Hasil untuk "Zoology"

A. Croft

University of London, University College faculty of Medical Sciences) : University Centre for Preliminary and Intermediate Medical Studies.?The College ^acuity of Medical Sciences comprises the departments physics, chemistry, botany, and zoology (the preliminary medical sciences), also the departments of '""'atomy, physiology, and pharmacology (the intermediate Medical sciences), and the department of hygiene and 1'iblic health (post-graduate study). Composition Fees W the courses required by the University of London : '1) For the first medical course, 35 guineas, entitling to f,I1e attendance. (2) For the second medical course, ^ guineas, payable in two instalments of 40 guineas each, ^his fee entitles to attendance on anatomy and physiology *Wing three years, and to one attendance on organic ai)(l applied chemistry, pharmacology and materia medica, *nd to the privileges of the Union Society (including the ^Se of the gymnasium and the athletic ground at Perivale) for two sessions. For the medical education Squired by the Examination Board in England and the -ociety of Apothecaries : First examination, Parts I., II., ttl., 29 guineas, entitling to one attendance and

Charles C. Elton

J. L. Peters

A SINGLE work giving a complete list of the birds of the world had not been published for more than thirty years, during which time very many new forms had been described and much revision had been made in classification and nomenclature. The list which Mr. Peters, of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, is compiling, and of which this is the first of ten volumes, will therefore be an invaluable work of reference for ornithologists if the remainder of the task can be accomplished without too great delay. The information given is restricted to the names of the genera, species, and sub-species, the authorities for these, abbreviated synonymies, and summaries of the distribution of each form. On many controversial points of nomenclature and validity the author has necessarily had to follow his own judgment, but apart from differences of opinion in this regard, there is likely to be little criticism of the way in which he has begun his great labour. The arrangement and the typography are admirably clear.Check-List of Birds of the World.James LeePetersBy. Vol. 1. Pp. xviii + 345. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press London: Oxford University Press, 1931.) 17s. 6d. net.

V. Hamburger, R. Levi‐montalcini

Geon A Kim, Mi-Jin Lee, Eun Pyo Kim et al.

BYVET JOINT HEAL^TM (BJH) contains mucopolysaccharide protein, chondroitin sulfate, type II collagen, and omega-3 fatty acids, which protect and prevent osteoarthritis (OA)-associated tissue damage and degradation in dogs and cats. This study aimed to generate a novel dietary supplement and evaluate its prevention and therapeutic efficacy in an OA Sprague Dawley rat model induced using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). Negative control, MIA-induced OA control (MIA), OA rats treated with BJH three weeks after (M+BJH3) and those treated two weeks before and three weeks after OA induction (BJH2+M+BJH3) groups were assigned. M+BJH3 and BJH2+M+BJH3 had similar mean body weight increases until 29 days. BJH2+M+BJH3 showed a significantly higher body weight than M+BJH3 and MIA on the final day. Interleukin-1β in BJH2+M+BJH3 was significantly lower than that in MIA. Tumor necrosis factor-α, aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinases13, and cyclooxygenase-2 levels in M+BJH3 and BJH2+M+BJH3 significantly differed compared to those in MIA. BJH administration before OA induction significantly decreased OA severity and functional recovery. Consuming a BJH supplement showed modifying and chondroprotective effects and significantly reduced cartilage degeneration and inflammation with no side effects. Hence, our findings demonstrate the potential of using BJH as a safe therapeutic and preventive supplement for OA and associated cartilage abnormalities. Also, 30 dogs diagnosed with OA by a veterinarian participated in the clinical trial, and BJH was provided for 8 weeks. Blood tests (CBC, serum chemistry) and joint assessment were performed before and after the feeding, and the effects of a BJH supplement were compared. BJH supplement was easy to administer, and no side effects were reported. Feeding BJH supplementation alone to dogs with arthritis had an overall positive effect on arthritis scores for 8 weeks without any other treatment, including non-steroidal drugs.

