The purpose of the research is to identify the key discrepancies between the doctrinal interpretation of the rule of law element - the principle of legal certainty – and its practical implementation in the criminal law system of Ukraine. The article presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the principle of legal certainty of the law on criminal liability. The main approaches to understanding and interpreting the concept of legal certainty are revealed. It is established that legal certainty is an element of legal doctrine, a guarantee of fair trial and a universally recognized principle of law which establishes requirements for legal acts in terms of: logical presentation, clarity of wording, transparency, consistency and predictability of amendments. The author examines its role in ensuring the stability, predictability and fairness of criminal proceedings. It analyzes the major shortcomings of the legal regulation of the requirements of legal certainty of criminal law, specifically the absence of its formal enshrinement in national legislation. The main scientific studies, criminal legislation and judicial practice in this area are reviewed. The author identifies the primary factors hindering the implementation of the principle of legal certainty in Ukrainian criminal law: insufficient clarity of legal provisions, legal gaps and conflicts, legislative instability, broad discretionary powers of public authorities, inconsistency in judicial interpretation, and challenges in legal practice. It is stated that ensuring the certainty of the law on criminal liability is not only a theoretical issue but also a real practical problem which requires urgent solution. The article formulates conclusions regarding the current state of legal certainty in Ukrainian criminal law. It is established that the absence of a legislative definition of the concept of legal certainty, and the failure to identify and consolidate its main elements leads to its actual ineffectiveness. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the application of a comprehensive approach to analyzing the problem of legal certainty in criminal law, and in the combination of theoretical and practical aspects.
The article provides an in-depth analysis of the transformations of Ukrainian corporate law under the legal regime of martial law introduced in response to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The main trends in the legal regulation of corporate activity under the impact of external threats and crisis phenomena-such as disrupted communications, displacement of labor resources, physical destruction of assets and infrastructure-are identified. It is established that the specific features of corporate sector functioning during this period include the formalization of simplified procedures for convening general meetings, remote voting mechanisms, deferral of information disclosure obligations, automatic extension of managerial mandates, and suspension of certain licensing requirements. The focus is placed on the issues of compulsory seizure of corporate rights in strategically important companies, legal consequences of state intervention in the property sphere, and the risks of investment arbitration. The legal nature of sanctions restricting corporate rights of entities associated with the aggressor state is also examined. The paper analyzes prospects for post-conflict recovery of corporate governance, the role of digital instruments, the imperative of ensuring transparency, reinstatement of competitive selection procedures, and the independence of supervisory boards. Conclusions are drawn regarding the necessity of reforming corporate legislation based on the principles of sustainability, legal certainty, and a balanced relationship between public and private interests. In this context, the task of forming a new model of corporate regulation capable of operating effectively under conditions of legal uncertainty, security threats, and limited resources becomes increasingly urgent. It is demonstrated that martial law has served as a catalyst for the introduction of digital solutions in corporate governance, which should be preserved and institutionalized in peacetime. Issues concerning the protection of minority shareholders’ rights, equal access to participation in decision-making, and legal liability for violations of internal corporate procedures have gained particular significance.
The article is dedicated to analyzing the role and position of legal principles within the framework of criminal law. The author emphasizes the importance of researching the principles of law both from a theoretical perspective - aiming to understand the content and directions of the development of criminal law as a branch of law, and from a practical perspective, manifested during the direct application of measures of criminal legal influence on certain subjects of criminal legal relations. Legal principles express the essence and social purpose of law, so it is difficult to overestimate their significance. They reflect the fundamental values and ideals of society at a particular stage of its development. As these values and ideals change, the principles of law also evolve. The relevance of the research topic is driven by the lack of a unified approach among scholars in defining the principles of criminal law, as well as insufficient attention to them from the legislator. The author's goal is to formulate their own definition of the concept of criminal law principles. To achieve this goal, the author examines the fundamental approaches taken by various scholars in defining legal principles as a whole and specifically those in context of criminal law. Emphasizing the diversity of such approaches, the author focuses on defining legal principles within the framework of broad and narrow types of legal understanding. The article highlights key features of criminal law principles that correspond to the specific characteristics of criminal law as a legal field. Trends of incorporating legal principles into legal norms are also analyzed. Furthermore, the article separately explores the issue of incorporating criminal law principles in legal norms. The article is intended for further research in the given field, that hold prospects in the specified thematic area.
