Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

B. Palier, K. Thelen

V. V. Chari, V. V. Chari, V. V. Chari et al.

We provide an introduction to optimal fiscal and monetary policy using the primal approach to optimal taxation. We use this approach to address how fiscal and monetary policy should be set over the long run and over the business cycle. We find four substantive lessons for policymaking: Capital income taxes should be high initially and then roughly zero; tax rates on labor and consumption should be roughly constant; state-contingent taxes on assets should be used to provide insurance against adverse shocks; and monetary policy should be conducted so as to keep nominal interest rates close to zero. We begin optimal taxation in a static context. We then develop a general framework to analyze optimal fiscal policy. Finally, we analyze optimal monetary policy in three commonly used models of money: a cash-credit economy, a money-in-the-utility-function economy

Ye Tian, Xiaopeng Li, Haiping Ma et al.

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have become one of the most effective techniques for multi-objective optimization, where a number of variation operators have been developed to handle the problems with various difficulties. While most EAs use a fixed operator all the time, it is a labor-intensive process to determine the best EA for a new problem. Hence, some recent studies have been dedicated to the adaptive selection of the best operators during the search process. To address the exploration versus exploitation dilemma in operator selection, this paper proposes a novel operator selection method based on reinforcement learning. In the proposed method, the decision variables are regarded as states and the candidate operators are regarded as actions. By using deep neural networks to learn a policy that estimates the $Q$ value of each action given a state, the proposed method can determine the best operator for each parent that maximizes its cumulative improvement. An EA is developed based on the proposed method, which is verified to be more effective than the state-of-the-art ones on challenging multi-objective optimization problems.

Tiago Alexandre VIEIRA

Longtemps en marge des institutions du marché du travail traditionnelles, les plateformes de travail numériques sont confrontées à une offensive réglementaire. L’Espagne a adopté une série de mesures législatives – en particulier la loi Rider – qui la place aux avant-postes de ce mouvement mondial. À partir d’une étude de cas élargie conduite durant 18 mois auprès de divers acteurs, l’auteur évalue si elle est parvenue à réencastrer les livreurs travaillant via une plateforme dans les relations d’emploi classiques. Il brosse un tableau en demi-teinte: les livreurs ont désormais accès à un salaire fixe, aux congés payés et à la protection sociale, mais leurs espoirs ont été déçus s’agissant du traitement équitable, de l’autonomie et de la confiance mutuelle en raison de pratiques comme l’externalisation, le temps partiel subi et l’intensification de la surveillance. L’inefficacité de la disposition légale qui garantit l’accès des représentants des travailleurs aux algorithmes des plateformes en dit long sur l’ampleur des défis à relever.

Les auteurs examinent la façon dont plusieurs dimensions de la diversité des équipes et plusieurs de leurs caractéristiques influent sur leurs performances. Ils font appel à une régression par étapes, qu’ils appliquent à 911 équipes de vente travaillant pour une multinationale présente dans 39 pays et territoires. Ils montrent que la diversité des nationalités et des langues maternelles parlées, la taille de l’équipe et l’expérience du chef d’équipe à un poste d’encadrement ont un impact significatif sur les performances. L’étude révèle également les implications plus larges de l’inclusion de variables relatives à la diversité dans l’analyse des performances.

Alice Qian Zhang, Jina Suh, Mary L. Gray et al.

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly embedded in critical societal functions, the need for robust red teaming methodologies continues to grow. In this forum piece, we examine emerging approaches to automating AI red teaming, with a particular focus on how the application of automated methods affects human-driven efforts. We discuss the role of labor in automated red teaming processes, the benefits and limitations of automation, and its broader implications for AI safety and labor practices. Drawing on existing frameworks and case studies, we argue for a balanced approach that combines human expertise with automated tools to strengthen AI risk assessment. Finally, we highlight key challenges in scaling automated red teaming, including considerations around worker proficiency, agency, and context-awareness.

