Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Rajlaxmi Mukherjee, Tuhin Manna, Kamalika Chakraborty et al.

'A semigroup is completely regular if and only if it is a union of groups'- an analogue of this structure theorem of completely regular semigroup has been obtained in the setting of seminearrings in [[16], Mukherjee (Pal) et al., Semigroup Forum (2018)]. In it, a class of seminearrings (called generalized left completely regular seminearrings, abbreviated as GLCR) has been characterized as a union of near-rings. This work has been extended in the present article to characterize the seminearrings which are union of various types (regular, completely regular, inverse, Clifford) of regular near-rings.

Daniel Radović , Aleksandr M. Dronov

This work is a review of the monograph “Ilija Garašanin (1812–1874) – the great son of Serbian land” written by six professors from the Department of history of the Serbian people in the Modern period at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Belgrade. The book coincides with the 150th anniversary of Garašanin’s death and it was published by the National museum of Aranđelovac. The monograph is the most comprehensive biography of one of the most important Serbian statesmen. Each of the six authors contributed to the description of Garašanin’s public and political career, his domestic and foreign policies, as well as his private life and family heritage. The biography not only summarizes previous scholarly knowledge but also introduces a significant number of new archival materials of Serbian and foreign origin that were not previously utilized, supporting a well-rounded portrait of Ilija Garašanin and his public activities. Ilija Garašanin is considered one of the greatest modern Serbian statesman, alongside Jovan Ristić and Nikola Pašić. Throughout his long political career, during which he served as Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Internal Affairs, he consistently prioritized Serbian national interests. He was the creator of the most important Serbian national program, known as “Načertanije,” in 1844. He resigned from the position of Prime Minister in 1867, and spent the last years of his life on his estate in Grocka, in debt, which indicates that politics was not a source of income for him, but rather an opportunity to use his abilities as a statesman for the common good.

Елена Владимировна Степаненко

11 марта 2023 г. исполнилось бы 90 лет со дня рождения Рины Павловны Усиковой, доктора филологических наук, профессора Московского государственного университета имени М. В. Ломоносова, выдающегося отечественного ученого-слависта, балканиста, педагога, переводчика, крупнейшего в мире специалиста в области македонского языка. Текст поступил в редакцию 14.02.2024. Цитирование Степаненко Е. В. К 90-летию со дня рождения Р. П. Усиковой (1933‒2018) // Славянский альманах. 2024. No 1‒2. С. 521‒526. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2024.1-2.31

Jerzy S Respondek

The author was encouraged to write this review by numerous enquiries from researchers all over the world, who needed a ready-to-use algorithm for the inversion of confluent Vandermonde matrices which works in quadratic time for any values of the parameters allowed by the definition, including the case of large root multiplicities of the characteristic polynomial. Article gives the history of the title special matrix since 1891 and surveys algorithms for solving linear systems with the title class matrix and inverting it. In particular, it presents, also by example, a numerical algorithm which does not use symbolic computations and is ready to be implemented in a general-purpose programming language or in a specific mathematical package.

Michel Boileau, Teruaki Kitano, Yuta Nozaki

In the study of ribbon knots, Lamm introduced symmetric unions inspired by earlier work of Kinoshita and Terasaka. We show an identity between the twisted Alexander polynomials of a symmetric union and its partial knot. As a corollary, we obtain an inequality concerning their genera. It is known that there exists an epimorphism between their knot groups, and thus our inequality provides a positive answer to an old problem of Jonathan Simon in this case. Our formula also offers a useful condition to constrain possible symmetric union presentations of a given ribbon knot. It is an open question whether every ribbon knot is a symmetric union.

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"

Aigul Mutaliуeva, Ainur Yesbolova, S. Dyrka et al.

