Julio Cesar dos Reis, Mariana Yumi Takahashi Kamoi, Tarik Marques do Prado Tanure
et al.
Diversified sustainable agricultural systems, such as integrated crop-livestock-forest systems (ICLFs), offer substantial potential for enhancing food production to meet the increasing global demand for agricultural goods while, simultaneously, conserving vital natural resources, including soil, water, and forests. However, a critical barrier to the widespread adoption of these sustainable systems in Brazil’s Amazon and Cerrado biomes, its primary agricultural commodity-producing regions, is the lack of comprehensive economic information. This paper presents case studies that evaluate the economic performance of ICLFs compared to traditional agricultural practices in these biomes (extensive livestock and large-scale cropping systems). Additionally, we employ an economic impact analysis using an input–output matrix approach to assess the economic benefits associated with ICLF adoption. The findings indicate that integrated systems exhibit superior economic performance, particularly over the long-term, as evidenced by more favorable viability indicators, such as higher internal rates of return and profitability indexes. In the Cerrado biome, the gross profit per hectare is up to USD 200 higher compared to traditional livestock and USD 26.5 higher than crop farming. While these systems necessitate higher initial investments per hectare, they provide shorter payback periods and increased profitability. Furthermore, it is observed that an ICLF expansion over degraded pasture in Brazil would promote highly positive economic impacts. Approximately 61,000 and 50,000 additional jobs would be generated in the Cerrado and Amazon biomes, respectively. In terms of production value, it would be up to USD 19.7 billion higher in the Cerrado biome and USD 16 billion higher in the Amazon biome compared to traditional livestock farming. These findings reinforce the role of public policies aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture and achieving the targets established in the Brazilian Low-Carbon Agriculture Plan.
Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food processing and manufacture
In political science today, the notions of “governance“ and “good governance“ compete as synonyms. The negative connotations of the first term (from the sphere of significance of the idea of leadership, or also care for one or more minors or immatures of any age, apprentices, etc.) are clear. That is why the preference for the phrase “good governance“ is justified, it is democratic, it is even a correct ethical preference. Extremely suggestive of “good governance“ is the image of the good steering of a ship at sea (κυβερνάω), protecting it from rocks and any other dangers and ensuring it a maximum advance with as little consumption as possible, an image also consistent with the etymology involved for governance that we choose to translate by the phrase “good governance“. The complexity of the topic is addressed via a multitude of aspects and directions of analysis including, but not limited to, the differences between “digitalization“ and “digitization“ , the Council of Europe view on digital good governance, the recommendations made by OECD in the Romanian situation in what concerns digitalization, the case of “Ion“, the IA governance adviser etc. The study concludes that digital good governance should ensure and not challenge in any way the defining characteristics of good governance: participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, the orientation towards consensus social inclusion efficiency and efficacity, accountability, the guaranty of human rights and good practices. The governing of the digital space and of the algorithms should prevail over the governance of the citizens by the algorithms.
Camille Boulanguer, Sarah Goldman, Maya Jandah
et al.
In a 2019 New York Times article, Paul Krugman declared himself a “crypto skeptic” and shared his pessimistic predictions for cryptocurrencies. Nevertheless, unbacked cryptomoney is now very important in our societies and has revolutionized the monetary and financial landscape as exemplified by the increased pressure from competent regulators to monitor and regulate it. Cryptocurrencies are described by their high volatility that permits regulators to define them as non-safe financial assets when it comes to energy consumption. The anonymous property of cryptocurrencies opens the door to tax evasion, making it especially susceptible to avoiding environment-related taxes aimed at tackling negative impact of climate change. Against this background, the paper sets a twofold aim: to demonstrate that unbacked cryptomoney is volatile and it may pose a threat to financial and fiscal stability; and to develop the idea that, given their different degrees of anonymity and their decentralisation nature, cryptocurrencies could actively participate in the process of tax evasion and therefore incur high costs for countries. Given the general ecological condition and ensuing concerns, it is clear that avoiding eco-taxes represents a serious issue since money from eco-taxation could have been invested in environmental social and governance projects. Therefore, a clear and compelling legal framework should be implemented worldwide to reduce the tax evasion phenomena via cryptomoney channels.
On November 15, 2023, Mr. John Pyrik presented the opening address for this year’s West Coast Security Conference. The key points discussed were the introduction of speakers for the international perspectives panel of the CASIS conference and their contribution to the field of intelligence.