Ana Kujundzic, Janneke Pieters

The Index of Dissimilarity (ID), widely utilized in economic literature as a measure of segregation, is inadequate for cross-country or time series studies due to its failure to account for structural variations across countries' labor markets or changes over time within a single country's labor market. Building on the works of Karmel and MacLachlan (1988) and Blackburn et al. (1993), we propose a new measure - the standardized ID - that isolates structural differences from true differences in segregation across space or time. A key advantage of our proposed measure lies in its ease of implementation and interpretation, even when working with datasets encompassing a large number of countries or time periods. Moreover, our measure can be consistently applied in the case of lumpy sectors or occupations that account for a large fraction of the workforce. We illustrate the new measure in an analysis of the cross-country relationship between economic development (as measured by GDP per capita) and occupational and sectoral gender segregation. Comparing the crude ID with the standardized ID, we show that the crude ID overestimates the positive correlation between income and segregation, especially between low- and middle-income countries. This suggests that analyses relying on the crude ID risk overestimating the importance of income differentials in explaining cross-country variation in gender segregation.

Cella M. Sum, Anna Konvicka, Mona Wang et al.

The tech industry's shifting landscape and the growing precarity of its labor force have spurred unionization efforts among tech workers. These workers turn to collective action to improve their working conditions and to protest unethical practices within their workplaces. To better understand this movement, we interviewed 44 U.S.-based tech worker-organizers to examine their motivations, strategies, challenges, and future visions for labor organizing. These workers included engineers, product managers, customer support specialists, QA analysts, logistics workers, gig workers, and union staff organizers. Our findings reveal that, contrary to popular narratives of prestige and privilege within the tech industry, tech workers face fragmented and unstable work environments which contribute to their disempowerment and hinder their organizing efforts. Despite these difficulties, organizers are laying the groundwork for a more resilient tech worker movement through community building and expanding political consciousness. By situating these dynamics within broader structural and ideological forces, we identify ways for the CSCW community to build solidarity with tech workers who are materially transforming our field through their organizing efforts.

Rajesh P. Narayanan, R. Kelley Pace

We develop a formal economic framework to analyze whether neural scaling laws in artificial intelligence will activate Jevons' Paradox in labor markets, potentially leading to increased AI adoption and human labor substitution. By using a time-varying elasticity of substitution (VES) approach, we establish analytical conditions under which AI systems transition from complementing to substituting for human labor. Our model formalizes four interconnected mechanisms: (1) exponential growth in computational capacity ($C(t) = C(0) \cdot e^{g \cdot t}$); (2) logarithmic scaling of AI capabilities with computation ($σ(t) = δ\cdot \ln(C(t)/C(0))$); (3) declining AI prices ($p_A(t) = p_A(0) \cdot e^{-d \cdot t}$); and (4) a resulting compound effect parameter ($φ= δ\cdot g$) that governs market transformation dynamics. We identify five distinct phases of AI market penetration, demonstrating that complete market transformation requires the elasticity of substitution to exceed unity ($σ> 1$), with the timing determined primarily by the compound parameter $φ$ rather than price competition alone. These findings provide an analytical framing for evaluating industry claims about AI substitution effects, especially on the role of quality versus price in the technological transition.

David Ellerman

Neoclassical economic theory presents marginal productivity (MP) theory using the scalar notion of marginal products, and takes pains, implicitly or explicitly, to show that competitive equilibrium satisfies the supposedly ethical principle: ``To each what he and the instruments he owns produces.'' This paper shows that MP theory can also be formulated in a mathematically equivalent way using vectorial marginal products--which however conflicts with the above-mentioned ``distributive shares'' picture. Vectorial MP theory also facilitates the presentation of modern treatment of the labor theory of property which on the descriptive side is based on the fact that, contrary to the distributive shares picture, one legal party gets the production vector consisting of 100 percent of the liabilities for the used-up inputs and 100 percent of the produced outputs in a productive opportunity. On the normative side, the labor theory of property is just the application of the usual juridical norm of imputation to the question of property appropriation. Keywords: marginal productivity theory, property theory, imputation of responsibility, vectorial marginal products JEL Classification]{D2, D3, D63, P14

Dana Calacci, Varun Nagaraj Rao, Samantha Dalal et al.