Введение: статья посвящена анализу механизмов правового регулирования генеративного контента в Российской Федерации, алгоритма его маркирования. Анализ действующего
законодательства показывает, что возрастание роли технологий искусственного интеллекта в современном обществе диктует необходимость совершенствования существующих, а
также разработки новых норм для правового регулирования оборота генеративного контента. Российский законодатель предпринимает первые попытки разработки законодательных
мер контроля за оборотом генеративного контента, однако в настоящее время отсутствует
даже унифицированное определение дипфейка как основополагающего понятия данной
сферы. Цель: на основе существующей классификации видов генеративного контента описать существующие виды его маркировки, представить определение дипфейка. Методы:
сравнительно-правовой, эмпирические методы описания, интерпретации, теоретические
методы формальной и диалектической логики, юридико-догматический и метод толкования
правовых норм. Результаты: анализ видов генеративного контента, целей его распространения демонстрирует необходимость создания эффективных правовых и технологических
механизмов регулирования. Разработаны теоретические положения о структуре субъектов
создания и распространения генеративного контента, предложены рекомендации по установлению их правовых обязанностей и ответственности. Выводы: механизмы правового регулирования генеративного контента на данном этапе сводятся к следующему: закрепление
обязанности технологических компаний и пользователей, создающих генеративный контент,
использовать водяные знаки для маркирования контента в целях информирования иных лиц
о генеративной природе контента; установление ответственности за отказ от маркировки
или удаление какого-либо вида маркировки, неправомерное использование биометрических
персональных данных для создания дипфейка; учет общественной опасности деяний, совершаемых с использованием дипфейка в качестве средства.
У статті проаналізовано проблеми захисту прав дітей у США, які склалися наприкінці ХІХ - на початку ХХ століття. Констатовано, що до кінця ХІХ ст. питання захисту дітей ніколи і ніде в світі не поставало. Розглянуто справу Мері Еллен Маккормак, яка зазнала жорстокого поводження з боку її усиновителів, та завдяки адвокату Елбріджа Джеррі була передана до Верховного суду США. Констатовано, що даний прецедент став першим задокументованим випадком жорстокого поводження з дітьми в історії Сполучених Штатах Америки, та й у світі в цілому.
Простежено за історією утворення Нью-Йорк- ського товариства із запобігання жорстокому поводженню з дітьми «NYSPCC», яке стало першою організацією у світі із захисту інтересів дітей. Розглянута його діяльність, яка полягала у юридичному захисті дітей, їх матеріальному забезпеченні, і порушенні їхніх прав та інтересів. Особливо шокуючими стало виявлення зловживань у приватних дитячих садках та будинках, де діти знаходилися у непридатних для проживання умовах, у той час як опікуни отримували від держави кошти на утримання дітей.
Наголошено, що заснування Нью-Йоркського товариства із запобігання жорстокому поводженню з дітьми «NYSPCC» стало запорукою змін у цій сфері. Його діяльність спонукала до швидкого формування інших товариств у Сполучених Штатах та ухвалення перших нормативно-правових актів, що гарантували права дітей та передбачали механізм їх захисту. Поступово відбувалася трансформація суспільної свідомості, що перебирало на себе відповідальність за захист неповнолітніх дітей.
Розглянуто процес утворення державних департаментів соціального забезпечення, соціальних послуг, охорони здоров'я та праці, які відкриваються у всіх штатах, а також Федерального дитячого бюро, яке було засноване у 1912 р. Воно стало першим національним урядовим офісом у світі, повноваження якого зосереджувалися на забезпеченні кращого благополуччя дітей та їхніх матерів.