Received: 01-04-2024
Revised: 01-26-2024
In 1912 a debate erupted between Alfred Thayer Mahan and Norman Angell. The debate revolved around what motivates states and what constitutes the fundamental bases of human conduct in relation to war, peace and material interests. The article traces the thrusts and counter thrusts of Angell and Mahan as they lay bare the errors and misconceptions of each other in a heated exchange that marked an important stage in the development of Angell’s thought and a fascinating coda for Mahan’s influential career. The article concludes that revisiting the debate entails a combination of estrangement and familiarity. To read Angell and Mahan’s imperialistic and often racist discourse is jarring and the level of disconnection experienced is evidence some progress has occurred in the field of IR theory. Yet there is also a certain degree to which we continue to live in Angell and Mahan’s world, one of competing theories of civilisational clashes and the supposedly pacific effects of trade and the rule of law.
Good faith, as one of the fundamental principles of international law, indicates the need for fairness, honesty and reasonableness in international relations. And the International Court of Justice and other international judicial authorities have been repeatedly cited. The judges of the Court have also discussed and cited the concept of good faith in their separate opinions on various occasions. The International Court of Justice, citing the principle of good faith in the settlement of international disputes, has played an effective role in objectifying some manifestations of the principle of good faith in international law and in the process of interpreting the law, creating the law, replacing the law or removing ambiguity International law - sometimes from general principles such as good faith, has made effective inferences that are helpful in understanding the content of the manifestations of good faith and its legal criteria. In the first part of the present article, we examine the principle of good faith and its various manifestations, and in the second part, we analyze some of the cases that have been invoked in the procedures of the Permanent International Court of Justice and the International Court of Justice.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The Siak District Government has long tried to advance the tourism sector by utilizing the rich heritage of the Malay cultural history of the Kingdom of Siak Sri Indrapura. These efforts have strengthened since the establishment of the vision of becoming the centre of Malay culture and the mission of Siak Regency to become a major tourism destination in Riau Province. This research aims to offer a development strategy for Malay historical and cultural heritage museums in Siak Regency to support the achievement of Siak's vision as a Malay cultural centre. This research uses a qualitative method to analyze the potential of Malay historical and cultural heritage in Siak for the development of the Balairung Sri Museum of Siak Regency. Data were obtained through observation, FGD, survey, literature study and documentation. The results of this study indicate that Siak Regency needs a museum that presents Malay historical and cultural heritage comprehensively, including history and 11 objects of cultural promotion, thus distinguishing it from the previous museum. The development of the museum needs to pay attention to various important aspects related to the presentation of collections, distinctiveness and the role of Balairung Sri in its time.
Maria Indira Aryani Aryani, Rista Vauza Wardania Wardania, Widji Anugrah Sari Sari
ACFTA or ASEAN-China Free Trade Area, also known as China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is an economic agreement to construct a free trade zone between 10 ASEAN member countries and China to eliminate various tariff and non-tariff barriers. All of ASEAN members’ leaders and China’s leader signed the ACFTA on November 5, 2002 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia which latter came into effect on January 1, 2010. Since then, it was recorded in 2016 that the total trade between ASEAN and China has reached to US$ 475 billion, thus making China as ASEAN’s largest trading partner while ASEAN serves as China’s third largest trading partner. This means that China’s export to ASEAN is more than ASEAN’s export to China. It could be seen that the free trade area has benefitted China more than it has benefit ASEAN. This paper aims to provide brief explanation on how China is able to benefit more on the trade agreement. Using a descriptive method of analysis, combined with expansionism and multilateral diplomacy concepts, it can be found that China is able to utilize various means to maximize its benefit in the ACFTA scope of agreement. Through the ACFTA, China has managed to master trade routes, break trade barriers, invest more, deepen economic cooperation contracts and master production skills in manufacturing all across ASEAN member countries. All of these efforts are made possible by China’s favourable multilateral diplomacy instruments in the ACFTA.
Derviş Kirikkaleli, Mustafa Tevfik Kartal, Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo
This study examines the time and frequency dependency nexus between foreign exchange (FX) rates and country risk in Turkey. We considered Turkey because it is a negative outlier country in terms of the progress of these indicators. Using quarterly data from 1990/Q1 to 2018/Q4 and the Wavelet Coherence approach, we find that an increase in the country risk causes an increase in the FX rates at different frequencies, especially in the medium and long term and different periods. The results highlight the significance of country risk for the progress of the FX rates. Policy implications are discussed.
Economists have been dealing with the issue of using sources of financing in business activities for more than half a century. The search for a suitable combination of equity and debt financing has led to a number of studies and later theories that deal with the issue of capital structure optimization. The authors often focus in their publications on whether the capital structure of the enterprise can be optimized or whether the business activities and the fulfilment of its main objectives are conditioned by the management of financial resources. For this reason, the issue of capital structure is constantly highly topical. The main goal of this research paper is to clarify the basic concepts associated with the question about the capital structure of enterprise. The analysis was preceded by a detailed study of the publications by identifying the most crucial research papers, countries, and authors in the Web of Science database. The term capital structure was a search keyword focused on scientific research papers published in the Web of Science database during 2010-2021. The final search result with all available information was exported and subsequently used to create the bibliometric map itself in the VOS Viewer program. The results of the bibliometric analysis show that the keywords capital structure and determinants are the two most related words using the analysis of citations of common occurrence, and the most crucial international co-author relations arose between the USA and China.
