Hasil untuk "Military Science"

M. Meselson, J. Guillemin, M. Hugh-Jones et al.

Scott Snook

R. Raj, A. Kos

Intelligent mobile robots that can move independently were laid out in the real world around 100 years ago during the second world war after advancements in computer science. Since then, mobile robot research has transformed robotics and information engineering. For example, robots were crucial in military applications, especially in teleoperations, when they emerged during the second world war era. Furthermore, after the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in robotics, they became autonomous or more intelligent. Currently, mobile robots have been implemented in many applications like defense, security, freight, pattern recognition, medical treatment, mail delivery, infrastructure inspection and developments, passenger travel, and many more because they are more intelligent nowadays with artificial intelligence technology. To study the developments of mobile robots, we have studied an extensive literature survey of the last 50 years. In this article, we discuss a complete century of mobile robotics research, major sensors used in robotics, some major applications of mobile robots, and their impact on our lives and in applied engineering.

Yaobing Min, Ning Xie, Yankai Ma et al.

The conservation properties of high-order finite difference schemes have consistently been questioned, limiting their application in complex engineering problems. Based on the symmetric conservative metric method (SCMM), high-order weighted compact nonlinear schemes (WCNS) exhibit geometric conservation properties comparable to those of the finite volume method. However, their global conservation properties have not been fully addressed. This paper introduces a uniformly high-order WCNS scheme on equidistant grids, where the integral weights at all solution points are treated as unknowns and directly solved numerically to ensure exact satisfaction of global conservation. Theoretical analysis provides four constraint conditions that the integral weights should satisfy, which are then validated through targeted numerical experiments. Additionally, we examine the impact of the global conservation property on the simulation results of high-order finite difference schemes. The findings of this study can inform the design of high-order boundary difference schemes and numerical integration methods for engineering applications.

S. Radenkovic, M. Dugic, I. Radojevic

The answers on the current status and future development of Quantum Science and Technology are presented.

Anna Heffernan

LISA, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, due to launch mid-2035, is a large class space mission by the European Space Agency (ESA). In partnership with NASA and ESA-member states, ESA is on track to launch what is expected to be the first space-based gravitational wave detector. By hosting detectors in space, one gains access to a lower frequency band of gravitational wave sources and with them, a plethora of new science. To maximise this scientific gain, ESA and NASA selected 20 scientists for the LISA Science Team, to carry out and/or lead necessary actions on the run up to LISA launch. We give a short overview and update of the LISA mission, some of its science objectives and related waveforms, as well as the work of the LISA Science Team as of December 2025.

I. C. Lim, W. Tam, Agata Chudzicka‐Czupała et al.

Background With the rise of fragility, conflict and violence (FCV), understanding the prevalence and risk factors associated with mental disorders is beneficial to direct aid to vulnerable groups. To better understand mental disorders depending on the population and the timeframe, we performed a systematic review to investigate the aggregate prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms among both civilian and military population exposed to war. Methods We used MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Embase to identify studies published from inception or 1–Jan, 1945 (whichever earlier), to 31–May, 2022, to reporting on the prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms using structured clinical interviews and validated questionnaires as well as variables known to be associated with prevalence to perform meta-regression. We then used random-effects bivariate meta-analysis models to estimate the aggregate prevalence rate. Results The aggregate prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress during times of conflict or war were 28.9, 30.7, and 23.5%, respectively. Our results indicate a significant difference in the levels of depression and anxiety, but not post-traumatic stress, between the civilian group and the military group respectively (depression 34.7 vs 21.1%, p < 0.001; anxiety 38.6 vs 16.2%, p < 0.001; post-traumatic stress: 25.7 vs 21.3%, p = 0.256). The aggregate prevalence of depression during the wars was 38.7% (95% CI: 30.0–48.3, I2 = 98.1%), while the aggregate prevalence of depression post-wars was 29.1% (95% CI: 24.7–33.9, I2 = 99.2%). The aggregate prevalence of anxiety during the wars was 43.4% (95% CI: 27.5–60.7, I2 = 98.6%), while the aggregate prevalence of anxiety post-wars was 30.3% (95% CI: 24.5–36.9, I2 = 99.2%). The subgroup analysis showed significant difference in prevalence of depression, and anxiety between the civilians and military group (p < 0.001). Conclusion The aggregate prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in populations experiencing FCV are 28.9, 30.7, and 23.5%, respectively. There is a significant difference in prevalence of depression and anxiety between civilians and the military personnels. Our results show that there is a significant difference in the prevalence of depression and anxiety among individuals in areas affected by FCV during the wars compared to after the wars. Overall, these results highlight that mental health in times of conflict is a public health issue that cannot be ignored, and that appropriate aid made available to at risk populations can reduce the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms during time of FCV. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=337486, Identifier 337486.