The article is devoted to the study of the history and formation of the agrarian economy of Kazakhstan. In addition, the historical and economic assessment of the situation of modern scientific study of the agricultural sector is given. Elements of the formation of the agrarian economy of Kazakhstan date back to the XIX century. During this period, the land of Kazakhstan existed as part of the Russian Empire. The administration of the Russian Empire carried out administrative and territorial reforms on the use of the lands of Kazakhstan for agricultural purposes. Based on this, settled and nomadic types of farms were formed in Kazakhstan. Until the 1920s, the dominance of animal husbandry was formed in the agrarian system. The establishment of the Soviet government in Kazakhstan radically changed the basic principles of the agrarian economy. The Soviet Union made great efforts to develop land farming instead of animal husbandry in the agricultural sector. To this end, various experimental agricultural reforms of the Soviets were carried out in Kazakhstan. In the 1960s and 1970s, the course of development of the agrarian economy of Kazakhstan stabilized. The main agricultural economy of the modern Republic of Kazakhstan is based on the production of agricultural and horticultural products. As part of this, state scientific grant projects have been organized for the development and study of this industry. In a modern market society with great competition, the study and improvement of the state of the agricultural sector is a priority for the state.   Received: 29 July 2023 / Accepted: 5 October 2023 / Published: 5 November 2023

Лариса Михайловна Аржакова

В статье представлена эволюция изучения истории ленинградского Института славяноведения АН СССР (1931–1934). Начало этому процессу было положено в 1979 г. исследованием К. И. Логачева, рассмотревшим деятельность ленинградского Инслава в контексте первого этапа становления и развития советского славяноведения (1917–1934). Последовавшие затем архивные разыскания М. А.Робинсона, Е. П. Аксеновой и др. позволили значительно расширить проблемное поле исследований, в ходе которых были выявлены и проанализированы структура, персональный состав Института, основные принципы и результаты его научной и научно-педагогической работы, причины его ликвидации. Подчеркивая очевидные успехи, достигнутые в деле изучения истории ленинградского периода Института славяноведения, следует отметить, что более пристального внимания ожидает исследование академического славяноведения ХХ в. как единого целого. Это: ленинградский Инслав, сектор славяноведения в ЛОИИ АН СССР (1938), сектор славяноведения в Институте истории АН СССР (1939), Институт славяноведения АН СССР (1947), включая ленинградскую группу Инслава (1950), особенно учитывая, что во главе ленинградских академических структур стоял один и тот же человек, академик Н. С. Державин. Статья поступила в редакцию 07.03.2023. Цитирование Аржакова Л. М. Ленинградский Институт славяноведения Академии наук (к вопросу об истории изучения) // Славянский альманах. 2023. No 1–2. С. 369–388. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2023.1-2.4.02

Fedor Melentev

Исследуется отношение к Москве великих князей Николая и Александра (будущего императора Александра III). В историографии укоренилось мнение о том, что царь-миротворец как никто из правителей Российской империи любил древнюю столицу. Цель статьи – реконструировать отношение Александра III и его старшего брата к Москве, понять, почему оно возникло и как менялось с течением времени. Методология исследования учитывает разработки новой политической истории, истории повседневности и истории эмоций. Анализ неопубликованных писем, дневников и мемуаров современников, а также не введенных в научный оборот дневников великих князей и их переписки с Александром II, императрицей Марией Александровной, великими князьями Михаилом Николаевичем и Владимиром Александровичем позволяет утверждать, что теплые чувства к первопрестольной появились у старших сыновей царя-освободителя далеко не сразу. На формирование их отношения к древней столице повлияли приглашенные преподавать великим князьям профессора Московского университета (И. К. Бабст, К. П. Победоносцев, С. М. Соловьев), чтение московских консервативных периодических изданий, а также императрица Мария Александровна. В отличие от царицы, Александр II с подозрением относился к московской общественности, которая казалась ему недостаточно лояльной, и положительное отношение его сыновей к Москве не было чем-то самим собой разумеющимся. Попытки повлиять на симпатии великих князей к древней столице преследовали цель не столько стимулировать у цесаревичей интерес к московским древностям, сколько сделать их сторонниками «народного самодержавия», а также приверженцами «национальной политики». Приписываемая Александру III фраза, что «Москва – храм России, а Кремль – ее алтарь» вызывает справедливые сомнения в авторстве самодержца.

