We apply Nancy Cartwright's distinction between theories and basic models to explore the history of rival approaches to modeling a notion of chance for an ideal uniform physical process known as a fair spinner. This process admits both Archimedean and non-Archimedean models. Advocates of Archimedean models maintain that the fair spinner should satisfy hypotheses such as invariance with respect to rotations by an arbitrary real angle, and assume that the optimal mathematical tool in this context is the Lebesgue measure. Others argue that invariance with respect to all real rotations does not constitute an essential feature of the underlying physical process, and could be relaxed in favor of regularity. We show that, working in ZFC, no subset of the commonly assumed hypotheses determines a unique model, suggesting that physically based intuitions alone are insufficient to pin down a unique mathematical model. We provide a rebuttal of recent criticisms of non-Archimedean models by Parker and Pruss.
As a communication channel, body movements have been widely explored in behavioral studies and kinesics. Performing and visual arts share the same interests but focus on documenting and representing human body movements, such as for dance notation and visual work creation. This paper investigates body movements in oriental calligraphy and how to apply calligraphy principles to stimulate and archive body movements. Through an artwork (Wushu), the authors experiment with an interactive and generative approach to engage the audience's bodily participation and archive the body movements as a compendium of generated calligraphy. The audience assumes the role of both writers and readers; creating ("writing") and appreciating ("reading") the generated calligraphy becomes a cyclical process within this infinite "Book," which can motivate further attention and discussions concerning Chinese characters and calligraphy.
We present a survey of the two-dimensional and tensorial structure of the lifting doctrine in constructive domain theory, i.e. in the theory of directed-complete partial orders (dcpos) over an arbitrary elementary topos. We establish the universal property of lifting of dcpos as the Sierpiński cone, from which we deduce (1) that lifting forms a Kock-Zöberlein doctrine, (2) that lifting algebras, pointed dcpos, and inductive partial orders form canonically equivalent locally posetal 2-categories, and (3) that the category of lifting algebras is cocomplete, with connected colimits created by the forgetful functor to dcpos. Finally we deduce the symmetric monoidal closure of the Eilenberg-Moore resolution of the lifting 2-monad by means of smash products; these are shown to classify both bilinear maps and strict maps, which we prove to coincide in the constructive setting. We provide several concrete computations of the smash product as dcpo coequalisers and lifting algebra coequalisers, and compare these with the more abstract results of Seal. Although all these results are well-known classically, the existing proofs do not apply in a constructive setting; indeed, the classical analysis of the Eilenberg-Moore category of the lifting monad relies on the fact that all lifting algebras are free, a condition that is not known to hold constructively.
La década de 1930 marcó el inicio del reparto agrario en Chiapas, hecho que visibilizó una compleja realidad demográfica en la zona fronteriza con Guatemala. Por un lado existía una importante presencia de trabajadores guatemaltecos, y, por otra parte, muchos pobladores nacidos en la región no contaban con documentos para comprobar su nacionalidad. Para determinar quiénes eran sujetos al reparto de tierras, el Estado mexicano se enfrentó a la monumental tarea de regularizar la nacionalidad de miles de habitantes de aquella región, lo que dio paso a importantes discusiones respecto a lo que significaba ser mexicano en la frontera sur. En el presente artículo se analiza el, así llamado por las autoridades, «problema demográfico», así como los conflictos agrarios, laborales y políticos derivados de dicha situación.
From smoothly pursuing moving objects to rapidly shifting gazes during visual search, humans employ a wide variety of eye movement strategies in different contexts. While eye movements provide a rich window into mental processes, building generative models of eye movements is notoriously difficult, and to date the computational objectives guiding eye movements remain largely a mystery. In this work, we tackled these problems in the context of a canonical spatial planning task, maze-solving. We collected eye movement data from human subjects and built deep generative models of eye movements using a novel differentiable architecture for gaze fixations and gaze shifts. We found that human eye movements are best predicted by a model that is optimized not to perform the task as efficiently as possible but instead to run an internal simulation of an object traversing the maze. This not only provides a generative model of eye movements in this task but also suggests a computational theory for how humans solve the task, namely that humans use mental simulation.
Alain Aspect's three experiments on Bell's theorem, published in the early 1980s, were a turning point in the history of the research on the foundations of quantum mechanics not only because they corroborated entanglement as the distinctive quantum signature but also because these experiments brought wider recognition to this field of research and Aspect himself. These experiments may be considered the most direct precursors of the research on quantum information, which would blossom a decade later.
Este artículo plantea que durante el gobierno de Mario Echandi Jiménez (1958-1962) se dio un proceso de conciliación nacional, analizado mediante la implementación de lo que hemos llamado «medidas de compensación» y «rituales políticos de inclusión», los cuales favorecieron a los perdedores de la guerra civil de 1948. Por ejemplo, el regreso de Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia a Costa Rica y la declaración de una segunda amnistía para todas las personas vinculadas con el conflicto bélico. Por último, se concluye que el proceso de conciliación nacional también se vio favorecido por la intensificación del movimiento opositor a la dictadura somocista, pues esto generó una nueva configuración del «enemigo» caracterizándolo como extranjero, a su vez, esto promovió la unidad interna.