Rideshare workers experience unpredictable working conditions due to gig work platforms' reliance on opaque AI and algorithmic systems. In response to these challenges, we found that labor organizers want data to help them advocate for legislation to increase the transparency and accountability of these platforms. To address this need, we collaborated with a Colorado-based rideshare union to develop FairFare, a tool that crowdsources and analyzes workers' data to estimate the take rate -- the percentage of the rider price retained by the rideshare platform. We deployed FairFare with our partner organization that collaborated with us in collecting data on 76,000+ trips from 45 drivers over 18 months. During evaluation interviews, organizers reported that FairFare helped influence the bill language and passage of Colorado Senate Bill 24-75, calling for greater transparency and data disclosure of platform operations, and create a national narrative. Finally, we reflect on complexities of translating quantitative data into policy outcomes, nature of community based audits, and design implications for future transparency tools.

Charles Gauthier

Children welfare is at the center of many welfare reforms such as cash transfers to families and training programs to parents. A key goal for policy-makers is to evaluate the costs and benefits of such reforms. The main challenge lies in that the outcome of interest, children welfare, is unobservable. To address this issue, I consider a collective labor supply model with children where adult members have preferences over their own leisure, expenditures, and children welfare. I show that the model nonparametrically partially identifies the impacts of parental inputs on children welfare in panel data. I then propose a novel estimation strategy that accommodates measurement error and can be used to efficiently construct valid confidence sets. Using Dutch data on couples with children, I investigate the structure of the expected production technology and how it varies with household characteristics. I find that the production of children welfare is characterized by decreasing returns to scale and large heterogeneity across household types. In particular, I find that children from disadvantaged households, whose parents have low education levels and are not homeowners, are significantly worse off. My results highlight the importance for welfare reforms to include policies targeted at improving children home environment.

Maíra Fernandes Costa, Marilia Abrahão Amaral, Mario Lopes Amorim

O presente estudo evidencia as desigualdades de acesso digital no Ensino Remoto Emergencial (ERE) e analisa práticas docentes para mitigá-las. Entrevistamos oito docentes em dois colégios públicos de Ensino Médio em Curitiba-PR, sendo um colégio em bairro periférico e outro em bairro central. O texto é dividido em três seções, abordando: as desigualdades de acesso, a Análise de Conteúdo das entrevistas semi-estruturadas e considerações a partir da conjuntura de precarização da educação e desigualdades sociais causando outras exclusões na sociedade.

A. Karapetian

The article focuses attention on the fact that the principles and norms of law are one of the effective components of the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine. Attention is focused on the quality of legal norms as a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine. It has been established that due to the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples enshrined in the UN Charter, the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - Krymchaks, Karaites, Crimean Tatars - are the people of Ukraine, its component; indigenous peoples of Ukraine have the right to carry out their cultural and social development; the right to education of children - representatives of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - is a guarantee of the realization of the right to cultural and social development of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine and the subjective rights of each child - a representative of the indigenous people of Ukraine; the right to self-determination belongs to the Ukrainian people, the indigenous peoples of Ukraine are its component, not a separate and isolated component, but a component that is inseparable from the people of Ukraine; every state of the world must respect the right of the Ukrainian people and its integral component - the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - to realize their economic, social and cultural development. The principles of the state's internal policy in the sphere of education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine are singled out: 1) the principle of state care; 2) the principle of responsibility (paternalism) of the state; 3) the principle of partnership between the state and indigenous peoples. The analysis of the above­mentioned international act made it possible to establish the role of these principles in the formation (planning) and implementation of state policy in the sphere of education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine: the principle of state care and the principle of responsibility (paternalism) of implementation should be combined with the principle of partnership between the state and indigenous peoples . The purpose of the state's activity - it consists in maximally ensuring respect, preservation and development of the identity of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine. The toolkit used for this can also be identified based on the analysis of the Convention of the International Labor Organization on indigenous peoples and peoples leading a tribal way of life in independent countries: 1) correlation of the duties of the state and the rights of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 2) stimulation of such an entity as the state by such an entity as the international community to establish partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 3) the use of treaties by the international community to stimulate the establishment of partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 4) application by the international community of forcing the state to establish partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine in the event that the state violates the rights of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine, or does not establish partnership forms of interaction.

