Hasil untuk "Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering"

Tehseen Hussain, Fraz Ahmad, Dr. Zia Ur Rehman

The rapid integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into healthcare ecosystems has revolutionized patient monitoring and data accessibility; however, it has simultaneously expanded the cyber-attack surface, leaving sensitive medical data vulnerable to sophisticated breaches. This systematic literature review (SLR) addresses the critical challenge of balancing high-level security with the severe resource constraints of medical sensors and edge devices. By synthesizing evidence from 80 high-impact studies including 18 primary research articles published between 2022 and 2025 this paper evaluates the quality and efficacy of emerging cryptographic frameworks. The methodology utilizes a rigorous quality assessment framework to categorize research into "Strong," "Moderate," and "Weak" tiers. Key findings reveal a significant paradigm shift toward lightweight symmetric ciphers, such as GIFT and PRESENT, and certificateless authentication protocols like ELWSCAS, which reduce communication overhead in narrow-band environments. The analysis further explores the role of blockchain-assisted decentralization and DNA-based encryption in mitigating Single Point of Failure risks and providing high entropy. While decentralized models significantly enhance data integrity, they frequently encounter a scalability wall regarding transaction latency. Furthermore, the review assesses quantum readiness, noting that while lattice-based standards are being ported to microcontrollers, memory footprints remain a barrier for simpler sensors. Ultimately, this SLR maps the current technical frontiers and provides a strategic roadmap for future research, emphasizing the transition toward lightweight, quantum-resistant architectures as the next essential step in securing the global healthcare IoT infrastructure. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding The research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement The author(s) declare that no data has been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Participant Consent The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Copyright and Licensing For all articles published in the NIJEC journal, Copyright (c) of this study is with author(s).

Sudheesh Parathakkatt, Vaisakh Kizhuveetil, Gokul G. K. et al.

Worm-like micelles (WLMs) are dynamic, self-assembling supramolecular structures that exhibit complex viscoelastic behaviour due to their ability to undergo reversible scission, fusion, branching, and sequence rearrangement. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent theoretical advances in modelling WLM rheology, from classical reptation–scission theories to modern stochastic simulations and multi-scale population-balance frameworks. A central challenge addressed is the rheological indistinguishability of competing models under linear conditions, which renders inverse modelling ill-posed and necessitates the integration of experimental data, such as cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and flow birefringence, to constrain theoretical predictions. The article further explores the limitations of conventional models in capturing nonlinear responses, including shear banding and extensional strain hardening, and emphasizes the need for spatially resolved, structurally informed constitutive equations. Emerging tools, including neural networks and hybrid modular frameworks, are identified as promising solutions for bridging microscopic rearrangement dynamics with macroscopic flow behaviour. Ultimately, the development of predictive, physically grounded WLM models will be essential for advancing applications in formulation science, smart materials, and industrial processing.

Jae Hwan Kim, Kwang Seop Son, Jae Gu Song et al.

The increasing digitalization of Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) has improved operational efficiency while introducing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Conventional network-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) face limitations in detecting sophisticated cyber threats targeting safety-critical controllers. To address these challenges, this study proposes a process information-driven cyber threat detection methodology based on real-time process data analysis and control logic consistency, enabling non-intrusive threat identification. The proposed methodology was examined through simulation and experimental testing using an APR-1400 Reactor Protection System (RPS) testbed. A cyber attack scenario targeting the High Pressurizer Pressure (HPP) Trip function was designed to assess the effectiveness of the detection mechanism. Simulation results demonstrated the detection algorithm's ability to identify unauthorized modifications to the trip setpoint, indicating the potential to detect cyber threats affecting reactor trip logic. Furthermore, experimental testing using the Safety Data Acquisition & Detection System (SDDS) demonstrated real-time anomaly detection while maintaining system integrity. These findings suggest that the proposed process-driven detection technique can enhance the cybersecurity resilience of NPPs without disrupting operational stability.