El propósito del trabajo que presento es indagar sobre el tratamiento de un sector de la niñez, identificado como menores, considerando el período preliminar al Código del Niño (1934). Está basado en cambios legales e institucionales que anunciaban un camino hacia la especialización, reconocible en Uruguay desde 1905. El artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la omnipresencia asignada a un discurso tutelar de protección a la infancia, analizando el papel de la inquietud por su participación en el aumento de la criminalidad. Tal preocupación, frecuentemente, fue soslayada ante la imagen de una asistencia de carácter paternal, que guio las transformaciones normativas y administrativas. Esta idea, por otra parte, aún sirve de referencia a las propuestas de endurecimiento punitivo. El examen realizado a memorias policiales, archivos judiciales, proyectos y crónicas testimonia lo concebido como una participación infantil integrada a la cambiante realidad del delito. En el escrito, se constata la importancia que tuvo, en el impulso de las reformas, la percepción del crecimiento de la criminalidad; particularmente, de una presencia juvenil que habría modificado la composición del delito. En el estudio, doy cuenta de una propuesta que pregonó un modelo asistencial, sin renunciar al control de un gremio responsabilizado por la progresión delictiva.
We present a new dataset with annotated eye movements. The dataset consists of over 800,000 gaze points recorded during a car ride in the real world and in the simulator. In total, the eye movements of 19 subjects were annotated. In this dataset there are several data sources such as the eyelid closure, the pupil center, the optical vector, and a vector into the pupil center starting from the center of the eye corners. These different data sources are analyzed and evaluated individually as well as in combination with respect to their goodness of fit for eye movement classification. These results will help developers of real-time systems and algorithms to find the best data sources for their application. Also, new algorithms can be trained and evaluated on this data set. The data and the Matlab code can be downloaded here https://atreus.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/seafile/d/8e2ab8c3fdd444e1a135/?p=%2FA%20Multimodal%20Eye%20Movement%20Dataset%20and%20...&mode=list
El libro examinado aquí tiene por temas principales la relación entre intelectuales, movimientos sociales y política. Las corrientes del anarquismo y el comunismo y su papel en la historia de las ideas costarricenses son analizadas en los ensayos que componen el libro, además de movimientos intelectuales propios, como el unionismo. El lugar de las revistas en la historia intelectual también es discutido, puesto que conforman el medio en que se desarrolla un ecosistema intelectual, y su evolución es examinada con detalle en los ensayos que presenta el texto reseñado aquí. Por último, el texto se esfuerza en destacar la relevancia de figuras intelectuales poco conocidas.
Eye movements are intricate and dynamic biosignals that contain a wealth of cognitive information about the subject. However, these are ambiguous signals and therefore require meticulous feature engineering to be used by machine learning algorithms. We instead propose to learn feature vectors of eye movements in a self-supervised manner. We adopt a contrastive learning approach and propose a set of data transformations that encourage a deep neural network to discern salient and granular gaze patterns. This paper presents a novel experiment utilizing six eye-tracking data sets despite different data specifications and experimental conditions. We assess the learned features on biometric tasks with only a linear classifier, achieving 84.6% accuracy on a mixed dataset, and up to 97.3% accuracy on a single dataset. Our work advances the state of machine learning for eye movements and provides insights into a general representation learning method not only for eye movements but also for similar biosignals.
A new mathematics, the constructive one, characterizes a singular limit as undecidable. Hence, a singular limit between two theories actually represents a difference between two different kinds of mathematics. This particular situation suggests a mathematical definition of the notion of incommensurability. As a consequence of the resulting incommensurabilities among many couples of theories the foundations of physical theories are pluralist, not only in both epistemological and ontological senses, but also in mathematical sense. Hence since longtime the history of physics is developing along a plurilinear path.
Movement primitives are an important policy class for real-world robotics. However, the high dimensionality of their parametrization makes the policy optimization expensive both in terms of samples and computation. Enabling an efficient representation of movement primitives facilitates the application of machine learning techniques such as reinforcement on robotics. Motions, especially in highly redundant kinematic structures, exhibit high correlation in the configuration space. For these reasons, prior work has mainly focused on the application of dimensionality reduction techniques in the configuration space. In this paper, we investigate the application of dimensionality reduction in the parameter space, identifying principal movements. The resulting approach is enriched with a probabilistic treatment of the parameters, inheriting all the properties of the Probabilistic Movement Primitives. We test the proposed technique both on a real robotic task and on a database of complex human movements. The empirical analysis shows that the dimensionality reduction in parameter space is more effective than in configuration space, as it enables the representation of the movements with a significant reduction of parameters.
"Rigor" is an often sought after but ill-defined concept in education. This work reviews several models of rigor from current literature before proposing a tool which is used to analyze science education throughout history. The 20\textsuperscript{th} century science education in the United States was subject to changing sociopolitical motivations about the use of science both in general and for students. These factors as well as developments in theory of learning and broad education reforms had changing affects on the level of rigor in science education. This work analyzes the theoretical level of rigor of science education in the US based on two main motivating factors for science education; science as a social endeavor and science as a discipline, throughout the 20\textsuperscript{th} century.
