. Some of these are scientific or technological and generate the opportunity for critical, applied research. Others are related to the lack of components in the value chain of the technology and generate opportunities for entrepreneurs to benefit from an improvement in the TRL. In this short review, a brief description of the current state of the most relevant technologies which are still in low TRL is carried out, highlighting barriers that must be removed to achieve full-scale applications in industry.
S.R. Yashodha, N. Dhananjaya, H.S. Yogananda
et al.
The current study comprises the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical, and photoluminescence studies on La1-xDyxOCl (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.09) compound by the solid-state method which exhibits a tetragonal phase. The synthesized materials bandgap is determined to be between 4.16 and 4.26 eV. The presence of Lead and Tin in a 0.1M KOH solution was detected using a modified carbon paste electrode of La0.95Dy0.05OCl. Because of the lower value of EO-ER, the cyclic voltammetry (CV) results imply that La0.95Dy0.05OCl has improved electrochemical characteristics. This La0.95Dy0.05OCl material may be a good electrode for sensing molecules like Lead and Tin. The samples radiated white light owing to major two emission bands corresponding to the 4 F 9/2 → 6 H 15/2 and 4 F 9/2 → 6 H 13/2 transitions. Judd–Ofelt parameters Ω2 and Ω4 and other radiative parameters are evaluated. The CIE chromaticity coordinates are close to the white emission standards set by NTSC, hence present phosphors may be useful in the development of WLEDs.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, Industrial electrochemistry
Jay C. Bullen, Chaipat Lapinee, Laura A. Miller
et al.
Over 50 million people in South Asia are exposed to groundwater contaminated with carcinogenic arsenic(III). Photocatalyst-adsorbent composite materials are popularly developed for removing arsenic in a single-step water treatment. Here, As(III) is oxidised to As(V), which is subsequently removed via adsorption. We previously developed a component additive surface complexation model (CA-SCM) to predict the speciation of arsenic adsorbed onto TiO2/Fe2O3 under different environmental conditions, using surface complexes taken from studies of single-phase minerals. In this work, we critically evaluate this approach, using experimental observations of the surface structures of arsenic adsorbed onto TiO2/Fe2O3. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) indicates significant As(III) surface precipitation, and the possible formation of tridentate 3C complexes. EXAFS was unable to identify As binding modes for TiO2 and Fe2O3 surface complexes simultaneously, highlighting the challenge of analysing composite surfaces. FTIR and zeta potential analysis indicate that As(III)-Fe2O3 surface complexes are protonated at neutral pH, whilst As(III)-TiO2, As(V)-Fe2O3 and As(V)-TiO2 surface complexes are negatively charged. Our study confirms the speciation predicted by CA-SCM, particularly As(III) surface precipitation, but also introduces the possibility of tridentate As(III) at acidic pH. This study highlights how experiment and modelling can be combined to assess surface complexation on composite surfaces.
Prof. Agnieszka Wieckowska, Elzbieta Jablonowska, Maciej Dzwonek
et al.
Abstract Much attention has been given to the electrochemistry and electrochemical applications of Au nanoclusters (AuNCs) because of their unique electrochemical and optical features. However, little is known so far about their assembly with lipids or the formation of biological‐nonbiological hybrid monolayers either at the air‐water interface or on solid substrates. In this study, we synthesized AuNCs (Au25(SC4)180) with a diameter ca. 0.85±0.25 nm for the gold core, characterized the AuNCs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) and, for the first time, immobilized AuNCs on the electrode in the form of an AuNC‐doped lipid monolayer. The Langmuir‐Blodgett technique at the air‐water interface allowed us to strictly control the composition of the mixed monolayer and monitor changes in the monolayer organization at the air‐water interface upon doping with AuNCs. The hybrid monolayer assembly was transferred to an indium‐tin oxide (ITO) substrate, and the electrochemical properties of the modified electrode were studied via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry. With an increase in dispersion of the AuNCs in the lipid matrix, the ferrocyanide voltammetry peaks decreased as expected, thereby decreasing the actual conducting area of the electrode. However, the Au nanoclusters also acted as electron transfer mediators in electrode processes proceeding with overpotential, with improved effectiveness shown at very low AuNC concentrations in the lipid layer.
In this work, a low-temperature symmetrical solid oxide fuel cell with Ni-NCAL|SDC/NCAL|Ni-NCAL (70 SDC:30 NCAL) configuration was successfully constructed by a simple dry press method. At 500 and 550 °C, the peak power densities of the cell in ammonia were 501 and 755 mW cm−2, and in hydrogen were 670 and 895 mW cm−2, respectively. EIS data showed that the Rp values of the cell in ammonia and hydrogen at 550 °C were 0.250 and 0.246 Ω cm−2, respectively, indicating the excellent catalytic activity of the Ni-NCAL electrode toward ammonia decomposition and hydrogen oxidation. The different cell output can be ascribed to additional ammonia decomposition steps compared to hydrogen. The noticeable reaction product on the surface of the Ni foam was detrimental to ammonia decomposition. In summary, a symmetrical cell with SDC/NCAL semiconductor electrolyte and Ni-NCAL electrodes exhibited higher electrochemical performance at low temperature than the results reported to date. Therefore, higher electrochemical performance can be expected from this cell configuration with more efficient ammonia decomposition catalysts.