Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Ian Peter Grohse

I denne artikkelen undersøker jeg innholdet i og konteksten til et kort, men ofte sitert klagebrev utferdiget av representanter for allmuen i Hålogaland og Finnmark den 5. september 1420. Brevet har tradisjonelt blitt tolket innenfor en regionalhistorisk ramme, som et vitnesbyrd om de særegne politiske og økonomiske utfordringene nordnorske lokalsamfunn sto overfor i senmiddelalderen, herunder russisk og karelsk aggresjon og ulovlig engelsk handel. I artikkelen argumenterer jeg for at brevet også bør tolkes fra et nasjonalt og transregionalt perspektiv. Selv om klagemålene har et regionalt særpreg, samsvarer de i visse henseender med besværinger fremsatt av lokalsamfunn i andre deler av Norge og i naboriket Sverige. Disse parallellene forklares i lys av det fellesnordiske unionsmonarkiets langvarige og kostbare krig om hertugdømmet Slesvig – et opprinnelig dansk foretakende som fikk ulike, men gjennomgående negative konsekvenser for kongemaktens svenske og norske undersåtter. Mens krigen førte til økt skattlegging og hardstyre i sør- og sentralskandinaviske områder, derunder østnorske jordbrukssamfunn, bidro den i mer perifere regioner, herunder Hålogaland og Finnmark, til et forfall av statlig tilsyn og økt sårbarhet overfor utenlandske trusler.

Lilli Bauer

Borja Anguiano, David Valls-Gabaud, Guillaume F. Thomas et al.

By the 2040s--50s, facilities such as \emph{Gaia}, WEAVE, 4MOST, Rubin, \emph{Euclid}, \emph{Roman}, and the ESO ELT will have transformed our global view of the Milky Way. Yet key questions will remain incompletely resolved: a detailed reconstruction of the Galaxy's assembly from its earliest building blocks, and robust tests of dark matter granularity using the fine structure of the stellar halo and outer disk -- particularly in the Galactic anticenter. Addressing these questions requires high-resolution spectroscopy of faint main-sequence stars (typically 1--2 mag below the turnoff) and turnoff stars ($r \sim 21$--23) in low-surface-brightness structures: halo streams and shells, ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, the warped and flared outer disk, and anticenter substructures. We argue that addressing this science case requires a 30\,m-class telescope in the northern hemisphere, equipped with wide-field, highly multiplexed, high-resolution spectroscopic capabilities. Such a facility would enable (i) a Northern Halo Deep Survey of $\sim 10^{5}$--$10^{6}$ faint main-sequence and turnoff stars out to $\sim 150$--200\,kpc, (ii) chemodynamical mapping of dozens of streams to measure perturbations from dark matter subhalos, and (iii) tomographic studies of the anticenter and outer disk to disentangle perturbed disk material from accreted debris. A northern 30\,m telescope would provide the essential complement to ESO's southern ELT, enabling genuinely all-sky Milky Way archaeology and delivering stringent constraints on the small-scale structure of dark matter.

Conor A. Nixon, Bruno Bézard, Thomas Cornet et al.

Saturn's moon Titan undergoes a long annual cycle of 29.45 Earth years. Titan's northern winter and spring were investigated in detail by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft (2004-2017), but the northern summer season remains sparsely studied. Here we present new observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Keck II telescope made in 2022 and 2023 during Titan's late northern summer. Using JWST's mid-infrared instrument, we spectroscopically detected the methyl radical, the primary product of methane break-up and key to the formation of ethane and heavier molecules. Using the near-infrared spectrograph onboard JWST, we detected several non-local thermodynamic equilibrium CO and CO2 emission bands, which allowed us to measure these species over a wide altitude range. Lastly, using the near-infrared camera onboard JWST and Keck II, we imaged northern hemisphere tropospheric clouds evolving in altitude, which provided new insights and constraints on seasonal convection patterns. These observations pave the way for new observations and modelling of Titan's climate and meteorology as it progresses through the northern fall equinox, when its atmosphere is expected to show notable seasonal changes.

Stephen Gwyn, Alan W. McConnachie, Jean-Charles Cuillandre et al.

The Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS) is a "collaboration of collaborations" that is using the Canada-France-Hawai'i Telescope, the Pan-STARRS telescopes, and the Subaru Observatory to obtain $ugriz$ images of a core survey region of 6250 deg$^2$ of the northern sky. The $10σ$ point source depth of the data, as measured within a 2-arcsecond diameter aperture, are $[u,g,r,i,z] = [23.7, 24.5, 24.2, 23.8, 23.3]$\ in AB magnitudes. UNIONS is addressing some of the most fundamental questions in astronomy, including the properties of dark matter, the growth of structure in the Universe from the very smallest galaxies to large-scale structure, and the assembly of the Milky Way. It is set to become the major ground-based legacy survey for the northern hemisphere for the next decade and provides an essential northern complement to the static-sky science of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time. UNIONS supports the core science mission of the {\it Euclid} space mission by providing the data necessary in the northern hemisphere for the calibration of the wavelength dependence of the {\it Euclid} point-spread function and derivation of photometric redshifts in the North Galactic Cap. This region contains the highest quality sky for {\it Euclid}, with low backgrounds from the zodiacal light, stellar density, extinction, and emission from Galactic cirrus. Here, we describe the UNIONS survey components, science goals, data products, and the current status of the overall program.

Lars Elenius

Sannings- och försoningskommission för tornedalingar, kväner och lantalaiset (SFK) tillsattes 2020 för att undersöka statens assimileringspolitik mot de tre grupperna under 1800- och 1900-talet. I artikeln beskrivs arbetet i kommissionen som en förhandling mellan olika intressen och professioner om vad som hänt i det förflutna. Historieämnets roll och kunskapsprocessen i arbetet undersöks utifrån de direktiv som gavs, inledningsvis den kunskapsrelativism som direktivet återspeglar eftersom begreppen kväner och lantalaiset inte användes under assimileringspolitiken i Tornedalen. Etableringen av de två etnonymerna på 1990-talet förklaras med deras koppling till urfolksfrågan och tornedalingarna krav på att kunna utöva traditionella näringar. I SFK:s beskrivning och analys av assimileringspolitiken redogörs för hur militära, utrikespolitiska, religiösa och rasbiologiska hotbilder påverkade den statliga synen på tornedalingarna. Assimileringspolitiken har medfört att tornedalingarnas historia ofta osynliggjorts i svensk historieskrivning, likaså det finska folkets historia som en integrerad del av tornedalingarnas historia. SFK visar hur en exkluderande nationalistisk hållning till tornedalingarna skapade ett informellt metasystem av utbildningar för försvenskning av Tornedalen, ett sammansatt assimilerande skolsystem som utövade ett övergripande assimilerande tryck på tornedalingarna. De 198 intervjuer med tornedalingar som kommissionen använt sig av visar att statens assimileringspolitik orsakat en stor kulturell förlust för tornedalingarna som sträcker sig över generationer. Det gäller förlust av det meänkielispråkiga kulturarvet, osynliggörande i en svensk nationalistisk kontext men också frågor som berör territoriell hemvist och traditionella näringar som del av identiteten.

Dongdong Zhang, Bo Wang, Jia-Rui Li et al.

Present cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations have significantly advanced our understanding of the universe's origin, especially with primordial gravitational waves (PGWs). Currently, ground-based CMB telescopes are mainly located in the southern hemisphere, leaving an untapped potential for observations in the northern hemisphere. In this work, we investigate the perspective of a northern hemisphere CMB polarization telescope (NHT) to detect PGWs and present mock data for such a project. We forecast the detection sensitivity on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r of NHT and compare it with the existed ground-based experiments, also search for optimal experimental configurations that can achieve the best sensitivity of r. Our results indicate that, considering realistic experimental conditions, the first year of NHT observations combined with Planck can achieve a precision of σ(r)= 0.015, reaching the level of BICEP2/Keck, with significant potential for improvement with subsequent instrumentation parameter enhancements.

Richard Guniš

Claus Altmayer

Peter Galison, Juliusz Doboszewski, Jamee Elder et al.

This white paper outlines the plans of the History Philosophy Culture Working Group of the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.