We know that maximal efficiency in physical systems is attained by reversible processes. It is then interesting to see how irreversibility affects efficiency in other systems, e.g., in a city. In this study, we focus on a cyclic process of movements (home to workplace and back to home) in a city to investigate the above question. To this end, we present a minimal model of the movements, along with plausible definitions for the efficiency and irreversibility of the process; more precisely, we take the inverse of the total travel time per number of trips for efficiency and the relative entropy of the forward and backward flow distributions for the process irreversibility. We perform numerical simulations of the model for reasonable choices of the population distribution, the mobility law, and the movement strategy. The results show that the efficiency of movements is indeed negatively correlated with the above measure of irreversibility. The structure of the network and the impact of the flows on the travel times are the main factors here that affect the time intervals of arriving to destinations and returning to origins, which are usually larger than the time interval of the departures. This in turn gives rise to diverging of the backward flows from the forward ones and results to entropy (disorder or uncertainty) production in the system. The findings of this study might be helpful in characterizing more accurately the city efficiency and in better understanding of the main working principles of these complex systems.
Recognition of ancient Tamil characters has always been a challenge for epigraphers. This is primarily because the language has evolved over the several centuries and the character set over this time has both expanded and diversified. This proposed work focuses on improving optical character recognition techniques for ancient Tamil script which was in use between the 7th and 12th centuries. While comprehensively curating a functional data set for ancient Tamil characters is an arduous task, in this work, a data set has been curated using cropped images of characters found on certain temple inscriptions, specific to this time as a case study. After using Otsu thresholding method for binarization of the image a two dimensional convolution neural network is defined and used to train, classify and, recognize the ancient Tamil characters. To implement the optical character recognition techniques, the neural network is linked to the Tesseract using the pytesseract library of Python. As an added feature, the work also incorporates Google's text to speech voice engine to produce an audio output of the digitized text. Various samples for both modern and ancient Tamil were collected and passed through the system. It is found that for Tamil inscriptions studied over the considered time period, a combined efficiency of 77.7 percent can be achieved.
El presente artículo pretende analizar, a partir de la historia de las organizaciones, la relación entre memoria y las ciudades bananeras construidas por la United Fruit Company en Centroamérica durante el siglo XX. Se parte de las ideas planteadas por Charles Booth, Peter Clark, Agnes Delahaye, Stephen Procter y Michael Rowlinson con respecto al uso de la memoria social para estudiar las prácticas mnemónicas de las empresas y cómo desde esta perspectiva las compañías construyen un legado histórico para sus empleados y el público en general. Utilizando fuentes impresas de la compañía, como revistas empresariales, reportes para socios, postales, así como testimonios escritos de extrabajadores bananeros, la investigación trata de identificar la forma en cómo las ciudades bananeras se convirtieron y fueron construidas como lugares de la memoria. La ciudad bananera surge a partir de los programas del llamado “bienestar corporativo” de inicios del siglo anterior, que buscaba entre otras cosas, no solo la lealtad de los empleados, sino también que estos se sintieran bien y a gusto en las divisiones donde sus empresas se habían instalado fuera del territorio estadounidense. La mayoría de artículos, cuyo tema de investigación ha sido la relación entre ciudades y memoria, se han restringido a estudiarlas desde concepciones derivadas del nacionalismo. Este artículo demuestra cómo las empresas también generan y construyen memorias por medio de sus diferentes dependencias. De igual manera se constata cómo toda la política de bienestar corporativo que proyectó la United Fruit Company, buscaba mayoritariamente legitimar y respaldar su presencia en la región centroamericana.
El Dr. Juan Pedro Viqueira Albán -Ciudad de México, 1954- actualmente es profesor e investigador del Centro de Estudios Históricos de El Colegio de México. Con base en las tradiciones de la historia y la antropología social, sus investigaciones sobre demografía y geografía histórica han ofrecido elementos de análisis para comprender el pasado y la situación contemporánea de Chiapas. En ese sentido, dichos aportes han matizado las visiones simplistas e ideologizadas que sobre este Estado florecieron a raíz del levantamiento armado zapatista del Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) el 1 de enero de 1994. En la presente entrevista nos interesa conocer su experiencia investigativa en la elaboración de tales estudios, cómo se ha renovado la historiografía chiapaneca en las últimas décadas, así como sus puntos de vista sobre los vínculos que se puedan hacer entre la historia de Chiapas y la de los países centroamericanos.
With the growth of social media usage, social activists try to leverage this platform to raise the awareness related to a social issue and engage the public worldwide. The broad use of social media platforms in recent years, made it easier for the people to stay up-to-date on the news related to regional and worldwide events. While social media, namely Twitter, assists social movements to connect with more people and mobilize the movement, traditional media such as news articles help in spreading the news related to the events in a broader aspect. In this study, we analyze linguistic features and cues, such as individualism vs. pluralism, sentiment and emotion to examine the relationship between the medium and discourse over time. We conduct this work in a specific application context, the "Black Lives Matter" (BLM) movement, and compare discussions related to this event in social media vs. news articles.