We present an example cluster follow-up study with . Our target, a z∼ 1.74 candidate cluster nicknamed the `Puddle', was initially discovered by the Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey 2 as a z_ ∼ 1.65 candidate cluster. It was also detected independently as a z_ ∼ 1.5 candidate with the two cluster-finding algorithms in Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1). A Keck MOSFIRE spectrum shows the brightest nucleus is at z=1.74 and is dominated by an active galactic nucleus. Our analysis focused on the galaxy population and the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG), and is based on and ancillary photometry. Compared to similar fields, we measured an overdensity of 110± 14 galaxies with ̋Ełeq 22.25 in a imaging revealed that six or seven galaxies appear to be assembling to form the future BCG. Spectral energy distribution fitting suggests that the merging BCG has a stellar mass of 5.7± 0.3 ,M_⊙ and that it experienced a short burst of star formation ∼ 300,Myr ago. Its morphology and star-formation history suggest that the proto-BCG is a more evolved version of the merging core of SPT2349-56. These systems indicate that multiobject mergers might be a common BCG formation process. Assuming a similar density of mergers in the Euclid Wide Survey, we expect that will discover approximately 400 assembling BCGs by the end of its mission. Euclid phot phot Euclid radius around the BCG. About 18± 4% of the completeness-corrected galaxy population is red, which is consistent with some clusters at z>1.5 but lower than others. Euclid 10^ 11 Euclid
The Spectro Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx) is conducting the first all-sky near infrared spectral survey spanning 0.75 to 5.0um with resolving power R~35 to 130. Linear variable filters mounted in front of six H2RG detectors produce a position dependent spectral response across the focal plane. This paper presents the ground-based spectral calibration of SPHEREx, including the cryogenic apparatus, optical configuration, measurement strategy, analysis pipeline, and resulting calibration products. Monochromatic wavelength scans are used to derive the spectral response function, band center, and resolving power for every pixel. Band centers are measured to better than 1nm for Bands 1 through 4 (0.75 to 3.82um) and better than 10nm for Bands 5 and 6 (3.82 to 5.0um). Out-of-band leakage is negligible for detectors above 1.64um and is present at the percent level below this wavelength. The resolving power is measured to within 5% and agrees with design expectations to within 10%. An on-sky spectrum of the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543) constructed from repeated observations provides in-flight verification and shows agreement between ground calibrated response and astrophysical emission features. Calibration products, including per-pixel band center and resolving power maps, are released through IPAC to support community use of SPHEREx data. The absolute spectral calibration will continue to improve through in-flight measurements, with further reductions in uncertainty expected for the longest-wavelength bands.
The Euclid mission of the European Space Agency seeks to understand the Universe’s expansion history and the nature of dark energy, through measurements of cosmic shear. This requires a very accurate estimate of the true redshift distribution of the galaxies, with the systematic error in the mean redshift satisfying łangle z̊angle <0.002(1+z) per tomographic bin. Achieving this accuracy relies on reference samples with spectroscopic redshifts, together with a procedure to match them to survey sources for which only photometric redshifts are available. One important source of systematic uncertainty is the mismatch in photometric properties between galaxies in the Euclid survey and the reference objects. We develop a method to degrade the photometry of objects with deep photometry to match the properties of any shallower survey in the multi-band photometric space, preserving all the correlations between the fluxes and their uncertainties. We compare our transfer method with more demanding image-based methods, such as Balrog from the Dark Energy Survey Collaboration. According to our metrics, our method outperforms Balrog. We implement our method in the redshift distribution reconstruction, based on the self-organising map approach, and test it using a realistic sample from the Euclid Flagship Mock Galaxy Simulation. We find that the key ingredient is to ensure that the reference objects are distributed in the colour space the same way as the wide-survey objects, which can be efficiently achieved with our transfer method. In our best implementation, the mean redshift biases are consistently reduced across the tomographic bins, bringing a significant fraction of them within the Euclid accuracy requirements in all tomographic bins. Equally importantly, the tests allow us to pinpoint which step in the calibration pipeline has the strongest impact on achieving the required accuracy. Our approach also reproduces the overall redshift distributions, which are crucial for applications such as angular clustering. The agreement between the reconstructed and true distributions demonstrates both the feasibility and robustness of the approach. This implementation is sufficient for Euclid Data Release 1 and provides a solid foundation for subsequent data releases.