Uchenna Emmanuel Boniface, Charles Sunday Mayaki

Power electronics and drives engineering has emerged as a foundational enabler of global electrification, automation, and energy efficiency, shaping how electrical energy is converted, controlled, and utilised across modern systems. As economies pursue decarbonisation, electrified transport, and digitally enabled industry, the ability to efficiently manage power flow from generation to end use has become a strategic technological priority. Power electronic converters and electric drives form the interface between energy sources, electrical networks, and mechanical systems, allowing precise control of voltage, current, speed, and torque across a wide range of applications. At a broad level, advances in semiconductor devices, control algorithms, and thermal management have dramatically improved conversion efficiency, power density, and reliability, enabling scalable deployment across global markets. In industrial and infrastructure contexts, power electronics underpin automation, variable-speed motor drives, and high-efficiency energy conversion in manufacturing, process industries, and utilities. Intelligent drives reduce energy consumption by matching motor output to real-time load demand, while regenerative technologies recover energy that would otherwise be dissipated as losses. In parallel, the rapid growth of electric mobility has intensified innovation in traction inverters, onboard chargers, and battery management interfaces, where efficiency, compactness, and robustness directly influence vehicle range and lifecycle performance. These developments support the transition from fossil-fuel-based transport to electrified mobility systems at scale. Narrowing the focus, contemporary power electronics and drives engineering increasingly integrates digital control, wide-bandgap semiconductors, and system-level optimisation to meet demanding performance and sustainability targets. Silicon carbide and gallium nitride devices enable higher switching frequencies and lower losses, while advanced control architectures enhance dynamic response and fault tolerance. Together, these innovations position power electronics and drives as critical enablers of efficient, automated, and scalable energy conversion systems worldwide, supporting industrial productivity, clean mobility, and resilient electrified infrastructure across diverse global applications.

Hideyuki Ogura, Masaaki Ikehara

Image colorization is a fundamental task in computer vision that aims to predict the missing color channels from grayscale images. In recent years, fully automatic approaches based on deep learning have become the dominant paradigm. However, these methods often produce visually unnatural results, such as color bleeding or inconsistent colorization in homogeneous regions. On the other hand, user interactive methods, such as point interactive colorization, propagate colors based on user-provided hints and tend to produce more natural and spatially consistent results. Nevertheless, when no hints are provided, the generated images may suffer from low color saturation. In this study, we propose a novel fully automatic colorization framework that combines the strengths of both paradigms: a conventional fully automatic colorization model is used as a hint generator, and a conventional point interactive colorization model is employed as a hint propagator. By treating the interactive model as a propagator within an automatic pipeline, our method ensures that the inherent colorfulness in automatic models is preserved while achieving the spatial consistency characteristic of interactive methods. Importantly, the proposed framework is fully automatic, requires no manual input, and does not necessitate retraining, as it can directly leverage existing pretrained models. We evaluated the proposed method using various fully automatic colorization models and a representative point interactive model. The results demonstrate that our method effectively reduces color inconsistencies in continuous regions and improves visual realism.

Erik Arévalo, Ramón Herrera Hernández, Dimitrios Katselis et al.

Direct current motors are widely used in a plethora of applications, ranging from industrial to modern electric (and intelligent) vehicle applications. Most recent operation methods of these motors involve drives that are designed based on an adequate knowledge of the motor dynamics and circulating currents. However, in spite of its simplicity, accurate discrete-time models are not always attainable when utilising the Euler method. Moreover, these inaccuracies may not be reduced when estimating the currents and rotor speed in sensorless direct current motors. In this paper, we analyse three discretisation methods, namely the Euler, second-order Taylor method and second-order Runge–Kutta method, applied to three common types of direct current motor: separately excited, series, and shunt. We also analyse the performance of two of the most simple Bayesian filtering methods, namely the Kalman filter and the extended Kalman filter. For the comparison of the models and the state estimation techniques, we performed several Monte Carlo simulations. Our simulations show that, in general, the Taylor and Runge–Kutta methods exhibit similar behaviours, whilst the Euler method results in less accurate models.