Elena Novoselova

the article analyzes the Church's position on the funeral rites that were practiced by the Peruvian Indigenous in the early colonial period. First, the author presents a brief description of the Andean funeral rite, most of the elements of which (the presence of extensive accompanying gifts, burial with subsequent access to the body for ritual purposes, etc.) directly contradicted the Christian doctrine and practice. The author distinguishes between two types of sources — reflecting the theoretical position and revealing its practical implementation. The theoretical provisions are reflected primarily in the materials of the first three Lima church councils, which were convened in 1551-52, 1567-68 and 1582-88. The practical implementation of these provisions is most clearly traced by the materials of the processes for the extirpation of idolatry among the Indigenous people, the peak of which fell on the XVII century. Most of these documents originate from the Archdiocese of Lima. The analysis of these sources shows that the following practices caused the greatest condemnation on the part of the Church: burials of the deceased outside church cemeteries and burials together with accompanying gifts (drinks, food, clothes, etc.). In addition, it can be stated that there are no significant discrepancies between the theory and practice in relation of the Church to Indigenous funeral rites, with the exception of that the burning of ancestral mummies, which has become a common practice, was not prescribed by the documentation of the Lima councils. In conclusion, the author concludes that the efforts of the Church to eradicate traditional rituals were partially successful, and some elements of the traditional Andean funeral rite were replaced by Christian ones.

A. K. Akkuzinov

The purpose of the article is to analyze the formation and the military history of the 238th rifle division, formed in 1941 on the territory of the Kazakh SSR. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to study the history of the formation of the Kazakh division since the decision was made by the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR. The author notes the participation of the military administration of the republic in the implementation of the intended goals on the ground through the organization of interaction between local government and military administration. The problem was studied by the authors of the Soviet period, modern Kazakhstan and Russia in different years. The study is based on the researches devoted to the history of the Great Patriotic War, historical documents of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty), the Center for Documentation of the Modern History of Abai region (Semey) and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Podolsk). The study reveals the features of the formation of the 238th rifle division. Trends in the recruitment of military units of the division by commanding, junior command and rank-and-file units are revealed. The military history of the Kazakh division during the war is noted. The study also reveals individual examples of the heroism of soldiers and commanders on the battlefields, which became a personal example for raising the patriotic feelings of Soviet citizens. As a result the author concludes that the 238th Rifle Division from Kazakhstan made a feasible contribution to achieving The Soviet Union's victory over Germany.

V. I. Kondrateva

In 2023, the planning authorities of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) will celebrate their 100th anniversary, and the article is devoted to the analysis of the strategic planning system in the republic. A historical cross-section of the Soviet and Russian planning systems is presented with intermediate results achieved at different stages of the socio-economic development of the republic by the beginning of the 2020s. The purpose of the study is to analyze long-term planning documents at various stages of the development of Yakutia, from its formation as the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the present day of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The early 1990s saw the collapse of the administrative-directive economic system in the Soviet Union that had existed for 70 years, while the creation and functioning of market economy institutions was protracted. The breakdown of the single economic space made it difficult for the union republics of the former USSR to transit to a market economy: most of their economic potential was lost, technological supply chains for goods, works and services were broken, unemployment and poverty appeared. Russia was no exception. It is advisable to turn to the experience of regions that have successfully passed the planning stage together with domestic research institutes and scientists. The article is addressed to representatives of government authorities, researchers, teachers and students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, as well as a wide audience of readers interested in various aspects of the development and implementation of state economic policy in Russia.