Ellis Scharfenaker, Bruno Theodosio, Duncan K. Foley

Adam Smith's inquiry into the emergence and stability of the self-organization of the division of labor in commodity production and exchange is considered using statistical equilibrium methods from statistical physics. We develop a statistical equilibrium model of the distribution of independent direct producers in a hub-and-spoke framework that predicts both the center of gravity of producers across lines of production as well as the endogenous fluctuations between lines of production that arise from Smith's concept of "perfect liberty". The ergodic distribution of producers implies a long-run balancing of "advantages to disadvantages" across lines of employment and gravitation of market prices around Smith's natural prices.

Agustin G. Bonifacio, Nadia Guiñazu, Noelia Juarez et al.

We study a one-to-one labor matching market. If a worker considers resigning from her current job to obtain a better one, how long does it take for this worker to actually get it? We present an algorithm that models this situation as a re-stabilization process involving a vacancy chain. Each step of the algorithm is a link of such a chain. We show that the length of this vacancy chain, which can be interpreted as the time the worker has to wait for her new job, is intimately connected with the lattice structure of the set of stable matchings of the market. Namely, this length can be computed by considering the cardinalities of cycles in preferences derived from the initial and final stable matchings involved.

James P. Bailey, Bahar Cavdar, Yanling Chang

In day labor markets, workers are particularly vulnerable to wage theft. This paper introduces a principal-agent model to analyze the conditions required to mitigate wage theft through fines and establishes the necessary and sufficient conditions to reduce theft. We find that the fines necessary to eliminate theft are significantly larger than those imposed by current labor laws, making wage theft likely to persist under penalty-based methods alone. Through numerical analysis, we show how wage theft disproportionately affects workers with lower reservation utilities and observe that workers with similar reservation utilities experience comparable impacts, regardless of their skill levels. To address the limitations of penalty-based approaches, we extend the model to a dynamic game incorporating worker awareness. We prove that wage theft can be fully eliminated if workers accurately predict theft using historical data and employers follow optimal fixed wage strategy. Additionally, sharing wage theft information becomes an effective long-term solution when employers use any given fixed wage strategies, emphasizing the importance of raising worker awareness through various channels.

Eddy Soria Leyva, Aida Valls Mateu, Ana Beatriz Hernandez Lara

This book chapter conducts a comparative bibliometric analysis of literacies in the tourism labor market, drawing from the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases. The objective is to assess scientific outputs and identify key patterns of scientific collaboration. Findings suggest a statistically significant difference between the two databases with an overlap level of 35.71%. However, there is a gradual and correlated increase in the number of publications over time. Scopus stands out for its broader impact and enduring citation relevance, suggesting its academic contributions have a longer-lasting effect. Conversely, WoS is characterized by a focus on more recent influential publications and exhibits a marginally more intense collaboration network.

Oksana GRYTSYNA, Volodymyr SARIOGLO, Tetiana KOTENKO et al.

The main task of the research is to clarify the main trends of demographic processes in the rural areas of Ukraine and to formulate proposals for the development and improvement of the demographic policy of Ukraine in the future. In the process of preparing the article, we used abstract-logical, mathematical-statistical, visualization and econometric methods of scientific research. According to the results of the grouping of the regions of Ukraine by the level of demographic safety, we found that most regions of Ukraine form a group of so-called "demographic danger". And if in 2009 there was a third of the regions in this group, then in 2021, about 50% showed demographic problems related to rural population caused by the decline of the population, including also the rural one and migration process with reduce the labor potential of rural areas, etc. In the article we substantiated that Ukraine, as a future member of the European Union, should move to the priority goals of the common agricultural policy (CAP), which include improving the quality of life in rural areas, diversifying the rural economy, improving the state of the environment and rural areas, and increasing the level of competitiveness of the agricultural industry.

Janete Schubert

Este artigo discute os processos de luta e resistência dos povos indígenas do Equador, analisando a persistência da colonialidade do ser, do saber e do poder nos territórios de Abya Ayla. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada com povos indígenas no Equador, no ano de 2017. A metodologia adotada foi de orientação decolonial, baseando-se na alteridade, visando romper com as formas clássicas de fazer pesquisa nas ciências sociais. As conclusões apontam para novas e importantes formas de resistência às racionalidades moderno/coloniais/eurocêntricas. Palavras-chave: Bem Viver. Resistências. Colonialidade. Decolonialidade.