R. Ahmad

Charmaine Chua, Martin Danyluk, Deborah E. Cowen et al.

Since the mid-20th century, logistics has evolved into a wide-ranging science of circulation involved in planning and managing flows of innumerable kinds. In this introductory essay, we take stock of the ascendancy and proliferation of logistics, proposing a critical engagement with the field. We argue that logistics is not limited to the management of supply chains, military or corporate. Rather, it is better understood as a calculative logic and spatial practice of circulation that is at the fore of the reorganization of capitalism and war. Viewed from this perspective, the rise of logistics has transformed not only the physical movement of materials but also the very rationality by which space is organized. It has remade economic and military space according to a universalizing logic of abstract flow, exacerbating existing patterns of uneven geographical development. Drawing on the articles that make up this themed issue, we propose that a critical approach to logistics is characterized by three core commitments: (1) a rejection of the field’s self-depiction as an apolitical science of management, along with a commitment to highlighting the relations of power and acts of violence that underpin it; (2) an interest in exposing the flaws, irrationalities, and vulnerabilities of logistical regimes; and (3) an orientation toward contestation and struggle within logistical networks.

Gabriel Jekateryńczuk, Zbigniew Piotrowski

This study is a survey of sound source localization and detection methods. The study provides a detailed classification of the methods used in the fields of science mentioned above. It classifies sound source localization systems based on criteria found in the literature. Moreover, an analysis of classic methods based on the propagation model and methods based on machine learning and deep learning techniques has been carried out. Attention has been paid to providing the most detailed information on the possibility of using physical phenomena, mathematical relationships, and artificial intelligence to determine sound source localization. Additionally, the article underscores the significance of these methods within both military and civil contexts. The study culminates with a discussion of forthcoming trends in the realms of acoustic detection and localization. The primary objective of this research is to serve as a valuable resource for selecting the most suitable approach within this domain.

Shuoyi Ma, Erzhuo Xia, Miao Zhang et al.

Abstract Background/aims The molecular mechanisms driving nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression are poorly understood. This research examines the involvement of chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA) in NASH progression. Methods Hepatic CMA activity was analysed in NASH mice and patients. Lysosome‐associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP2A) was knocked down or overexpressed to assess the effects of hepatocyte‐specific CMA on NASH progression. Mice received a high‐fat diet or a methionine and choline‐deficient diet to induce NASH. Palmitic acid was employed to mimic lipotoxicity‐induced hepatocyte damage in vitro. The promoter activity of FOXM1 was evaluated via ChIP and dual‐luciferase reporter assays. Results Hepatic CMA activity was substantially low in NASH mice and patients. LAMP2A knockdown resulted in hepatocyte‐specific CMA deficiency, which promoted fibrosis and hepatic inflammation in NASH mice. Both in vitro and in vivo, CMA deficiency also exacerbated hepatocyte damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mechanistically, CMA deficiency in hepatocytes increased cholesterol accumulation by blocking the degradation of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCR), a key cholesterol synthesis‐related enzyme, and the accumulated cholesterol subsequently induced ER stress and hepatocyte damage. The restoration of hepatocyte‐specific CMA activity effectively ameliorated diet‐induced NASH and ER stress in vivo and in vitro. FOXM1 directly bound to LAMP2A promoter and negatively regulated its transcription. The upregulation of FOXM1 expression impaired CMA and enhanced ER stress, which in turn increased FOXM1 expression, resulting in a vicious cycle and promoting NASH development. Conclusions This study highlights the significance of the FOXM1/CMA/ER stress axis in NASH progression and proposes novel therapeutic targets for NASH. Key points Chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA) deficiency in hepatocytes promotes hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by inducing cholesterol accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Upregulated FOXM1 impairs CMA by suppressing the transcription of lysosome‐associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP2A), a rate‐limiting component of CMA. ER stress increases FOXM1 expression and cholesterol accumulation. FOXM1/CMA/ER stress axis forms a vicious circle and promotes the development of NASH.

XUE Ying

In order to solve the problem that blockchain data cannot be tampered with after being uploaded, which will increase the risk of privacy leakage, an asymmetric encryption and secure transmission method of blockchain data under trust is proposed. Through direct trust measurement and asymmetric key mechanism, data processing is optimized and transmission security is enhanced. Authenticate encrypted data in the blockchain organization, distribute key information, determine the number of transmission rounds, and design a secure transmission method. Through the simulation experiment on Ethereum platform, the data encryption and decryption processing ability and node identity authentication ability under different encryption methods are compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that the encryption and decryption rate of asymmetric encryption method considering trust is close to the standard packet rate, and the maximum value of data packet is 461 byte and the minimum value is 399 byte, which is always within the predetermined standard range, showing high processing efficiency and security. The accuracy of authentication is 97.5%, the recall rate is 98.1%, and the F1 score is 0.977. It is proved that this method can effectively improve the security of data transmission and network performance, while maintaining the high efficiency of data processing.

Ali Sanaei, Ali Rajabzadeh

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized by researchers across a wide range of domains, and qualitative social science is no exception; however, this adoption faces persistent challenges, including interpretive bias, low reliability, and weak auditability. We introduce a framework that situates LLM usage along two dimensions, interpretive depth and autonomy, thereby offering a straightforward way to classify LLM applications in qualitative research and to derive practical design recommendations. We present the state of the literature with respect to these two dimensions, based on all published social science papers available on Web of Science that use LLMs as a tool and not strictly as the subject of study. Rather than granting models expansive freedom, our approach encourages researchers to decompose tasks into manageable segments, much as they would when delegating work to capable undergraduate research assistants. By maintaining low levels of autonomy and selectively increasing interpretive depth only where warranted and under supervision, one can plausibly reap the benefits of LLMs while preserving transparency and reliability.

Iman Reihanian, Yunfei Hou, Yu Chen et al.

This paper surveys the use of Generative AI tools, such as ChatGPT and Claude, in computer science education, focusing on key aspects of accuracy, authenticity, and assessment. Through a literature review, we highlight both the challenges and opportunities these AI tools present. While Generative AI improves efficiency and supports creative student work, it raises concerns such as AI hallucinations, error propagation, bias, and blurred lines between AI-assisted and student-authored content. Human oversight is crucial for addressing these concerns. Existing literature recommends adopting hybrid assessment models that combine AI with human evaluation, developing bias detection frameworks, and promoting AI literacy for both students and educators. Our findings suggest that the successful integration of AI requires a balanced approach, considering ethical, pedagogical, and technical factors. Future research may explore enhancing AI accuracy, preserving academic integrity, and developing adaptive models that balance creativity with precision.

Jan Erik van Woerden, Gertjan Burghouts, Lotte Nijskens et al.

Vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP enable zero-shot classification by aligning images and text in a shared embedding space, offering advantages for defense applications with scarce labeled data. However, CLIP's robustness in challenging military environments, with partial occlusion and degraded signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), remains underexplored. We investigate CLIP variants' robustness to occlusion using a custom dataset of 18 military vehicle classes and evaluate using Normalized Area Under the Curve (NAUC) across occlusion percentages. Four key insights emerge: (1) Transformer-based CLIP models consistently outperform CNNs, (2) fine-grained, dispersed occlusions degrade performance more than larger contiguous occlusions, (3) despite improved accuracy, performance of linear-probed models sharply drops at around 35% occlusion, (4) by finetuning the model's backbone, this performance drop occurs at more than 60% occlusion. These results underscore the importance of occlusion-specific augmentations during training and the need for further exploration into patch-level sensitivity and architectural resilience for real-world deployment of CLIP.

Christoph Deppe, Gary S. Schaal

This study evaluates NATO ACT's cognitive warfare concept from a political science perspective, exploring its utility beyond military applications. Despite its growing presence in scholarly discourse, the concept's interdisciplinary nature has hindered a unified definition. By analyzing NATO's framework, developed with input from diverse disciplines and both military and civilian researchers, this paper seeks to assess its applicability to political science. It aims to bridge military and civilian research divides and refine NATO's cognitive warfare approach, offering significant implications for enhancing political science research and fostering integrated scholarly collaboration.

Григорій Капосльоз

Оскільки Збройні Сили України складають переважно мобілізовані військовослужбовці, призвані на невизначений термін, та які вже тривалий час ведуть бойові дії й зазнають впливу бойових стресорів як на тіло, так і на розум, питання розвитку їх здатності демонструвати стійкість функціонування психіки в бою є особливо актуальним. І хоча роль командирів у забезпеченні стійкості підлеглих у бою не може бути переоцінена, рівень їх підготовки проводити відповідну роботу бажає бути кращим. Окрім того, відмова від заступників з морально-психологічного забезпечення та покладання ключових функцій щодо організації розвитку, підтримання та відновлення психологічної готовності військовослужбовців на командирів та їх заступників може стати значною проблемою у забезпеченні стійкості особового складу на полі бою. Саме тому метою статті є дослідження та систематизація завдань, функцій, заходів, які мають проводити командири щодо забезпечення стійкості особового складу на полі бою. Для досягнення мети проведено теоретичне дослідження із застосуванням методів: ідеалізації, абстрагування та порівняння методологічних підходів; морфологічного моделювання діяльності командира; систематизації завдань, функцій командира та рекомендованих заходів забезпечення стійкості підлеглих у бою. У статті акцентовано увагу на нових викликах та вимогах, які сформовані впровадженням системи психологічної підтримки персоналу Збройних Сил України, представлено результати теоретичного дослідження діяльності командирів щодо забезпечення стійкого функціонування психіки військовослужбовців на полі бою, запропоновано чітко визначений перелік заходів рекомендованих командиру для проведення на етапах підготовки частин і підрозділів та їх застосування за призначенням. Безпосередня, управлінська діяльність командирів розглянута крізь призму лідерства та її впливу на стійкість військовослужбовців у бою. Реалізація запропонованих заходів дозволить організувати комплексну, постійну діяльність командирів, штабів, офіцерів психологів, кожного окремо взятого військовослужбовця щодо формування та підтримання соціально-психологічних ресурсів військовослужбовця необхідних для стійкого функціонування психіки та адекватних дій в екстремальних (загрози здоров’ю та життю особі та оточуючим, невизначеності, дефіциту часу на прийняття рішення, тощо) умовах.

