Hasil untuk "America"

Caryn Bern

D. Bratzler, E. Dellinger, K. Olsen et al.

These guidelines were developed jointly by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Surgical Infection Society (SIS), and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). This work represents an update to the previously published ASHP Therapeutic Guidelines on Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery, as well as guidelines from IDSA and SIS. The guidelines are intended to provide practitioners with a standardized approach to the rational, safe, and effective use of antimicrobial agents for the prevention of surgical-site infections (SSIs) based on currently available clinical evidence and emerging issues. Prophylaxis refers to the prevention of an infection and can be characterized as primary prophylaxis, secondary prophylaxis, or eradication. Primary prophylaxis refers to the prevention of an initial infection. Secondary prophylaxis refers to the prevention of recurrence or reactivation of a preexisting infection. Eradication refers to the elimination of a colonized organism to prevent the development of an infection. These guidelines focus on primary perioperative prophylaxis.

N. Molodecky, I. Soon, D. Rabi et al.

M. Ghany, D. Strader, David L. Thomas et al.

D. Ge, J. Fellay, A. Thompson et al.

G. Polanczyk, M. S. de Lima, B. Horta et al.

L. Norgren, W. Hiatt, J. Dormandy et al.

G. Bernard, A. Artigas, K. Brigham et al.

James J. McCarthi, O. Canziani, N. Leary et al.

F. Weil, R. Putnam

Donna A. Cristo

G. Meehl, C. Tebaldi

A global coupled climate model shows that there is a distinct geographic pattern to future changes in heat waves. Model results for areas of Europe and North America, associated with the severe heat waves in Chicago in 1995 and Paris in 2003, show that future heat waves in these areas will become more intense, more frequent, and longer lasting in the second half of the 21st century. Observations and the model show that present-day heat waves over Europe and North America coincide with a specific atmospheric circulation pattern that is intensified by ongoing increases in greenhouse gases, indicating that it will produce more severe heat waves in those regions in the future.

R. Gordon, C. Demets, S. Stein et al.

T. Storer, F. H. Kortright

R. Ridgely, G. Tudor, W. L. Brown

C. Stevens, E. Freedman, John D’Emilio

Md Shadab Alam, Olena Bazilinska, Pavlo Bazilinskyy

We introduce CROWD (City Road Observations With Dashcams), a manually curated dataset of ordinary, minute scale, temporally contiguous, unedited, front facing urban dashcam segments screened and segmented from publicly available YouTube videos. CROWD is designed to support cross-domain robustness and interaction analysis by prioritising routine driving and explicitly excluding crashes, crash aftermath, and other edited or incident-focused content. The release contains 51,753 segment records spanning 20,275.56 hours (42,032 videos), covering 7,103 named inhabited places in 238 countries and territories across all six inhabited continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania), with segment level manual labels for time of day (day or night) and vehicle type. To lower the barrier for benchmarking, we provide per-segment CSV files of machine-generated detections for all 80 MS-COCO classes produced with YOLOv11x, together with segment-local multi-object tracks (BoT-SORT); e.g. person, bicycle, motorcycle, car, bus, truck, traffic light, stop sign, etc. CROWD is distributed as video identifiers with segment boundaries and derived annotations, enabling reproducible research without redistributing the underlying videos.

Bosong Zhang, Timothy M. Merlis

The spatial pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) plays a central role in shaping the climate system, yet the influence of land surface temperature (LST) remains poorly understood. Using a state-of-the-art coupled ocean--land--atmosphere model, we examine the model's response to regional LST perturbations imposed through LST nudging and idealized time-dependent ramp warming simulations. We find that LST warming over South America strengthens the tropical Pacific zonal SST gradient, yielding a more La Niña--like mean state. Enhanced LST increases the zonal contrast in diabatic heating and excites stationary Rossby wave responses, which reinforce alongshore winds and coastal upwelling in the eastern Pacific. This provides a dynamical pathway linking regional land warming to changes in the equatorial Pacific mean state. Similar responses are found for warming over North America, accompanied by North Pacific cooling, and for warming over Central Africa, coupled with tropical Atlantic cooling. In contrast, warming over the Maritime Continent or the Tibetan Plateau does not induce significant SST pattern changes. Historical simulations nudged toward observed LST exhibit cooling in the tropical southeast Pacific, with the tentative implication that uncertainty in LST may contribute to model-simulated SST biases during the historical period.

Zepeng Cheng, Zhiwen Chen, Mingfeng Wang et al.

In this study, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to investigate the thermal decomposition characteristics and kinetic parameters of eucalyptus sawdust at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 ℃/min (20–900℃) under a nitrogen atmosphere (99.99 %, 30 mL/min). The pyrolysis process of eucalyptus sawdust was divided into three stages: drying and preheating (DH), fast weight-losing pyrolysis (FP) and carbon growing (CG). Mechanism function fitting determined that the DH and FP stages followed follow n-order reaction and Jander-type 3D diffusion, respectively. The activation energy (E), pre-exponential factor logarithm (lgA) and reaction order (n) of the DH and FP stages are 82.42 and 143.40 kJ/mol, 10.77 and 9.00 s−1, and 2.58 and 2.00, respectively. The results are highly consistent with the E and lgA values estimated by FWO and Friedman methods in the conversion rate (α) range of 0.2–0.8. For the CG stage, a new reaction process fitting equation (α=0.8695β0.1319lnT−5.0275β0.1442) was developed by numerical simulation of fitting α, temperature (T) and heating rate (β). The high coefficient of determination (R2>0.9700) confirms the equation's reliability. This study provides crucial theoretical support for optimizing the pyrolysis process of eucalyptus sawdust and guiding the reactor design.

Gianna Williams, Maya De Los Santos, Alexandra To et al.

The global AI surge demands crowdworkers from diverse languages and cultures. They are pivotal in labeling data for enabling global AI systems. Despite global significance, research has primarily focused on understanding the perspectives and experiences of US and India crowdworkers, leaving a notable gap. To bridge this, we conducted a survey with 100 crowdworkers across 16 Latin American and Caribbean countries. We discovered that these workers exhibited pride and respect for their digital labor, with strong support and admiration from their families. Notably, crowd work was also seen as a stepping stone to financial and professional independence. Surprisingly, despite wanting more connection, these workers also felt isolated from peers and doubtful of others' labor quality. They resisted collaboration and gender-based tools, valuing gender-neutrality. Our work advances HCI understanding of Latin American and Caribbean crowdwork, offering insights for digital resistance tools for the region.