Recovering a tree that represents the evolutionary history of a group of species is a key task in phylogenetics. Performing this task using sequence data from multiple genetic markers poses two key challenges. The first is the discordance between the evolutionary history of individual genes and that of the species. The second challenge is computational, as contemporary studies involve thousands of species. Here we present SDSR, a scalable divide-and-conquer approach for species tree reconstruction based on spectral graph theory. The algorithm recursively partitions the species into subsets until their sizes are below a given threshold. The trees of these subsets are reconstructed by a user-chosen species tree algorithm. Finally, these subtrees are merged to form the full tree. On the theoretical front, we derive recovery guarantees for SDSR, under the multispecies coalescent (MSC) model. We also perform a runtime complexity analysis. We show that SDSR, when combined with a species tree reconstruction algorithm as a subroutine, yields substantial runtime savings as compared to applying the same algorithm on the full data. Empirically, we evaluate SDSR on synthetic benchmark datasets with incomplete lineage sorting and horizontal gene transfer. In accordance with our theoretical analysis, the simulations show that combining SDSR with common species tree methods, such as CA-ML or ASTRAL, yields up to 10-fold faster runtimes. In addition, SDSR achieves a comparable tree reconstruction accuracy to that obtained by applying these methods on the full data.
Euclid Collaboration C. Bellhouse, J. Golden-Marx, S. P. Bamford
et al.
The intracluster light (ICL) permeating galaxy clusters is a tracer of the cluster assembly history and potentially a tracer of their dark matter structure. In this work, we explore the capability of the Euclid Wide Survey to detect ICL using HE-band mock images. We simulated clusters across a range of redshifts (0.3--1.8) and halo masses (10^13.9--$10^ using an observationally motivated model of ICL. We identified a 50--200,kpc circular annulus around the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in which the signal-to-noise ratio of the ICL is maximised and used the S/N within this aperture as our figure of merit for ICL detection. We compared three state-of-the-art methods for ICL detection and found that a method that performs simple aperture photometry after high-surface brightness source masking is able to detect ICL with minimal bias for clusters more massive than The S/N of the ICL detection is primarily limited by the redshift of the cluster, which is driven by cosmological dimming rather than the mass of the cluster. Assuming the ICL in each cluster contains 15% of the stellar light, we forecast that Euclid will be able to measure the presence of ICL in up to ∼80,000 clusters of between z=0.3 and 1.5 with an SN > 3. Half of these clusters will reside below z=0.75, and the majority of those below z=0.6 will be detected with an SN > 20. A few thousand clusters at $1.3 3. The surface brightness profile of the ICL model is strongly dependent on both the mass of the cluster and the redshift at which it is observed so that the outer ICL is best observed in the most massive clusters of Euclid will detect the ICL at a distance of more than 500,kpc from the BCG, up to z=0.7, in several hundred of these massive clusters over its large survey volume.
The article is devoted to the controversial problem of the use of artificial intelligence in historical research. The introduction briefly examines the history of the emergence of "artificial intelligence" (AI) as a field in computer science, the evolution of this definition and views on the application of AI; analyzes the place of artificial intelligence methods at different stages of specific historical research. In the main part of the article, based on the analysis of historiographical sources and his own experience of participating in foreign projects, the author analyzes the practice of implementing handwritten text recognition projects using various information technologies and AI methods, in particular, describes and justifies the requirements for creating electronic copies of recognizable sources, the need to take into account the texture of information carriers, writing materials, techniques and technologies for creating the text; varieties and methods of creating paleographic, codicological, diplomatic datasets, historical and lexicological dictionaries, the possibility of using large language models, etc. As a methodological basis, the author used a systematic approach, historical-comparative, historical-chronological and descriptive methods, as well as the analysis of historiographical sources. In conclusion, it is concluded that the use of artificial intelligence technologies is promising not only as an auxiliary tool, but also as research methods that help in establishing the authorship of historical sources, clarifying their dating, detecting forgeries, etc., as well as in creating new types of scientific reference search systems for archives and libraries. At the same time, the use of artificial intelligence technologies is highly expensive and capital intensive, which is a serious obstacle to the widespread introduction of these technologies into the practice of historical research.
Euclid Collaboration L. Zalesky, J. Weaver, C. McPartland
et al.