M. Lopatina, Eva-Maria Berens, J. Klinger et al.

The Russian language is the eighth most spoken language in the world. Russian speakers reside in Russia, across the former Soviet Union republics, and comprise one of the largest populations of international migrants. However, little is known about their health literacy (HL) and there is limited research on HL instruments in the Russian language. The purpose of this study was to adapt the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS19-Q) developed within the Health Literacy Survey 2019–2021 (HLS19) to the Russian language to study HL in Russian-speaking populations in Germany, Israel, Kazakhstan, Russia, and the USA. The HLS19-Q was translated either from English or from a national language to Russian in four countries first and then critically reviewed by three Russian-speaking experts for consensus. The HLS19 protocol and “team approach” method were used for linguistic and cultural adaptation. The most challenging was the adaptation of HLS19-Q questions to each country’s healthcare system while general HL questions were flexible and adaptable to specific contexts across all countries. This study provides recommendations for the linguistic and cultural adaptation of HLS19-Q into different languages and can serve as an example of international collaboration towards this end.

I. Pilipenko

Despite 30 years of market reforms, the main difference between the housing sector in Russia and other post-socialist countries and that of the advanced Western nations lies in housing tenure distribution. In the former states, outright homeowners with property mainly built in the planned economy dominate the market. At the same time, in the latter countries, the majority of households pay rent or take out a mortgage (these types of households account for three-quarters of households in the USA and on average almost two-thirds of households in Western and Northern European nations). This article examines the evolution of main indicators of housing construction in the USSR as well as in the 15 Union republics from 1918 to 1990. The research rests upon a database composed by the author from more than 120 official statistical sources at the national and Republics' level. This work covers not only state housing construction but also individual housing construction as well as housing construction cooperatives in the USSR republics, which the post-Soviet and foreign scholarly literature have often neglected. We identify the main stages of housing construction in the USSR and analyze the data on housing completions in urban and rural areas, the evolution of the housing stock, flats and houses built, and the statistics on the people in the Union Republics who improved their living conditions. The time series collected and per capita indicators across the 15 republics of the USSR calculated by the author, reveal quite synchronized development of their housing sectors. Nevertheless, the three Baltic republics were leaders in many per capita indicators, whereas the RSFSR, the Kazakh, Byelorussian and Armenian SSR stood out in terms of housing completions and share of people who improved their living conditions. At the same time, the Georgian, Ukrainian and Moldavian SSR excelled in floor area per person.

Robin Riblet

We study the maximum size of Sidon sets in unions of integers intervals. If $A\subseteq\mathbb{N}$ is the union of two intervals and if $\left| A \right|=n$ (where $\left| A \right|$ denotes the cardinality of $A$), we prove that $A$ contains a Sidon set of size at least $0, 876\sqrt{n}$. On the other hand, by using the small differences technique, we establish a bound of the maximum size of Sidon sets in the union of $k$ intervals.

Aleksandra A. Dorskaia, A. Dorskii

For Armenia, Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan, the basic forms of self-identification of states are described: the declaration of an official position on the assessment of historical events; the adoption of memorial laws, by which criminal liability can be established for expressing a position on facts of the past that does not correspond to the state’s position; and a policy for awards based on positive examples in the history of the country. Based on normative legal acts, officially adopted concepts and strategies, as well as a review of literature, this article identifies such models of official remembrance policy that have developed in the post-Soviet space as the defense of historical truth and historical memory, the requirement to recognize crimes committed in the past, the denial of the positive aspects of a particular stage of history, the search for state and social identity in the distant past, and its mythologization. The causes for mainstreaming history at the present stage and reflection of this process in the complex relationship of history and memory are considered. The stages of updating historical knowledge for states and peoples of the post-Soviet space are highlighted. Features of the award policy, various concepts underlying the award systems in the former republics of the Soviet Union, as well as general historical assessments of specific events and personalities are shown, even in the face of divergence of the official remembrance policy. The authors make conclusions about the adequate strategy leading to long-term results, aimed at joint experiencing the traumatic events of the past by the states and peoples, drawing lessons from them and determining ways to further development without creating an image of the enemy.