Sofía Huelbes, May Gómez, Ico Martínez et al.

Microplastic pollution in the ocean is a growing problem. It affects the entire ecosystem and, therefore, the species that inhabit it. Plastics can be filtered or ingested by organisms, entering and negatively affecting individuals. Among the populations affected are crustaceans. In previous studies, fibers have been found mainly in the stomach contents of these animals, although other types, such as pellets, have also been found. This study examines the presence of microplastics in <i>Cronius ruber</i>, an invasive crab species in the Canary Islands, and investigates their potential links to nearby wastewater discharges. A total of 63 crabs were sampled from four beaches in Gran Canaria in 2021, and their stomach contents were analyzed through alkaline digestion, filtration, and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR). Microplastics were detected in 52% of individuals; the particles averaged 0.7 ± 0.5 mm in length, with an average of 1.73 ± 1.02 particles per crab. Fibers constituted 89% of the microplastics, with blue and black being the predominant colors. Rayon, commonly used in textiles, was the most frequently identified polymer (52%), highlighting the role of wastewater from laundry processes as a significant pollution source. Beaches close to unauthorized wastewater discharges, such as Anfi del Mar (<i>n</i> = 3) and El Puertillo (<i>n</i> = 32), showed the highest contamination levels, with a frequency of occurrence (FO) of microplastic particles of 67% and 58%, respectively. Playa de Las Nieves was the one with the lowest contamination level (<i>n</i> = 22), with a frequency of occurrence of microplastic particles of 41%. This is the first study to document microplastic ingestion in <i>C. ruber</i>, raising concerns about its ecological presence and the potential bioaccumulation of contaminants in marine ecosystems. Further research is essential to understand the long-term consequences of microplastic exposure on invasive species and their possible roles in pollutant transfer through food webs.

Xiang-Yun Zhang, Zhi-Sheng Zhang, Lu-Yu Wang

The genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China is reviewed, including five species: A. aborigenica Zyuzin &amp;amp; Marusik, 1988, A. lignaria (Clerck, 1757), A. sterneri (Marusik, 1993), A. zang sp. nov. (♂♀) and A. zhangi sp. nov. (♂♀). Acantholycosa aborigenica and A. sterneri are recorded from China for the first time. Detailed descriptions are presented, along with photos of the habitus and copulatory organs, and a distribution map.

Clara Agustí, Xavier Manteca, Daniel García-Párraga et al.

Society is showing a growing concern about the welfare of cetaceans in captivity as well as cetaceans in the wild threatened by anthropogenic disturbances. The study of the physiological stress response is increasingly being used to address cetacean conservation and welfare issues. Within it, a newly described technique of extracting cortisol from epidermal desquamation may serve as a non-invasive, more integrated measure of a cetacean’s stress response and welfare. However, confounding factors are common when measuring glucocorticoid hormones. In this study, we validated a steroid hormone extraction protocol and the use of a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test to measure cortisol concentrations in common bottlenose dolphin (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>) and beluga (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>) epidermal samples. Moreover, we examined the effect of sample mass and body location on cortisol concentrations. Validation tests (i.e., assay specificity, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity) suggested that the method was suitable for the quantification of cortisol concentrations. Cortisol was extracted from small samples (0.01 g), but the amount of cortisol detected and the variability between duplicate extractions increased as the sample mass decreased. In common bottlenose dolphins, epidermal skin cortisol concentrations did not vary significantly across body locations while there was a significant effect of the individual. Overall, we present a contribution towards advancing and standardizing epidermis hormone assessments in cetaceans.