The Cosmic Dawn Survey pre-launch catalogues cover an effective 10.13 deg 2 $ area with uniform deep /IRAC data (m Spitzer mag, 5σ), the largest area covered to these depths at IR wavelengths. We used these data to gain new insight into the growth of stellar mass across cosmic history by characterising the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function through 0.2 3 and significantly reduces cosmic variance, thus yielding strong constraints on the abundance of galaxies above the characteristic stellar mass ( $^⋆) across this ten billion year period. The evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function is generally consistent with results from the literature but now provides firm estimates of the number density where only upper limits were previously available. Contrasting the galaxy stellar mass function with the dark matter halo mass function suggests that massive galaxies (mathcal M 11 M_⊙) at z > 3.5 required integrated star-formation efficiencies of mathcal M /( _ M ̊m h f_ ̊m b ) ≳ 0.25--0.5, in excess of the commonly held view of a `universal peak efficiency' from studies on the stellar-to-halo mass relation. Such increased efficiencies imply an evolving peak in the stellar-to-halo mass relation at z > 3.5 that can be maintained if feedback mechanisms from active galactic nuclei and stellar processes are ineffective at early times. In addition, a significant fraction of the most massive quiescent galaxies are observed to be in place by z∼ 2.5--3. The apparent lack of change in their number density by z∼ 0.2 is consistent with relatively little mass growth from mergers. Utilising the unique volume, we find evidence of an environmental dependence of the galaxy stellar mass function all the way through z∼ 3.5 for the first time, though a more careful characterisation of the density field is ultimately required for confirmation.
Martin Illum, Hans Christian Bechsofft Mikkelsen, Emil Hovad Department of Applied Mathematics
et al.
Tennis is one of the world's biggest and most popular sports. Multiple researchers have, with limited success, modeled the outcome of matches using probability modelling or machine learning approaches. The approach presented here predicts the outcomes of points in tennis matches. This is based on given a probability of winning a point, based on the prior history of matches, the current match, the player rankings and if the points are started with a first or second. The use of historical public data from the matches and the players' ranking has made this study possible. In addition, we interpret the models in order to reveal important strategic factors for winning points. The historical data are from the years 2016 to 2020 in the two Grand Slam tournaments, Wimbledon and US Open, resulting in a total of 709 matches. Different machine learning methods are applied for this work such as, e.g. logistic regression, Random forest, ADABoost, and XGBoost. These models are compared to a baseline model, namely a traditional statistics measure, in this case the average. An evaluation of the results showed that the models for points proved to be a fraction better than the average. However, with the applied public data and the information level of the data, the approach presented here is not optimal for predicting who wins when the opponents are on the same position on the ranking. This methodology is interesting with respect to examining which factors are important for the outcomes of who wins points in tennis matches. Other higher quality data sets exists from e.g. Hawk Eye, although these data sets are not available for the public.
The assembly of galaxy groups and clusters occur through dynamical interactions of smaller systems, resulting in the formation of a diffuse stellar halo known as the intragroup or intracluster light (IGL or ICL). By preserving the records of these interactions, the IGL and ICL provide valuable insight into the growth history of galaxy groups and clusters. Groups are especially interesting because they represent the link between galactic halos and massive clusters. However, the low surface brightness of this diffuse light makes it extremely challenging to detect individually. Recent deep wide-field imaging surveys allow us to push such measurements to lower brightness limits by stacking data for large ensembles of groups, thereby suppressing the noise and biases in the measurements. In this work, we present a special-purpose pipeline to reprocess individual r-band Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS) exposures to optimise the IGL detection. Using an initial sample of 2385 groups with at least five spectroscopically confirmed member galaxies from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey and deep images from KiDS (reprocessed with our updated pipeline), we present the first robust measurement of IGL from a large group sample (∼ 750) down to 31-32 mag/arcsec^2 (varying in different stacked bins). We also compare our stacked IGL measurements to predictions from matched mock observations from the Hydrangea cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. Systematics in the imaging data can affect IGL measurements, even with our special-purpose pipeline. However, with a large sample and optimised analysis, we can place well-constrained upper and lower limits on the IGL fraction (3 - 21 per cent) for our group ensemble across $0.09łeq złeq 0.27$ and $12.5łeq M_ msun łeq 14.0$. This work explores the potential performance of stacked statistical analysis of diffuse light in large samples of systems from next-generation observational programs such as Euclid and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST).