Aristeidis Stathis, Argiris Ntanos, Panagiotis Toumasis et al.

Abstract The authors present a novel approach to Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) research, emphasising cost‐effectiveness and practicality using a single photon polarisation‐encoded system employing mainly commercial off‐the‐shelf components. This study diverges from previous high‐cost, high‐end setups by exploring the viability of QKD in more accessible and realistic settings. Our approach focuses on practical measurements of the signal‐to‐noise ratio by analysing polarisation‐encoded photonic qubits over various transmission scenarios. The authors introduce a simplified evaluation method that incorporates experimental measurements, such as noise sources and losses, into a semi‐empirical theoretical framework. This framework simulates the standard DS‐BB84 protocol to estimate Secure Key Rates (SKRs), offering an alternative approach on the evaluation of the practical implementation of QKD. Specifically, the authors examine the feasibility of QKD over a 2.2 km intra‐campus fibre link in coexistence scenarios, identifying optimal Wavelength‐Division Multiplexing allocations to minimise Raman noise, achieving an expected SKR of up to 300 bps. Additionally, the authors’ study extends to 40 m indoor and 100 m outdoor Free‐Space Optical (FSO) links using low‐cost components, where the authors recorded Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) values below 3.2%, allowing for possible SKRs up to 600 bps even in daylight operation. The converged fibre/FSO scenario demonstrated robust performance, with QBER values below 3.7% and an expected SKR of over 200 bps. Our research bridges the gap between high‐end and economical QKD solutions, providing valuable insights into the feasibility of QKD in everyday scenarios, especially within metropolitan fibre based and FSO links. By leveraging cost‐effective components and a simplified single photon exchange setup, the authors work paves the way for the effortless characterisation of deployed infrastructure, highlighting its potential in diverse settings and its accessibility for widespread implementation.

Mauro Femminella, Martina Palmucci, Gianluca Reali et al.

In modern cloud computing, the need for flexible and scalable orchestration of services, combined with robust security measures, is paramount. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach for managing secure cloud bursting in Kubernetes, combining Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) with Kubernetes labeling. Our model addresses the challenges of complexity, cost, and data protection compliance by leveraging both Kubernetes and ABE. We introduce an attribute-based bursting component that uses Kubernetes labels for orchestration, and an encryption component that employs ABE for data protection. This unified management model ensures data confidentiality while enabling efficient cloud bursting. Our approach combines the strengths of label-based orchestration with fine-grained encryption, providing a technologically advanced yet user-friendly solution for secure cloud bursting. We present a proof-of-concept implementation that demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of our model. Our approach offers a unified solution that complies with security and privacy laws while meeting the needs of contemporary cloud-based systems.

Mahmood Alharbi

This work suggests a simplified approach to teaching mechanical engineering students power electronics, which controls mechanical factors like speed and torque. The method integrates power electronics knowledge into machinery courses for electrical engineering students because power electronics is complex and requires knowledge of many electrical components, signal analysis, and circuit modeling. AC and DC machines, their operation, and uses are introduced. Students then learn about the electrical conversion units needed for particular machinery applications, focusing on operational concepts rather than component specifics or topology. Block diagrams show the system’s structure and key parameters for control techniques compatible with these conversion units. To help students grasp how power electronics work in mechanical systems, the curriculum stresses parallel study of control systems and related mathematics using simulation tools like MATLAB/Simulink. This method helps mechanical engineers integrate electrical systems with mechanical applications by demystifying a technically challenging electrical engineering topic.

Elena Romero Perales, J. Rodríguez, M. García et al.