I. R. Sokolovskii

The accuracy of any historical research depends on independent verification of the related data and the completeness of available sources. According to nineteenth-century French historians, "Documents make History", which means that all available written sources are equally important for solving a particular task. In this aspect, classification of historical sources can be of great help. Like any classification, it groups its objects according to the presence or absence of an essential feature. Perhaps, the most famous methodological school was founded in Novosibirsk by S. S. Rozova, who dealt with issues of scientific classification. In the modern domestic tradition of the historical methodology, classification of historical sources is one of the most important research steps. It allows historians to give a genuine scientific character to their studies. However, classification of sources is not a mechanical action. As a creative process, it leads to variability. The present article introduces a comparative analysis of two classifications of historical sources on the history of Yakutia, which belonged to N. N. Ogloblin and V. F. Ivanov. N. N. Ogloblin created a detailed classification of sources, which covers the main groups of customs documentation. However, his second volume was found lacking.

Vladimir V. Shishkin

Introduction. The court of Anna Yaroslavna, the French queen of the 11th century, has not been specifically studied in historical literature. The author proposes to find out how the ecclesiastical environment of the Queen was formalized and structured in 1051–1075, who of the church persons formed her inner circle, and whether the royal ecclesiastical household had an influence on the formation of the church policy of the crown. Methods. The methodology is a combination of institutional and social history as part of the systemic approach that makes it possible to understand the evolution of the Queen’s household within the curial Capetian system. Analysis. The reviewed sources indicate that Anna Yaroslavnas staying in France and her relationships with the curial clerics were very close. The Royal acts attest to Anna’s high level of involvement in the ecclesiastical affairs of France, her regular support for the church persons of Curia regis, the Chancellor-Bishop and his servants, as well as the state of curial priests. Results. The ecclesiastical entourage of King Henri I and Queen Anna largely shaped the policy of the Capetians and strengthened dynastic authority. As a widow and queen mother, Anna Yaroslavna played in accordance with the policies of Henry I and his predecessors, contributing to the further strengthening of the church presence at the court, and in particular the bishops in Curia regis, as opposed to the feudal clans and influence of the pope. At the same time, all her actions were aimed at the interests of the crown in order to guarantee the safe preservation of the throne for her son Philip I.

Dmitry Timofeev

Исследование истории электоральных конфликтов направлено на выявление условий и способов формирования групповой солидарности в дворянских собраниях России первой четверти XIX в. В работе использован комплекс сохранившихся в фондах РГИА публичных выступлений, жалоб и прошений представителей дворянских собраний, отчетов и докладных записок губернаторов, а также ответной реакции правительственных структур в форме министерских резолюций, сенатских предписаний и указов. Сравнительный анализ содержания и направленности высказываемых участниками конфликтного взаимодействия аргументов выявил наличие одновременно существовавших дискурсов о «духе» и «букве» закона, «общей пользе», возможности нарушения установленного порядка проведения выборов, приоритетности коллективного мнения и праве дворянского собрания выражать несогласие с решениями губернских властей. Изучение обстоятельств возникновения конфликтов показало, что важными факторами, определявшими аргументацию и способ проявления групповой солидарности, были, с одной стороны, транслируемые верховной властью идеальные образцы поведения дворянина, предписывающие «беспристрастно» выражать свое мнение, а, с другой – электоральная конкуренция и клиентелистская модель рекрутирования сторонников кандидатов на выборные должности. В сложившихся условиях групповая солидарность выражалась в предварительном сговоре выборщиков или в форме «жалобы» министру внутренних дел на решения губернатора об отстранении/неутверждении в должностях уже избранных кандидатов. В некоторых случаях такие протесты сопровождались составлением не предусмотренных процедурой документов, заявлениями о приоритетности «общего мнения» и неподчиненности дворянского собрания власти губернатора. Автор констатирует, что электоральные конфликты в дворянских собраниях оказывали заметное коммуникативное воздействие на властные структуры различного уровня, вынуждая реагировать на проявления групповой солидарности и аргументы о приоритетности коллективного решения над мнением представителя губернской администрации. Все это позволило сформулировать вывод о включенности России первой четверти XIX в. в общеевропейский процесс формирования институтов «публичной сферы».

Oksana Weretiuk