Our comprehension of the history of star formation at z>3 strongly relies on rest-frame ultraviolet observations. However, this selection systematically misses the dustiest and most massive sources, resulting in an incomplete census at earlier times. Infrared facilities such as and the Space Telescope have shed light on a hidden population lying at z=3--6 characterised by extreme red colours named HIEROs (HST-to-IRAC extremely red objects), identified by the colour criterion ̋E - > 2.25. Recently, Euclid Early Release Observations (EROs) have opened the possibility to further study such objects, exploiting the comparison between Euclid and ancillary /IRAC observations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of this synergy in characterising the population of a small test area of 232,arcmin2$. We utilised catalogues in the Perseus field across the VIS and NISP bands, supplemented by data from the four Spitzer James Webb ch2 Spitzer Spitzer channels and several ground-based MegaCam bands ( , , , $ u g r ̊m H ,α$, i , and ) already included in the ERO catalogue. We selected 121 HIEROs by applying the ̋E - > 2.25 colour cut, cleaned this sample of globular clusters and brown dwarfs, and then inspected by eye the multi-band cutouts of each source, ending with 42 reliable HIEROs. Photometric redshifts and other physical properties of the final sample were estimated using the spectral-energy-distribution-fitting software . From the z_ z ch2 Bagpipes phot and M_* values, we computed the galaxy stellar mass function at $3.5<z<5.5. When we exclude all galaxies that could host an active galactic nucleus, or whose stellar masses might be overestimated, we still find that the high-mass end of the galaxy stellar mass function is similar to previous estimates, indicating that the true value could be even higher. This investigation highlights the importance of a deeper study of this still mysterious population, in particular to assess its contribution to the cosmic star-formation rate density and its agreement with current galaxy evolution and formation models. These early results demonstrate Euclid's capabilities to push the boundaries of our understanding of obscured star formation across a wide range of epochs.
A theoretical-methodological reflection must be situated at the beginning of any historical approach, with the aim of individualizing the discipline of the history of everyday (medieval) life and differentiating it as an independent branch of research.* The most important aspects of the investigation consist in: a) formulating clear questions and b) defining the goals of knowledge/understanding, to eliminate the risk of ending up with a simple collection of anecdotes – which, while undeniably captivating, cannot be considered science, and, consequently, becomes part of literature. In its elementary form, daily life is a simple manipulation of certain constants – the environment, people and things, understood through the daily repetition of certain activities, which become habits and are then performed mechanically. It is often stated that the history of everyday life does not have its own method, and it follows the analysis grids of history, more precisely of its auxiliary disciplines. Moreover, the history of everyday life remains dependent on the help of other sciences. In this context, the research is interdisciplinary, involving most of the auxiliary or frontier sciences of history: history of law, archaeology, literature and philology, music and art history, historical geography and ethnography, etc. Research schedule and analysis grid. Based on the historiographic documentation, the theoretical-methodological excursion and the identification of the potential and the limits of the available sources, the perspective that this study proposes is that of a research program dedicated to the reconstruction of the history of everyday life in the late medieval Transylvanian urban centres. The proposed approach is organized into three distinct sections: a) that of the recomposing of frames and the dynamics of daily urban life; b) that of revealing the fundamental structures of everyday life in cities and c) that of identifying the challenges and solutions assumed by the day-to-day existence of individuals, groups and the urban community. The chosen methodological model has been adopted and modified according to the analysis-interpretation grid proposed by Gerhard Jaritz, Zwischen Augenblick und Ewigkeit. Einführung in die Alltagsgeschichte des Mittelalters (Wien, Graz, Köln: Böhlau 1989), 15-26. Keywords: History of Everyday Life, Urban History, Transylvanian Saxons, Late Medieval and Premodern Archaeology and Material Culture, Late Medieval and Premodern Transylvania
Background: Late onset Pompe disease (LOPD), rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease, resulting from mutation in alpha glucosidase enzyme (GAA) can present even in 6th decade of life. Slowly progressive, subtle, limb girdle pattern of weakness (LGPW), with auxiliary features such as ptosis, enlarged tongue, axial rigidity, facial diplegia, variable degree of respiratory weakness is not uncommon. Hypertrophic and electrical cardiac abnormalities are well described in LOPD. Methods: We present a case of 67-year-old male presenting with proximal weakness, subtle ptosis, bilateral quadriceps and shoulder girdle atrophy, and left toe numbness. PMHx: CABG, NSTEMI. Statin use. FMHx: noncontributory. Results: EMG: L5 radiculopathy, with unexpected myopathic units in hip/pelvic/ shoulder girdle muscles with active denervation and muscle irritability. CK, CRP, SPEP, ANA, LFTs, HMG-CoA reductase: normal. GAA enzymatic activity=0.96µmol/L/hr (low), genetics: pathogenic variants in GAA gene: c.-32-13T>G and c.1194+3G>C. ECHO: severe diastolic dysfunction, restrictive left ventricular filling. PFTs: normal. Diagnosed with LOPD, started on therapy. Conclusions: LOPD remains a differential for LGPW especially in older patient population with history of cardiopulmonary features. Age-appropriate conconminant pathologies may confound the diagnostic process.Symptoms may preceed diagnosis for years.GAA enzymatic activity followed by genetic testing remains readily available and can confirm diagnosis, preventing delay of approved therapy.