Electronic Engineering Fundamentals (EEF) is a third-year course in the Aerospace Engineering degree program at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Covering analog and digital electronics, as it is the only electronic subject in the program, students learn to analyze and build electronic functions, and systems, including microcontrollers. The article presents the detailed course content, organization, references, and materials, highlighting results and challenges from the past three years. It aims to share insights with educators facing the task of teaching electronics to students without prior Electrical Engineering knowledge, emphasizing the need for early incorporation of essential concepts for proper content sequencing. Proposed improvements focus on enhancing student motivation and commitment to the subject.

LIU Hui, LUO Wei, SU Yi et al.

The frequency stability of the wind power grid-connected system may be improved by the participation of wind turbines in frequency regulation. However, it is difficult for the existing droop control to coordinate the frequency response characteristics and the operating state of the wind turbine. An adaptive droop control strategy is proposed to make full use of the rotor kinetic energy to participate in frequency regulation and ensure the stable operation of the wind turbine considering the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and the rotor kinetic energy. Firstly, a coupling function between the droop coefficient and ROCOF is established by the piecewise function with the intervals of ROCOF according to the system frequency, which can be released to ensure more energy from wind turbines at the initial stage of the disturbance. In this condition, the frequency drop is slowed down due to the support of the wind turbine for frequency regulation. Besides, to avoid the over-deceleration of the wind turbine and secondary frequency drop, an influence factor on the rotor speed is introduced to adjust the droop coefficient according to the operating state of the wind turbine. Finally, a wind-thermal combined system simulation model is built on the MATLAB/Simulink platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can effectively apply the rotor kinetic energy of the wind turbine to improve the frequency response characteristics of the system while ensuring the stability of the wind turbine speed.

Minseop Kim, Minsoo Lee, Jinseop Kim et al.

The stability of engineered barriers in high-level radioactive waste disposal systems can be influenced by the decay heat generated by the waste. This study focuses on the thermal analysis of various canister designs to effectively lower the maximum temperature of the engineered barrier. A numerical model was developed and employed to investigate the heat dissipation potential of copper rings placed across the buffer. Various canister designs incorporating copper rings were presented, and numerical analysis was performed to identify the design with the most significant temperature reduction effect. The results confirmed that the temperature of the buffer material was effectively lowered with an increase in the number of copper rings penetrating the buffer. Parametric studies were also conducted to analyze the impact of technical gaps, copper thickness, and collar height on the temperature reduction. The numerical model revealed that the presence of gaps between the components of the engineered barrier significantly increased the buffer temperature. Furthermore, the reduction in buffer temperature varied depending on the location of the gap and collar. The methods proposed in this study for reducing the buffer temperature hold promise for contributing to cost reduction in radioactive waste disposal.

H. Ashour

Recently, and particularly after the Covid19 pandemic period and during teaching different courses, it has been noticed that most of the undergraduate engineering students have rising the type of questions such as ‘‘Why we are learning this particular course?’’ and ‘‘What are the main benefits and direct impacts of such course on our future carrier? Also as a direct impact of the new available job requirements, it becomes most importance to prepare future engineers to thrive in recent dynamic changing in employment landscape. Hence for students who want to compete and involved in promising working opportunities, it is important to bridging the gap between teaching courses and the industry requirements by focusing on the concept of ‘‘Industry Ready Engineers Since most of recent jobs concentrate on specific required competencies, the author believes that it is important now to give more focusing on the skill-based learning methodology. This paper introduces an approach focusing on group categorization for the recent specific required skills of electrical engineers; then how to involve these skills in specific teaching courses. The main objectives of such approach is to intentionally improve such group skills (one by one) throughout the all program courses in order to introduce a final graduated engineer with great working readiness skills. The approach is validated and evaluated on teaching the power electronics course 1 as a case study.

Jichao Hong

In celebration of the 70th anniversary of the University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), this Special Issue presents the electrical and mechanical engineering research of the USTB, with the aim of providing timely solutions to emerging scientific and technical challenges in key power electronics and mechanical engineering at the frontier of modern industrial development [...]