Продвижение идей „русского мира” – центральный элемент идеологического влияния России в Беларуси. В результате нарративы, призванные продвигать эту концепцию, активно распространяются в белорусском информационном пространстве. Целенаправленное информационное воздействие осуществляется через сеть пророссийских интернет-ресурсов с использованием характерного набора тезисов, приемов и формулировок, обосновывающих общую историю, национальное, языковое родство и необходимость объединения белорусского и русского народов. Подобные тезисы имеют место в контексте белорусской академической гуманитарной науки, которая часто, следуя советской традиции, идеологически служит политическим лозунгам современных пророссийских (в том числе проправительственных) кругов в Беларуси посредством своеобразной интерпретации исторических фактов и их адаптации к современным общественно-политическим процессам. Конечная цель исследуемых информационных сообщений – навязать белорусскому обществу идею об безальтернативности пророссийского вектора развития внешней политики Республики Беларусь и отрицать факт русификации белорусов.
Douglas Henrique Novelli, Alexsandro Eugenio Pereira
This article aims to present a complex literature review of recent studies on the role of international institutions in democracy promotion. The articles analyzed were selected through a previous bibliometric study conducted on the Web of Science platform. Based on the considerations obtained through the literature raised, the main gaps and contradictions in the studies in question were identified, suggesting at the end a research agenda for future works.
Keywords: Democratization; International Institutions; Web of Science.
RESUMO
O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica complexa de estudos recentes sobre o papel das instituições internacionais na promoção da democracia. Os artigos analisados foram selecionados com base em um estudo bibliométrico prévio, conduzido na plataforma Web Of Science. Partindo das considerações obtidas através da literatura levantada, são identificadas as principais lacunas existentes nos trabalhos em questão, sugerindo, ao final, uma agenda de pesquisa para trabalhos futuros.
Palavras-chave: Democratização; Instituições Internacionais; Web of Science.
Recebido em: 08 nov. 2019 | Aceito em: 24 jul. 2020.
International relations, Social sciences (General)
This article reflects on themes of continuity and change over the past century of international relations. In 1919 the victors of the First World War endeavoured to remake international relations by abolishing war and erecting institutional structures that were intended to promote a more just world order. The achievements and failures of this project can be discerned in overlapping patterns of continuity and change that portray a world that is at once old and new. The discourse of change tends to dominate thinking about international relations. Technological innovation, globalisation, and human rights, among other factors, cultivate the progressive ‘one-worldism’ of an interconnected global community of nations and peoples. But, evidence of change notwithstanding, much of contemporary international relations would be intelligible to persons who lived a century ago. International relations is still fundamentally about order and security, power and restraint, and freedom and equality. These patterns provide an important reminder that progress is possible but that international relations involves an open-ended project of continuous renovation and conservation.
Elísio Augusto Velloso Bastos, Caroline Figueiredo Lima
A dinâmica política dos países latino-americanos, é extremamente complexa. Tal desenvoltura deve-se à ampla gama de povos e culturas que compartilham do mesmo ambiente humano, trocando experiências e modos de vida diversificados. Os povos originários principalmente, encontram na Bolívia um momento de forte impacto de políticas públicas oriundas do novo momento constitucional que o país enfrenta desde a promulgação de sua mais recente Constituição (2009). Assim, a partir de uma metodologia hipotético-dedutiva, análise bibliográfica e constitucional desse Estado, o presente estudo dedica-se a apontar os marcos do constitucionalismo latino-americano com foco específico sobre o Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia. Os resultados apontam essencialmente para um protagonismo crescente desses indivíduos tradicionais, por intermédio de políticas públicas de incentivo à participação política e assistência jurídica representativa de sua cultura e cosmovisão.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, International relations
En español
El trabajo se inserta dentro de una línea de investigación dedicada a los estudios del terrorismo contemporáneo desde una perspectiva teórica e histórica. Se intenta discernir los mecanismos específicos del engranaje de la violencia, emanada de un sentimiento religioso. La autora formula las siguientes interesantes preguntas; ¿Qué tipo de relaciones existen entre la religiosidad y la violencia? ¿Cuáles son las causas y los rasgos específicos de estas manifestaciones de violencia? ¿La eclosión del terrorismo religioso es original?
En inglés
The paper is in a new line of investigation dedicated to the studies of the modern terrorism form a theoretical and historical perspective. It tries to discriminate the specific mechanisms of the violence system, expressed in a religious sentiment. The author asks the following questions: What kind of relations exist between religion and violence? What are the causes and specific features of these violent manifestations? Is the eruption of the religious terrorism original?