The article applies the principle of art color science, through the analysis of the physiological and psychological characteristics of the elderly group and the various feelings of the color environment of the housing interior space, and carries out a series of research on the color matching method of the housing interior space of the elderly. Artistic color theory is a theory about color, and as a research method, it takes "color" as the focus, not just as an ordinary or auxiliary element, but as the "center" to be considered. The researcher can identify the "central" element of color through the artwork, explore the history of color development, color techniques and expressions, color symbols, and cultural symbolism, as well as the symbolic meaning and significance of ethnicity, nation, or country implied by color in the artwork, Art colorism, as a theory and method of interpreting the artwork.
Abstract With the popularization of big data technology, intelligent translation technology gradually rises and is applied in daily life, and this paper explores its utility in English writing. English writing can benefit from the auxiliary utility of Big Data intelligent translation The grammatical error correction model for intelligent English translation is constructed based on statistical classification and deep classification to optimize the English translation system. Through the performance testing of the intelligent translation system, the performance of the algorithm model of this paper is improved by 3.03, 2.64, and 8.55 compared with CYK, CYK-PU, and the shift-and-return algorithm, based on which the intelligent translation system is applied to English writing for the evaluation and analysis of the effect, and the reliability coefficients of the three scales are greater than 0.9 through the reliability and validity test and correlation analysis. Finally, a practical analysis of the auxiliary utility of intelligent translation in English writing is conducted. Finally, the auxiliary utility of intelligent translation in English writing is practically analyzed, and in the final achievement test, its various ability test scores and comprehensive achievement scores are all greater than 0.9. An intelligent translation system can help cultivate and improve English writing ability, which enhances the realistic reference significance of intelligent translation to aid English writing.
The article examines the long-term collaboration of Rem Aleksandrovich Simonov with the Department of Auxiliary Historical Disciplines of the Institute of History and Archives of the Russian State University for the Humanities. The participation of the scientist in annual scientific conferences held by the Depart- ment is analyzed. The participation of the researcher in the Scientific Seminar on Heraldry and Auxiliary Historical Disciplines is considered. The contribution of R.A. Simonov to the development of historical chronology, metrology, heraldry, emblems, the history of natural science and mathematical thought of Ancient and Medieval Russia is noted.