Thomas X. H. Huang, R. Chu, Peter W. Jones

CONTEXT The COVID-19 pandemic has created an incredibly challenging period in which to deliver engineering laboratory exercises. Utilising available digital technologies, the authors converted traditional hands-on laboratory exercises to virtual labs and remote labs. Commencing in Semester 2, 2020, the authors' School has offered a hybrid teaching model which simultaneously delivers laboratory content to an on-campus cohort (who participate in traditional hands-on labs) and a remote-learning cohort (who participate via virtual and/or remote labs). While trying to ensure that the learning experience of both on-campus and remote-learning students were similar, and that teaching outcomes were maintained, the authors observed that the success in adaptation of existing course content to the hybrid teaching model differs between Units of Study (UoS). There is a challenge to understand the basis for these differences and how to optimally design teaching material and manage classes to achieve the best learning outcomes. PURPOSE The authors manage and coordinate operation and teaching across six electrical engineering teaching laboratories. This paper aims to report the degree of success of introducing hybrid laboratory education across twelve UoS. Specifically, based on student responses to a survey undertaken in Semester 1, 2021, the authors evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid model by seeking to answer two questions: (1) Could the students be satisfied with the new hybrid model? (2) Could on-campus and remote-learning students have similar learning experiences? METHODS The study covers the School's teaching laboratory programs that span three broad teaching disciplines: power/energy, communications/photonics, and computer/digital electronics. They are organised in either mixed mode (both on-campus and remote cohorts undertake the same exercises) or parallel mode (cohorts complete different exercises that have common learning outcomes). Student survey data across twelve UoS are available, including responses about learning experience, tutor teaching, and additional comments. The method is mainly quantitatively statistical analysis, supplemented by qualitative study. OUTCOMES Overall, the hybrid lab program results in a satisfactory learning experience for students. This means that implementing electrical engineering laboratory teaching using a hybrid model is found to be both practical and applicable. However, students on-campus in the mixed mode and both cohorts in the parallel mode tended to adapt more successfully to the hybrid model than those remote students in the mixed mode. It prompts the educators to fine-tune the hybrid program to better accommodate the remote mixed mode students. CONCLUSIONS While the hybrid model can deliver effective laboratory education, the degree of success and student experience was found to vary between different cohorts. Further study is warranted to understand the factors behind these differences and to then explore more effective approaches to maximise the students' learning experience. This paper serves as a starting point for the community to discuss the new norm for engineering laboratory education. The pandemic has already had a transformational impact on the delivery of engineering education, and hybrid education may not be transient but instead a future steady state. Copyright © Huang, Chu & Jones, 2021.