Shuang-Ying Wang, Yi Cai, Xiao Hu et al.

Abstract Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common disease in elderly men. There is increasing evidence that periodontitis increases the risk of BPH, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of the key periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in the development of BPH. Methods The subgingival plaque (Sp) and prostatic fluid (Pf) of patients with BPH concurrent periodontitis were extracted and cultured for 16S rDNA sequencing. Ligature-induced periodontitis, testosterone-induced BPH and the composite models in rats were established. The P. gingivalis and its toxic factor P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P.g-LPS) were injected into the ventral lobe of prostate in rats to simulate its colonization of prostate. P.g-LPS was used to construct the prostate cell infection model for mechanism exploration. Results P. gingivalis, Streptococcus oralis, Capnocytophaga ochracea and other oral pathogens were simultaneously detected in the Pf and Sp of patients with BPH concurrent periodontitis, and the average relative abundance of P. gingivalis was found to be the highest. P. gingivalis was detected in both Pf and Sp in 62.5% of patients. Simultaneous periodontitis and BPH synergistically aggravated prostate histological changes. P. gingivalis and P.g-LPS infection could induce obvious hyperplasia of the prostate epithelium and stroma (epithelial thickness was 2.97- and 3.08-fold that of control group, respectively), and increase of collagen fibrosis (3.81- and 5.02-fold that of control group, respectively). P. gingivalis infection promoted prostate cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, and upregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6; 4.47-fold), interleukin-6 receptor-α (IL-6Rα; 5.74-fold) and glycoprotein 130 (gp130; 4.47-fold) in prostatic tissue. P.g-LPS could significantly inhibit cell apoptosis, promote mitosis and proliferation of cells. P.g-LPS activates the Akt pathway through IL-6/IL-6Rα/gp130 complex, which destroys the imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis of prostate cells, induces BPH. Conclusion P. gingivalis was abundant in the Pf of patients with BPH concurrent periodontitis. P. gingivalis infection can promote BPH, which may affect the progression of BPH via inflammation and the Akt signaling pathway.

Yue Wang, Fuping Sun, Xian Wang et al.

This paper realizes the full-domain collaborative deployment of multiple interference sources of the global satellite navigation system (GNSS) and evaluates the deployment effect to enhance the ability to disturb the attacker and the capability to defend the GNSS during navigation countermeasures. Key evaluation indicators for the jamming effect of GNSS suppressive and deceptive jamming sources are first created, their evaluation models are built, and their detection procedures are sorted out, as the basis for determining the deployment principles. The principles for collaboratively deploying multi-jamming sources are developed to obtain the deployment structures (including the required number, structures in demand, and corresponding positions) of three single interference sources required by collaboratively deploying. Accordingly, simulation and hardware-in-loop testing results are presented to determine a rational configuration of the collaborative deployment of multi-jamming sources in the set situation and further realize the full-domain deployment of an interference network from ground, air to space. Varied evaluation indices for the deployment effect are finally developed to evaluate the deployment effect of the proposed configuration and further verify its reliability and rationality.

Nishat Raihan, Mohammed Latif Siddiq, Joanna C. S. Santos et al.

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly better at a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks (NLP), such as text generation and understanding. Recently, these models have extended their capabilities to coding tasks, bridging the gap between natural languages (NL) and programming languages (PL). Foundational models such as the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) and LLaMA series have set strong baseline performances in various NL and PL tasks. Additionally, several models have been fine-tuned specifically for code generation, showing significant improvements in code-related applications. Both foundational and fine-tuned models are increasingly used in education, helping students write, debug, and understand code. We present a comprehensive systematic literature review to examine the impact of LLMs in computer science and computer engineering education. We analyze their effectiveness in enhancing the learning experience, supporting personalized education, and aiding educators in curriculum development. We address five research questions to uncover insights into how LLMs contribute to educational outcomes, identify challenges, and suggest directions for future research.