E. Indrayani, Hastin Ika Indriyastuti, Ika Findi Julianti
Background: The postpartum period was a phase experienced by every woman after giving birth. This postpartum period lasted from the time the placenta was delivered until 6 weeks after birth or 42 days after birth. Visits during childbirth were often considered unimportant by health workers because they felt good and the process proceeded smoothly. One bridge to optimize postnatal education efforts was through family involvement. Mothers with family support through the implementation of family-centered maternity care (FCMC) were expected to have optimal abilities in adapting maternally during the postpartum period, as well as the ability to care for babies; Method: This scientific paper employed quantitative research, with a causal study design, which was a method applied to understand individuals more deeply by practicing it in an integrative and comprehensive manner. It was carried out for 2 weeks by providing knowledge using booklets as auxiliary media. Respondents were 5 people in the postpartum mother category with a history of giving birth to their first child and were obtained through observation and documentation; Results: From the application of education to postpartum mothers using booklets for 5 respondents (100%), there was a change from the pre-test assessment, which was sufficient, to the post-test assessment, which changed to good; Conclusion: The application of family-centered maternity care education to postpartum mothers through booklets increased knowledge to be good;
Traditionally, the Kunstkamera is defined as a scientific and auxiliary institution (“laboratory”) of the Academy of Sciences, coming from the “Draft Regulations on the Establishment of the Academy of Sciences and Arts”. However, in the “Regulations of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts in St. Petersburg”, approved in 1747, the status of the library and the Kunstkamera had a different character, as they are defined in the Regulations as an independent institution within the Academy with its own management, staff and funding. Leadership should be concentrated in the hands of the librarian — he is the main commander under the president, and with him a non-commissioned librarian. The official alienation of the museum and the library resulted from many years of confrontation between the scientific community and I. D. Schumacher. This situation did not last long. However, this short period of activity of the Kunstkamera and the Library under the Regulations of 1747 shows what role librarian Schumacher played in the history of the Academy in the first half of the 18th century. In the Regulations of 1803 and the Charter of 1836, the library and the museums were classified as “scientific accessories” of the Academy. Peter's Kunstkamera ceased to exist as a universal encyclopedic museum on December 5, 1747, but from 1714 to 1747 the museum gained such potential that, despite a twenty-year period of conservation, it was revived in the last third of the 18th century in the status of first specialized offices, and then independent museums.
Quantitative history, defined as the use of mathematical and statistical methods in historical research and reliance on quantitative sources, is currently considered a focal area of interest within digital history/humanities. Despite its long tradition, and regardless of the types of tools used, quantitative history continues to provoke controversy among humanists. The aim of this article is to present the evolving significance of employing digitally assisted quantitative sources and methods in historical research and to attempt to define their place in the toolkit of the contemporary historian. A brief history of the use of quantitative methods in historical research and its specific characteristics is provided in the text. In particular, attention is paid to aspects such as the necessity of acquiring additional tools and language, the auxiliary nature of quantitative methods, the place of quantitative methods in the historian's research process, the significance of quantitative history in the context of open science ideals, and interdisciplinary research.
This article examines the biographical data of Lithuanian inhabitants who served during the Nazi occupation (1941-1944) in Kaunas National Labour Protection battalion (TDA), and in the Auxiliary Police Service (PPT) 1st and 2nd battalions, formed in August 1941 on TDA’s basis. The number of people they killed distinguishes these battalions from other Lithuanian self-defence units. Throughout the history of Lithuania no other military structure killed as many innocent people as they did. Among other reasons, these battalions were chosen because more data on them survived. The goal of the article is to answer the question on what motivated Lithuanian inhabitants to join these battalions. This historical cognitive question is also relevant because it was not researched in the works of other historians on the Nazi period in Lithuania. The clues about the motives for joining these battalions can only be evaluated as hypotheses, the validity of which should be either confirmed or denied. The facts on the battalions’ participation in exterminating Jews and other groups of people leads one to the impression that Lithuanians joined these as well as other Nazi battalions with the incentive to murder. After completing the research on the biographical data it was ascertained that the opinion about joining for the motive of murder was not correct. This is confirmed by the circumstance that when joining the self-defence battalions, people were not aware that they would have to take part in the extermination operations of Jews and other groups. The troops were divided into four groups according to their motives for enrolling in military structures: 1) Patriots; 2) Unemployed and other jobseekers; 3) victims; 4) the insecure. Such classification is not strict, i.e. some persons can be attributed to several groups. By analysing the biographical facts of the troops who served in these battalions it was established that their motive for joining them was their patriotic inclinations, desire to have a job and receive payment, ambition to avenge the wrongs of the Soviet regime, willingness to avoid punishment for joining the Soviet regime, deportation to labour camps in Germany and to escape the fate of prisoners of war. In determining these inner motives, not only historical knowledge, but also knowledge of other science disciplines was used. The analysis of biographical data suggests that the inhabitants of the land who joined the self-defence units were motivated not by one, but rather several motives. They saw Kaunas TDA, 1st and 2nd PPT battalions as a means to satisfy their own inner motives. These motives led them to enrol in these military units in summer and autumn of 1941.