Morii Kiyohito, Sakamoto Yoshiko

Several studies have reported fragmentary evidence that climate change is altering the phenology and behavior of honey bees. We compiled records of off-season swarming of the Japanese honey bee (Apis cerana japonica) between autumn and winter to improve our understanding of the impact of climate change on the subspecies’ swarming phenology. Based on a survey of 311 beekeepers, eleven off-season swarming records were collected, with ten of them are from 2020 onward. The beekeepers who reported off-season swarming records had eight to twenty years of beekeeping experience, and they declared that they were witnessing off-season swarming for the first time, suggesting a recent increase. One possible factor contributing to the increase in off-season swarming is the temperature rise, as average autumn and winter temperatures in Japan have been increasing.

Sérgio da Costa Dias, Andressa Lima de Brida, Maguintontz Cedney Jean-Baptiste et al.

The spotted-wing drosophila, <i>Drosophila suzukii</i> (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a pest that reduces the productivity of small fruits. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and chemical insecticides can suppress this pest, but the compatibility of the two approaches together requires further examination. This laboratory study evaluated the compatibility of <i>Steinernema brazilense</i> IBCBn 06, <i>S. carpocapsae</i> IBCBn 02, <i>Heterorhabditis amazonensis</i> IBCBn 24, and <i>H. bacteriophora</i> HB with ten chemical insecticides registered for managing <i>D. suzukii</i> pupae. In the first study, most insecticides at the recommended rate did not reduce the viability (% of living infective juveniles (IJs)) of <i>S. braziliense</i> and both <i>Heterorhabditis</i> species. The viability of <i>S. carpocapsae</i> was lowered by exposure to spinetoram, malathion, abamectin, azadirachtin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, and spinetoram after 48 h. During infectivity bioassays, phosmet was compatible with all the EPNs, causing minimal changes in infectivity (% pupal mortality) and efficiency relative to EPN-only controls, whereas lambda-cyhalothrin generally reduced infectivity of EPNs on <i>D. suzukii</i> pupae the most, with a 53, 75, 57, and 13% reduction in infectivity efficiency among <i>H. bacteriophora, H. amazonensis, S. carpocapsae</i>, and <i>S. brazilense</i>, respectively. The second study compared pupal mortality caused by the two most compatible nematode species and five insecticides in various combinations. Both <i>Heterorhabditis</i> species caused 78–79% mortality among <i>D. suzukii</i> pupae when used alone, and were tested in combination with spinetoram, malathion, azadirachtin, phosmet, or novaluron at a one-quarter rate. Notably, <i>H. bacteriophora</i> caused 79% mortality on <i>D. suzukii</i> pupae when used alone, and 89% mortality when combined with spinetoram, showing an additive effect. Novaluron drastically reduced the number of progeny IJs when combined with <i>H. amazonensis</i> by 270 IJs and <i>H. bacteriophora</i> by 218. Any adult flies that emerged from EPN–insecticide-treated pupae had a shorter lifespan than from untreated pupae. The combined use of <i>Heterorhabditis</i> and compatible chemical insecticides was promising, except for novaluron.

Jakob Thyrring, Colin D Macleod, Katie E Marshall et al.

Ongoing climate change has caused rapidly increasing temperatures and an unprecedented decline in seawater pH, known as ocean acidification. Increasing temperatures are redistributing species toward higher and cooler latitudes that are most affected by ocean acidification. While the persistence of intertidal species in cold environments is related to their capacity to resist sub-zero air temperatures, studies have never considered the interacting impacts of ocean acidification and freeze stress on species survival and distribution. Here, a full-factorial experiment was used to study whether ocean acidification increases mortality in subtidal Mytilus trossulus and subtidal M. galloprovincialis, and intertidal M. trossulus following sub-zero air temperature exposure. We examined physiological processes behind variation in freeze tolerance using 1H NMR metabolomics, analyses of fatty acids, and amino acid composition. We show that low pH conditions (pH = 7.5) significantly decrease freeze tolerance in both intertidal and subtidal populations of Mytilus spp. Under current day pH conditions (pH = 7.9), intertidal M. trossulus was more freeze tolerant than subtidal M. trossulus and subtidal M. galloprovincialis. Conversely, under low pH conditions, subtidal M. trossulus was more freeze tolerant than the other mussel categories. Differences in the concentration of various metabolites (cryoprotectants) or in the composition of amino acids and fatty acids could not explain the decrease in survival. These results suggest that ocean acidification can offset the poleward range expansions facilitated by warming and that reduced freeze tolerance could result in a range contraction if temperatures become lethal at the equatorward edge.

Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Shendy Canadya Kurniawan, Abdullah Hasib et al.

An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus) causes severe damage to mammals&apos; central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000–59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(11.000): 1385-1399]

R. Wilson

Qiqi Shi, Congshan Liu, Lele Huo et al.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by infection with the larvae of <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i>, is a neglected tropical disease and zoonosis that causes remarkable morbidity in humans and has economic importance in the livestock industry worldwide. The growth of this parasite resembles the invasion and proliferation of malignant tumours. Microtubules, especially the β-tubulin subunit in the exposed end, are the targets of many antitumour drugs. However, the role of TUBB3, which is the most studied isotype in solid tumours and is also a marker of biological aggressiveness associated with the modulation of tumour metastatic abilities in the growth and development of platyhelminths, is unknown. In this study, protoscoleces (PSCs) are cultivated in monophasic medium in vitro. Using electroporated short interfering RNA (siRNA), EmTUBB3 knockdown was performed with two EmTUBB3-specific siRNAs (siRNA-1 and siRNA-2). qRT–PCR was performed to detect the expression of TUBB3. PSCs viability and the evagination rate and number of body contractions were quantified under a light microscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the ultra-morphological changes of the parasites. After siRNA interference, the EmTUBB3 expression in <i>E. multilocularis</i> PSCs was significantly reduced. Reduced viability, a decreased evagination rate and a decreased number of body contractions were also documented. In particular, shrinkage and roughness of the tegument were observed. Ultrastructural changes included marked damage to flame cells, cracked cilia structures enclosed in the cell body and ruptured microtubule structures. EmTUBB3 possibly plays a crucial role in tegument and flame cell integrity in <i>E. multilocularis</i> PSCs. Novel drugs targeting this specific beta-tubulin isotype in <i>E. multilocularis</i> are potential methods for disease control and deserve further attention.

Th.A. Ezzulddin, Dh.M. Jwher

The aim of this review was to demonstrate beneficial microorganisms in different areas of animal production, including large animals, poultry and fish. Microflora or beneficial microorganisms are well defined by several authors as "effective dietary supplement" which have beneficial effect on host's health. Comparative studies were carried out on several species of animals administered " Beneficial Microorganisms (BM)" active beneficial microorganism-had revealed a bundle of merits and advantages for the host as compared with the flora normally exist in the gastro-intestinal tract. The benefits include food supplementation as well as the protection of the lost against pathologic agent. Moreover, BM act as a biological factor in modulation microbiome of the digestive system as well as the adjustment of the reaction with the environment and to create a useful development of immunity response. The use of effective organisms is a useful strategy that has a clear impact on improvement of growth and increase feed conversion efficiency and body weight ratio and health parameters in animals.

H. Booth, D. Squires, E. Milner‐Gulland

Hollie Booth* a,b, Dale Squires c, E.J. Milner-Gullanda a) The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK. hollie.booth@ox.zoo.ox.uk; ej.milnergulland@zoo.ox.ac.uk b) Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, The Bronx, NY 10460, United States c) Southwest Fisheries Science Centre, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, San Diego, CA, USA, 8901. dale.squires@noaa.gov *Corresponding author

T. Bosch, M. McFall-Ngai

Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim, O. El-tawil, S. Bungău et al.

Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410028, Romania The Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

D. Jacoby, F. Ferretti, R. Freeman et al.

1Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK; 2Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; 3Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA; 4School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA; 5Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA and 6The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia