Hasil untuk "Electricity"

P. Denholm, E. Ela, B. Kirby et al.

K. Nevin, T. Woodard, Ashley E. Franks et al.

ABSTRACT The possibility of providing the acetogenic microorganism Sporomusa ovata with electrons delivered directly to the cells with a graphite electrode for the reduction of carbon dioxide to organic compounds was investigated. Biofilms of S. ovata growing on graphite cathode surfaces consumed electrons with the reduction of carbon dioxide to acetate and small amounts of 2-oxobutyrate. Electrons appearing in these products accounted for over 85% of the electrons consumed. These results demonstrate that microbial production of multicarbon organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water with electricity as the energy source is feasible. IMPORTANCE Reducing carbon dioxide to multicarbon organic chemicals and fuels with electricity has been identified as an attractive strategy to convert solar energy that is harvested intermittently with photovoltaic technology and store it as covalent chemical bonds. The organic compounds produced can then be distributed via existing infrastructure. Nonbiological electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide has proven problematic. The results presented here suggest that microbiological catalysts may be a robust alternative, and when coupled with photovoltaics, current-driven microbial carbon dioxide reduction represents a new form of photosynthesis that might convert solar energy to organic products more effectively than traditional biomass-based strategies. Reducing carbon dioxide to multicarbon organic chemicals and fuels with electricity has been identified as an attractive strategy to convert solar energy that is harvested intermittently with photovoltaic technology and store it as covalent chemical bonds. The organic compounds produced can then be distributed via existing infrastructure. Nonbiological electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide has proven problematic. The results presented here suggest that microbiological catalysts may be a robust alternative, and when coupled with photovoltaics, current-driven microbial carbon dioxide reduction represents a new form of photosynthesis that might convert solar energy to organic products more effectively than traditional biomass-based strategies.

Mohammed H. Albadi, E. El-Saadany

L. Rayleigh

J. Lucia, Eduardo S. Schwartz

J. Aghaei, M. Alizadeh

Ward Van Heddeghem, Sofie Lambert, B. Lannoo et al.

Janina Ketterer

Salman Ahmad, R. M. Tahar

M. Shahbaz, Rashid Sbia, H. Hamdi et al.

Natalia Fabra, Mar Reguant

Md. Esmay Azam, Md. Feroz Ali, Md Abdur Razzak

Remote island regions in Bangladesh continue to experience unreliable and costly electricity supply due to geographical isolation, weak grid infrastructure, and dependence on fossil fuels. This study addresses this challenge by developing a smart hybrid microgrid for Hatiya Island that integrates solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (PV), battery energy storage system (BESS), and grid support to achieve cost-effective, stable, and low-carbon electrification. The proposed system is optimized using HOMER Pro (v3.14.2) through offline techno-economic optimization to determine the least-cost component sizing and system configuration based on Net Present Cost (NPC) and Cost of Energy (COE). The optimal configuration obtained from HOMER Pro is subsequently evaluated using MATLAB-based simulations to assess dynamic voltage and frequency stability under renewable intermittency and load variations. In addition, a demand response strategy is analysed to enhance load flexibility, and a multi-parameter sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the influence of key meteorological, economic, and grid reliability parameters on system performance. The optimal configuration achieves a low cost of energy (COE) of 0.0214 $/kWh and a net present cost (NPC) of 30,808 $, with a capital investment of 29,303 $ and annual operating cost of 112.24 $. The system attains a 56.3% reduction in CO2 emissions, lowering annual emissions to 16,583 kg, while demand response implementation results in annual energy savings of 3,338.36 kWh. Dynamic simulations confirm stable voltage and frequency performance under varying operating conditions. These results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid microgrid offers a reliable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable electrification solution for remote island communities, providing a scalable framework for renewable-based power systems in coastal regions of Bangladesh.

Salah Mahdi Thajeel, Doğu Çağdaş Atilla

A reinforcement neural network-based grid-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system with a battery management system (BMS) was developed to enhance the efficiency and reliability of renewable energy systems. In such a setup, the PV system generates electricity, which can be used immediately, stored in batteries, or fed into the grid. The challenge lies in dynamically optimizing the power flow between these components to minimize energy costs, maximize the use of renewable energy, and maintain grid stability. Reinforcement learning (RL) combined with NNs offers a powerful solution by enabling the system to learn and adapt its energy management strategy in real time. By using the proposed techniques, the convergence time was decreased with lower complexity compared with existing approaches. The RL agent interacts with the environment (i.e., the grid, PV system, and battery), continuously improving its decisions regarding when to store energy, draw from the battery, and supply power to the grid. This intelligent control approach ensures optimal performance, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient energy system.

Faridul Islam, Md. Yousup Ali, Md. Sadman Anjum Joarder et al.

Bangladesh is strongly seeking renewable energy sources to meet its increasing electricity demand as part of the worldwide shift to sustainable energy. Even in areas where the use of solar energy would be quite practical, many educational institutions nationwide still rely on the traditional power grid despite having significant solar potential. This paper fills a crucial research gap by providing a thorough technoeconomic analysis of a grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) system designed for an educational institution in Narail, Bangladesh, an application that is little documented in national literature. Essential design criteria, including the best system orientation, comprehensive loss analysis, precise component specifications, and energy yield projections, were all included in the system model, which was created using local meteorological data. According to the operational study, the suggested system can generate about 133 MWh of energy per year, of which 100 MWh is exported to the national grid and 33 MWh is set aside for self-consumption. A remarkably competitive levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.0577/kWh is attained by the design. Additionally, the system is expected to lower carbon dioxide emissions by around 77.5 tonnes annually or more than 1900 tonnes throughout its 25-year operating lifespan, assuming a conservative 1% annual degradation rate. These findings highlight the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of grid-connected solar PV systems for educational institutions in Bangladesh, which have the potential to improve energy security and significantly contribute to national carbon reduction efforts.

S. Borenstein, S. Borenstein, J. Bushnell

Nikolay S. Ivanov, Arlan Z. Abilmagzhanov, Oleg S. Kholkin et al.

This article presents the results of the study of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) from the landfill of Atyrau city, and the waste’s energy characteristics and presence of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. This study was carried out under a government order to determine the feasibility of recycling accumulated and incoming waste into electricity and its hazard to the environment and the workers involved in handling it. At the moment, there is no MSW recycling in Kazakhstan, which has led to the accumulation of more than 125 million tons of waste with an annual increase of 5 million tons. The research included four major cities (Almaty, Shymkent, Atyrau and Astana), which were selected not only on the basis of population, but also because the cities were located in different climatic zones. Samples were collected at the city landfills: 10 samples with an average distance of 100 m from each other were collected to provide a maximum coverage of both recently received waste and long-time stored waste. The research showed that neither climatic conditions nor the population size had a significant impact on MSW density, the values of which ranged from 120.1 kg/m³ to 145.4 kg/m³, as this indicator directly depends on the quality of life. The mass of the combustible fraction ranged from 39.41% to 54.62% and was mainly represented by plastic, textile and paper waste. The average value for the four cities was 50.30%. The higher calorific value fell in the range of 24.22–30.49 MJ/kg, with an average value of 26.71 MJ/kg. Microbiological studies showed little difference in average composition regardless of climatic conditions. Thus, no sharp differences in MSW composition, its energy characteristics and microbiological composition were found. The results of this study may be useful for optimising MSW recycling and disposal processes, as well as for developing measures to reduce their negative impact on the environment and human health.

H. A. El Nagy, Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz Mohamed

Abstract Ecofriendly ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized through amidation of ricinoleic acid, the main fatty acid in castor oil, followed by a quaternization reaction to solubilize ethanol in IL/diesel blends at different ratios. As a result, stable and highly renewable, low viscous microemulsion biofuels with high oxygen content were prepared. The prepared fuel samples combine the advantages of green ionic liquids and microemulsion properties. The chemical structures of ILs were confirmed with the aid of NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. DLS analysis revealed that the ethanol particles ranged in size from 8 to 18.1 nm in all samples. As ILs ratios decrease in microemulsion from 37 to 69%, the ethanol particle sizes increase from 10 to 25%. Ethanol shows good solubilization in diesel and IL-1 is more effective than IL-2 in ethanol solubilization at low percentages of ethanol due to more oxygen atoms besides three hydroxyl groups. The ternary phase diagram indicated that the microemulsion area in the case of using IL-1 is larger than that of IL-2. The fuel properties of the prepared microemulsions are nearly close to those of neat diesel and fall within the permitted range of ASTM D975. The viscosity and density values at low ratios of ILs are found to be very close to the values of the neat diesel at different temperatures. The prepared samples show a slight decrease in cetane number and heating value compared to diesel. However, they have improved flash points, cloud points, sulfur content, and acid value. The particle sizes were checked every week and the prepared samples showed high stability with the aid of the synthesized ILs. Moreover, the prepared microemulsions stayed in a transparent appearance for more than a year and no phase separation was observed.

Sara J. Ríos, Elio Sánchez G., Andrés Intriago et al.

This paper presents the design of a predictive controller for a boost converter and validation through real-time simulation. First, the boost converter was mathematically modeled, and then the electronic components were designed to meet the operation requirements. Subsequently, a model-based predictive controller (MBPC) and a digital PI (Proportional–Integral) controller were designed, and their performance was compared using MATLAB/SIMULINK^®. The controls were further verified by implementing test benches based on an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) with an OPAL-RT real-time simulator, which included the RT-LAB and RT-eFPGAsim simulation packages. These tests were successfully carried out, and the methodology used for this design was validated. The results showed a better response obtained with MBPC, both in terms of stabilization time and lower overvoltage.

Meysam Qadrdan, M. Abeysekera, M. Chaudry et al.

Ahmed Alabdulwahab, A. Abusorrah, Xiaping Zhang et al.