Andrey Yu. Chernov, Eugene A. Katz

Bronze cuboctahedral weights dated to the VIII-X centuries were found in northwest Russia near Ladoga, one of the most important trading centers in Eastern Europe in the VIII-X centuries. The history of the mathematical study of cuboctahedron and more generally of the entire family of Archimedean solids in the Middle East and Europe supports the archeological hypothesis about the origin of these artifacts and trading contacts between Europe and the Islamic Caliphate at that time when European mathematicians were not aware of such polyhedra, but Arab-Persian scientists and craftsmen were.

A. A. Watson

A brief history of the development of surface detectors for the study of the high-energy cosmic rays is presented. The paper is based on an invited talk given at UHECR2022 held in LAquila, October 2022. In a complementary talk, P Sokolsky discussed the development of the fluorescence technique for air-shower detection.

Pål Berg Svenungsen, Yngve Nilsen, Mari Sofie Sandvik et al.

Bjørg Seland

Gerald A. Goldin

Prediction of ``anyons'', often attributed exclusively to Wilczek, came first from Leinaas & Myrheim in 1977, and independently from Goldin, Menikoff, & Sharp in 1980-81. In 2020, experimentalists successfully created anyonic excitations. This paper discusses why the possibility of quantum particles in two-dimensional space with intermediate exchange statistics eluded physicists for so long after bosons and fermions were understood. The history suggests ideas for the preparation of future researchers. I conclude by addressing failures to attribute scientific achievements accurately. Such practices disproportionately hurt women and minorities in physics, and are harmful to science.

Miroslav D. Filipović, Jeffrey L. Payne, Thomas Jarrett et al.

We investigate possible reasons for the absence of historical records of the supernova of 1054 in Europe. At the same time, we search for the new evidences as well. We establish that the previously acclaimed 'Arabic' records from ibn Butlan originate from Europe. As one of the most prominent scientists of the era, he was in Constantinople at the time of the supernova and actively participated in the medieval Church feud known as the Great Schism. Next, we reconstruct the European sky at the time of the event and find that the 'new star' (SN 1054) was in the west while the planet Venus was on the opposite side of the sky (in the east) with the Sun sited directly between these two equally bright objects, as documented in East-Asian records.

Eli Morken Farstad

Samandrag Artikkelen ser på praksisen til bønder i det norske rettssystemet før 1850, og spør om det var mogleg for dei å verke som forsvarar utan juridisk eksamen og løyve frå kongen. Empiri frå ei straffesak i Romsdals Amt blir samanlikna med lovene. Artikkelen viser at sakførarpraksis var eit resultat av det lokale behovet for rettshjelp heller enn statsmakta sine lovreguleringar, og at denne praksisen bidrog til å presse rettskulturen og den politiske kulturen i liberal retning.

Tiffany Nicole White

Fabio Falchi, Riccardo Furgoni, Terrel A. Gallaway et al.

Light pollution is a worldwide problem that has a range of adverse effects on human health and natural ecosystems. Using data from the New World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness, VIIRS-recorded radiance and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data, we compared light pollution levels, and the light flux to the population size and GDP at the State and County levels in the USA and at Regional (NUTS2) and Province (NUTS3) levels in Europe. We found 6800-fold differences between the most and least polluted regions in Europe, 120-fold differences in their light flux per capita, and 267-fold differences in flux per GDP unit. Yet, we found even greater differences between US counties: 200,000-fold differences in sky pollution, 16,000-fold differences in light flux per capita, and 40,000-fold differences in light flux per GDP unit. These findings may inform policy-makers, helping to reduce energy waste and adverse environmental, cultural and health consequences associated with light pollution.

Mikołaj Sobkowiak

This paper analyzes the recent updates of two major dictionaries of contemporary Danish, Den Danske Ordbog (a corpus-based dictionary of general Danish) and the official dictionary of Danish spelling – Retskrivningsordbogen. In the analyzed period (2014–2017) each of the dictionaries in question was updated several times, English loanwords being well represented in each of the updates. The author provides basic information on the two dictionaries in question and compares the overall update strategies and methods for both of them as well as the sources of new entries. This is followed by an analysis of the newly added entries, the main focus being the types of English loanwords in the updates. Most attention is paid to the two most common loanword types found in the analyzed data, i.e. direct loanwords and hybrid formations, as well as to what similarities and differences can be found in the updates of the two dictionaries.