HE Yihai;WANG Gang;KUANG Bo;LUO Yuejian;WU Xiaoli

External reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) is one of the important severe accident mitigation strategies to achieve in-vessel retention(IVR) of melt core debris under severe accident conditions. Referring to the IVR-ERVC conditions for the prototypical pressure vessel lower head wall of elliptic-shaped, a critical heat flux (CHF) test campaign was, in the paper, carried out upon a full-sized thick test block section which was installed in a one-dimensional full height natural circulation test loop. Eighteen groups of heating rods with independent power control were inserted into the test block. Eight experimental measuring points were evenly distributed on the heating wall of the test block along the inclination angle, and the heating power shapes of each experimental measuring point were determined according to the Theofanous’ power shaping principle. Thermocouples were arranged near the heating wall and on all sides of the test block to obtain the temperature information during heating and CHF occurring. CHF data as well as their distribution along ellipticalshaped outer wall of test block were obtained. Meanwhile, preliminary evidence of typical CHF triggering mechanism on downwardfacing curved heating wall was deduced through the visual observations during the test. The visual observations show that when the evaporative drying area of the liquid film under the vapor block is large enough, it is difficult to cool the heating wall of test block. The wall temperature rises rapidly, and CHF occurs. Furthermore, effects of inlet subcooling, flooding water level, flow resistance and natural circulation flow rate, as well as the gap size of ERVC channels on CHF limits are experimentally studied. Test results show that, CHF increases with the increase of the inclination angle of heating wall, the increase of inlet subcooling can significantly increase CHF. Increasing the inlet subcooling can reduce the liquid temperature in the twophase boundary layer and effectively delay the evaporation of the liquid film, so as to improve the CHF. In the base cases and inlet subcooling cases, the relative decrease of CHF occurs in the uppermost section of the heating wall, which is called “exit phenomenon”. The CHF of the heating wall increases slightly with the increase of liquid level. While the change of natural circulation flow resistance and flow rate in a certain range has a rather limited impact on CHF. According to the CHF triggering mechanism, the flow rate change is not large enough to cause the instability and fracture of vapor block and the near wall flow structure does not change significantly, so the impact is limited. The influence of the change of gap size of ERVC channel on CHF is quite complicated. It seems that the relative relationship between the gap size and the thickness of twophase boundary layer, as well as the streamline constraints of the flow channel wall on the vapor phase both have influence on the CHF quantity and distribution.

Yu-Huei Cheng, Tsu-Hsuan Hsu, Juliet H. Fried et al.

The digitalization of society has changed the practices of social service professionals. The primary objective of this study was to explore knowledge of mobile health apps (mHealth), specifically a government-owned <italic>My Health Bank</italic> app, among Taiwanese social service college students. Whether these students can be the facilitators to promote mHealth apps&#x2019; adoption for older adults was examined as well. The results showed that their awareness of this government-owned mHealth app was low. However, their perceptions and attitudes toward the <italic>My Health Bank</italic> app and older adults were very positive. The findings of the present study indicated that the potential of promoting mobile health apps&#x2019; adoption for Taiwanese older adults through the support of prospective social service practitioners is reachable. The importance of mHealth adoption during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was also discussed. Finally, the findings of this study provided several suggestions and research directions to support current and future social service practitioners to be well-prepared for the challenges of the digital society.

Lin Li, Li Liu, Shalin Huang et al.

Abstract The evolving intercloud enables idle resources to be traded among cloud providers to facilitate utilization optimization and to improve the cost-effectiveness of the service for cloud consumers. However, several challenges are raised for this multi-tier dynamic market, in which cloud providers not only compete for consumer requests but also cooperate with each other. To establish a healthier and more efficient intercloud ecosystem, in this paper a multi-tier agent-based fuzzy constraint-directed negotiation (AFCN) model for a fully distributed negotiation environment without a broker to coordinate the negotiation process is proposed. The novelty of AFCN is the use of a fuzzy membership function to represent imprecise preferences of the agent, which not only reveals the opponent’s behavior preference but can also specify the possibilities prescribing the extent to which the feasible solutions are suitable for the agent’s behavior. Moreover, this information can guide each tier of negotiation to generate a more favorable proposal. Thus, the multi-tier AFCN can improve the negotiation performance and the integrated solution capacity in the intercloud. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed multi-tier AFCN model outperforms other agent negotiation models and demonstrates the efficiency and scalability of the intercloud in terms of the level of satisfaction, the ratio of successful negotiation, the average revenue of the cloud provider, and the buying price of the unit cloud resource.

E. Khutsishvili, N. Kekelidze, T. Qamushadze et al.

Effective functioning of electronics in high- radiation environment requires developing of novel semiconductor systems with radiation-tolerant properties. In given work, in search of semiconductor materials with immunity to radiation, investigations have been focused on InPxAs1-x alloys. Investigating of electrical and optical characteristics and physical processes, flowing in heavily irradiated InPxAs1-x alloys under high fluences of high-energy electrons and fast neutrons, let us create new generation of radiation-resistant semiconductor materials for electrical engineering application in hard-radiation environment.