Вивчено сфери діяльності Бюро, яке розробило цілий комплекс заходів, що полягали у запровадженні допологового догляду жінок, допомозі їм в народженні дитини, утворенню спеціалізованих дитячих клінік, запровадження інституту патронажної медсестри, сертифікованих молочних станцій для дитячого годування та підвищення освіченості серед жінок-матерів про заходи і потреби правильного догляду за дітьми заради подолання високої смертності немовлят.
Іншою сферою діяльності Дитячого бюро був контроль за використанням дитячої праці, а також просвітницька діяльність - публікація книг, де висвітлювалися тогочасні проблеми у сфері порушення прав дітей. Робота бюро позначилася і на законодавчих ініціативах. Так, проаналізовано закон Кітінга-Оуена 1916 р., який забороняв працю малолітніх, а також Закону Шеппарда-Таунера 1921 р., який виділив федеральні субсидії на державні програми охорони материнства та дитинства. Державному фінансуванню підлягали: навчання акушерок, просвітницька робота з батьками, відкриття центрів здоров'я, курси батьківства, запровадження стандартів та порядку ліцензування пологових будинків, збір даних про материнську та дитячу смертність.
Досліджено приписи Закону про соціальне забезпечення 1935 р., яким передбачалося фінансування програми допомоги дітям-утриманцям, малозабезпеченим сім'ям, утворення служби опіки над дітьми, яка уповноважувалася здійснювати нагляд за дотриманням прав дитини.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Transnational legal research often tends to overlook the local management of justice. It often moves too quickly from the local to the trans/global level, without taking the necessary time to investigate local practices. In addressing this research gap, my aim is to “re-localize“ studies within their geographical context and analyze the trans/national dynamics from within, using a bottom-up approach based on ethnography. This article presents a prolonged ethnography carried between 2017 and 2022 within French terrorism courts by a multidisciplinary team. The article provides an overview of the methodology, highlights the key finding, and offers a methodological framework for future empirical court studies, with the intention of supporting researchers in their future studies.
La investigación jurídica transnacional a menudo tiende a pasar por alto la gestión local de la justicia. A menudo pasa demasiado rápido del nivel local al trans/global, sin tomarse el tiempo necesario para investigar las prácticas locales. Al abordar esta laguna en la investigación, mi objetivo es “relocalizar” los estudios dentro de su contexto geográfico y analizar las dinámicas trans/nacionales desde dentro, utilizando un enfoque ascendente basado en la etnografía. Este artículo presenta una etnografía prolongada llevada a cabo entre 2017 y 2022 dentro de los tribunales de terrorismo franceses por un equipo multidisciplinar. El artículo proporciona una visión general de la metodología, destaca el hallazgo clave y ofrece un marco metodológico para futuros estudios empíricos de tribunales, con la intención de apoyar a los investigadores en sus futuros estudios.
Artificial intelligence is increasingly influential in contemporary society. Isaac Asimov's seminal work, “I, Robot”, introduced the foundational robotic laws that have inspired both fictional and real-world discussions. This study examines how Asimov's "laws" are reflected in the legislation of various nations and international organizations, and explores the justification for their inclusion in legal literature and dogmatics. The research focuses on issues related to the regulation of artificial intelligence, including the demarcation of robotics and relevant governmental regulations. Employing descriptive and comparative methods, the study is structured as follows: The first chapter addresses the ontological characteristics of artificial intelligence; the second chapter reviews the regulatory approaches of various states; and the third chapter explores the implications for potential perpetrators of AI-related offenses. Given the continuous advancement of technology, which enhances production efficiency, drives business innovation, and offers recreational benefits, the necessity for legal regulation of emerging pervasive technologies is evident. The findings suggest that the current EU legislation is designed to guide future regulatory developments and has incorporated significant aspects of Asimov's principles into its framework.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The author has studied the concept of covert embezzlement of the property of another, which is provided by the legislator and has analyzed the concepts revealed by leading scholars in the field of criminal law and in the field of criminalistics. The peculiarities inherent in theft in contrast to other lucrative criminal offenses have been highlighted. The statistical data for 2020 provided by the Office of the Prosecutor General regarding registered thefts on the territory of Ukraine have been analyzed. A statistical comparison of registered thefts with other lucrative criminal offenses and with all registered criminal offenses has been conducted.
