Methods of corrosion prevention for steel in marine environments: A review

Corrosion in marine environments poses a challenge for steel and concrete structures due to constant exposure to corrosive elements such as saltwater, oxygen, chlorides, and microorganisms, particularly sulfate-reducing bacteria. These conditions accelerate material deterioration, reducing the durability of infrastructures. This review highlights advancements in corrosion prevention methods, focusing on innovations that include metallic and organic coatings, cementitious composites, and ecological inhibitors. Among the advancements, Zn–Al metallic coatings form sacrificial anodes that preferentially oxidize, protecting steel substrates, while the incorporation of epoxy and polyurethane layers provides impermeable barriers against chloride penetration and moisture ingress. High-ductility cementitious composites enhance resistance by minimizing crack propagation and promoting self-healing through the deposition of calcium carbonate and C–S–H gel. Superhydrophobic surfaces leverage nano and microscale interactions to repel water and prevent biofilm formation, maintaining functionality even after mechanical damage. Ecological inhibitors, such as sodium phosphate, interact chemically with steel surfaces to create protective films, achieving up to 91.7% corrosion inhibition. Additionally, artificial intelligence models have advanced the prediction of corrosion rates, enabling tailored protection strategies. By elucidating these mechanisms, this study highlights sustainable and efficient solutions for extending infrastructure lifespans and enhancing safety and economic viability in marine environments.