The classification of covert embezzlement of the property of another provided by the legislator has been studied. The classifications of thefts provided by leading scholars in the field of criminalistics have been analyzed. The author has specified the criteria according to which the Office of the Prosecutor General classifies thefts. Each classification during its application in practice has been analyzed.
A separate type of thefts has been identified. The author has studied the devices by means of which the specified thefts are committed. The concept of devices used during the commission of thefts has been revealed. The author has provided courts verdicts on the territory of Ukraine on the fact of covert embezzlement of the property of another with the use of special devices. After the conducted analysis, the classification of thefts based on the acquired knowledge has been provided.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Information-communication technologies are one of the basic characteristics of modern society. The great needs of the today's economy and society for better and efficient products and services have caused continuous development of the technological sector. In that manner, artificial intelligence is one of the most significant phenomena in this sector. Artificial intelligence could be described as possibility of computer programs to replace human intelligence and work in many activities. The use of an artificial intelligence system has provided many benefits to people who no longer have to go to a bank or a store, can organize meetings online and conduct conversations digitally, etc. However, new technologies also carry many risks to rights and freedoms, such as the right to privacy, the right to protection of personal data, the right to liberty, etc. Having in mind the importance of artificial intelligence for modern society and future generations, the author has analysed the normative framework of artificial intelligence. The primary focus of the research is on the regulation of artificial intelligence in comparative law. For that purpose, the author used the strategic documents of the EU, USA and Peoples Republic of China, as a leader in the fields of artificial intelligence. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of future research on artificial intelligence in various legal fields, which will inevitably meet new technological phenomena.
Law of Europe, Comparative law. International uniform law
O presente artigo tem a pretensão de examinar a conexão epistemológica multidisciplinar que une o direito e a geopolítica, disciplinas que se imbricam de tal maneira que acabam desaguando na garantia de direitos fundamentais do cidadão comum. Isso significa dizer que a busca pelo desenvolvimento nacional deve ser feita sem se afastar dos pilares de sustentabilidade de um verdadeiro Estado Democrático de Direito. É nesse diapasão, portanto, que este artigo aspira contribuir para a abertura de novos espaços de reflexão científica dentro da teoria constitucional, fazendo-a alçar voo mais elevado em direção a um constitucionalismo dito estratégico, que se junta ao constitucionalismo principialista pós-positivista.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political science (General)
Kant and Hegel offer two very different accounts of contract as a transfer of rights. In this paper, I argue that Kant’s approach largely corresponds to that taken by the German legal system, in which the transfer of property rights arises separately from the original contractual obligation. Hegel’s account of contract is instead most comfortably associated with the approach taken by the French legal system, in which a contract is sufficient on its own to effect a full transfer of property rights. I conclude that only German law and Kantian transfer theory properly conceive of contract as an obligation, while the Hegelian and French approaches risk erasing the obligational content of contract entirely.
For Latin American countries, the character of a “prior crimes” of tax crimes has become relevant, representing one of the main criminal acts that provide the basis for money laundering. This document explores the implications (weaknesses to be overcome) of this specific legal scenario for the development and strengthening of the criminal justice system.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie praw i obowiązków, jakie przysługują konsumentowi na rynku usług bankowych, czego może się domagać od banku, a na co nie musi się zgadzać. Jeśli konsument wie, jakie uprawnienia są mu zagwarantowane z mocy obowiązującego prawa, może tę wiedzę wykorzystać w kontakcie z bankiem. Jednak rzadko kto wie, co jest zawarte w ustawach czy rozporządzeniach, ponieważ nie każdy zna prawo. Łacińska premia wywodząca się z prawa rzymskiego Ignorantia iuris nocet (nieznajomość prawa szkodzi), dobitnie odzwierciedla położenie konsumentów zarówno na ryku usług bankowych, jak i w całym obrocie gospodarczym. Tezą, która będzie dowodzona w niniejszym artykule, jest to, że znajomość praw i obowiązków może stanowić jeden ze skutecznych mechanizmów obronnych konsumenta na rynku usług bankowych? Artykuł oparty jest na badaniach przeprowadzonych na temat znajomości praw klienta na rynku usług bankowych.
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the pricing efficiency of the Malaysian crude palm oil (CPO) market before and after the structural break. This study uses the daily closing price of CPO and CPO futures (CPO-F) for the period ranging from June 2009 to August 2016 while taking structural breaks into account. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, symmetric and asymmetric long-run relationship model are employed, such as the Johansen cointegration, VECM, TAR and M-TAR models, to examine the impact of structural breaks on the pricing efficiency of the Malaysian CPO market. Findings - This finding establish that Malaysian CPO price is efficient before and after the structural break. The consistent efficiency of the Malaysian CPO market supports the trading of the CPO-F in Globex and the use of Malaysian CPO pricing as the reference price. This study establishes that a structural break in the Malaysian CPO price series does not affect the pricing efficiency of the market. Research limitations/implications - This study shows that using Malaysian CPO price as a reference price is sustainable even in the event of a structural break. Therefore, market participants in the Malaysian CPO market have less to worry about the CPO price as it supports the weak form of efficiency. Price deviation in the short run may not lead to arbitrage profit as transaction cost may not be covered.Practical implications - This study implies that if there is distortion in the price due to shocks, both manufacturers and producers need to hedge their positions in the futures market (subject to their positions in the underlying market). By entering into the futures market, pricing is locked in advance; hence, price risk is eliminated. Such a distortion could also affect the efficiency of the CPO price, therefore this study also addresses the issue of efficiency of the local CPO market. Originality/value - Previous studies on Malaysian CPO pricing efficiency did not take the effect of structural break into consideration, making it difficult for these studies to show consistency in the efficiency of the Malaysian CPO market.
The presented study aims to identify and to analyse key moments of evolution, present form as well as institutional support of international regime of air space in the spirit of existing customary, treaty and non-binding soft law norms of international public law, and briefly even in the spirit of rules of the European Union. Special attention will be paid to the issue of interaction between the international airspace regime and international environmental law in the area of protection of climate. These analyses will allow us to identify the most important problems and challenges of international aircraft law as one of the important sub-sections of international public law.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The relevance of Mayelane v Ngwenyama (2013 4 SA 415 (CC)) has not been exhausted. Particularly the constitutional mandate undertaken by the Constitutional Court to "develop" customary law deserves closer scrutiny. In Mayelane the Constitutional Court, in seeking to vindicate the dignity and equality of women in polygynous marriages, examines the validity of a second marriage in terms of "living" customary law. The Court applies customary law as a "primary" source of law, while it simultaneously promotes the values enshrined in the Constitution, however – bearing in mind that the constitutional values of dignity and equality have their roots in international rights law – the Court is in reality dealing with normative plurality spanning subnational (customary), national as well as international regimes. Furthermore, each of these systems is embedded in its own socio-cultural context, and therefore the liberal individualism of international law could be "foreign" in a customary context, which values communalism. Hence, it is asked whether courts can accommodate pluralism by simply transposing norms and values such as dignity and equality from one system to another, particularly in cases where the court sets out to "develop" customary law. It is argued that norms and values have to be interpreted and applied with reference to their particular context and audience. Thus, there is a need for courts to contextualise and attune, or "translate" norms, whenever they are applied to another system.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
En el marco de la trasformación que ha sufrido el régimen de derecho de familia hacia la inclusión de parejas del mismo sexo, la Corte Constitucional ha jugado un papel central y quizá solitario. En este artículo se analizan los principales fallos de la Corte Constitucional relativos a la unificación en el ámbito de protección a las parejas del mismo sexo, extrayendo de cada uno de ellos los elementos de creación jurisprudencial más relevantes. Con lo anterior se argumentará, entonces, que por medio de diversos instrumentos interpretativos, la Corte ha instrumentalizado sus fallos para ejercer su oportunidad política en dirección a la opinión prevalente por medio del condicionamiento de las sentencias de constitucionalidad.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence