Hasil untuk "Economics as a science"

Ana-Maria Coatu, Felix-Angel Popescu, Laurențiu Petrila

This study explores how socio-economic factors affect the effectiveness of public accountability frameworks in EU member states, with Romania as a case study. Using data from the World Bank, Eurobarometer, and cross-country comparisons, it identifies five key determinants: income inequality, education, healthcare access, political participation, and economic stability. Grounded in institutional theory, the research shows that inclusive institutions and lower disparities lead to stronger accountability, while weaker frameworks often reinforce inequality and corruption. For Romania, the study recommends boosting transparency, enforcing anti-corruption measures, improving rural-urban equity, and enhancing civic education to strengthen the link between citizens and institutions.

A. P. Trassi, Sophie J Leonard, L. D. Rodrigues et al.

Statistics plays a key role in many areas of modern society, including technology, social and behavior studies, economics, and the sciences. Statistics anxiety (SA) has a detrimental impact on academic experiences in university populations, although the mediating factors remain underexplored. We conducted the first systematic review and meta‐analysis focused on SA in university students in the context of statistical performance, individual differences in statistical learning, self‐perceptions regarding the statistics course and instructor, and sociodemographic factors. Searches were carried out in the PsycINFO, PubMed, Scielo, and Web of Science databases according to our preregistration. Forty studies were selected for systematic review. Seventeen were included in a series of six meta‐analyses concerning academic achievement, attitudes, self‐perception, procrastination, and gender. The findings reveal learning strategies, procrastination, self‐efficacy, and self‐awareness as predictors of SA. However, the impact of sociodemographic data in these moderators is still uncharted. We conclude with a critical appraisal of the selected studies and present future directions for research in SA.

Romi Kher, S. Terjesen, Chen Liu

A. Lin, Samy Wu Fung, Wuchen Li et al.

Significance Mean-field games (MFGs) is an emerging field that models large populations of agents. They play a central role in many disciplines, such as economics, data science, and engineering. Since many applications come in the form of high-dimensional stochastic MFGs, numerical methods that use spatial grids are prone to the curse of dimensionality. To this end, we exploit the variational structure of potential MFGs and reformulate it as a generative adversarial network (GAN) training problem. This reformulation allays a bit the curse of dimensionality when solving high-dimensional MFGs in the stochastic setting, by avoiding spatial grids or uniform sampling in high dimensions, and instead utilizes the structure of the MFG and its connection with GANs. We present APAC-Net, an alternating population and agent control neural network for solving stochastic mean-field games (MFGs). Our algorithm is geared toward high-dimensional instances of MFGs that are not approachable with existing solution methods. We achieve this in two steps. First, we take advantage of the underlying variational primal-dual structure that MFGs exhibit and phrase it as a convex–concave saddle-point problem. Second, we parameterize the value and density functions by two neural networks, respectively. By phrasing the problem in this manner, solving the MFG can be interpreted as a special case of training a generative adversarial network (GAN). We show the potential of our method on up to 100-dimensional MFG problems.

Heather S. Haeberle, J. Helm, S. Navarro et al.

BACKGROUND Driven by the rapid development of big data and processing power, artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) applications are poised to expand orthopedic surgery frontiers. Lower extremity arthroplasty is uniquely positioned to most dramatically benefit from ML applications given its central role in alternative payment models and the value equation. METHODS In this report, we discuss the origins and model specifics behind machine learning, consider its progression into healthcare, and present some of its most recent advances and applications in arthroplasty. RESULTS A narrative review of artificial intelligence and ML developments is summarized with specific applications to lower extremity arthroplasty, with specific lessons learned from osteoarthritis gait models, joint-specific imaging analysis, and value-based payment models. CONCLUSION The advancement and employment of ML provides an opportunity to provide data-driven, high performance medicine that can rapidly improve the science, economics, and delivery of lower extremity arthroplasty.

Yusuf Avşar, Ozan Özdemir

Islamic (participation) banks in Turkey are required to apply international accounting standards in their accounting and reporting practices, while their counterparts in Bahrain apply the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) standards. The main objective of this paper is to reveal the relation between Islamic and international accounting standards, discussed in previous studies, by comparing the compliance to AAOIFI accounting standards by Islamic banks in both Turkey and Bahrain. The source of information in this study is secondary data provided in the annual reports of the Islamic banks in Turkey and Bahrain for the year 2017. In order to measure compliance, an unweighted disclosure index was used. The outcomes of this study show that, since AAOIFI accounting standards are compulsory in Bahrain, the level of compliance with AAOIFI standards in relation to general presentation and disclosure in the financial statements of Islamic banks in Turkey is lower than the compliance achieved by their counterparts in Bahrain. Due to the average compliance level achieved by Islamic banks (using the unweighted disclosure index) in Turkey (54.6%), and since all banks in Turkey apply international financial reporting standards and international accounting standards, it is found that there is a relation between AAOIFI and International Accounting Standards Board standards even though they are different. Surprisingly, in the case of Bahrain’s Islamic banks, the standard deviation of the total compliance score is 8.66, which indicates an important difference among the Islamic banks in Bahrain in this regard. It is also found that the current practices of participation banks in Turkey do not adequately meet the financial statements and disclosure standards in accordance with the AAOIFI.

S. Lautenbach, A. Mupepele, C. Dormann et al.

A. Gelman

A. Deshpande

R. Mortier, H. Haddadi, H. Tristan et al.

The increasing generation and collection of personal data has created a complex ecosystem, often collaborative but sometimes combative, around companies and individuals engaging in the use of these data. We propose that the interactions between these agents warrants a new topic of study: Human-Data Interaction (HDI). In this paper we discuss how HDI sits at the intersection of various disciplines, including computer science, statistics, sociology, psychology and behavioural economics. We expose the challenges that HDI raises, organised into three core themes of legibility, agency and negotiability, and we present the HDI agenda to open up a dialogue amongst interested parties in the personal and big data ecosystems.

V.S. Dmytrovska, I.V. Kokhan

Стаття присвячена дослідженню з’ясування структури та виявлення тенденцій формування доходів місцевих бюджетів в умовах пандемії коронавірусу (COVID-19). Розглянуто особливості наповнення дохідної частини місцевих бюджетів, основними джерелами надходжень до яких у процесі проведення бюджетної децентралізації є: податок на доходи фізичних осіб, акцизний податок, плата за землю, єдиний податок та податок на нерухоме майно, відмінне від земельної ділянки. Охарактеризовано ряд бюджетних новацій чинного законодавства спрямованих на протидію пандемії та їх вплив на дохідну частину бюджетів об’єднаних територіальних громад. Проаналізовано надходження бюджетів об’єднаних територіальних громад протягом 9 місяців 2019-2020 рр. та здійснено оцінку впливу пандемії COVID-19 на обсяг доходів місцевих бюджетів. Детальний аналіз формування власних доходів місцевих бюджетів показав, що в розрізі місцевих бюджетів у 2019-2020 рр. найвищим є темп зростання податку з доходів фізичних осіб та місцевих податків та зборів у місцевих бюджетах об’єднаних територіальних громад. Такі результати свідчать про участь та зацікавленість органів місцевої влади у акумулюванні більшої частини доходів бюджетів об’єднаних територіальних громад, здійснення заходів щодо пошуку резервів їх надходжень в умовах пандемії коронавірусу COVID-19 та ефективності фіскальної ролі податків і зборів. Авторами обґрунтовано напрями подолання негативних наслідків пандемії COVID-19 на дохідну частину місцевих бюджетів за допомогою фіскального механізму та врегулювання міжбюджетних відносин. Методологічною основою даного дослідження є такі методи, як емпіричне дослідження (моніторинг, вимірювання порівняння); теоретичне дослідження (дедуктивний та аксіоматичний метод, ідеалізація); загальні методи, що використовуються на емпіричному та теоретичному рівні досліджень (аналіз, анологія, абстракція, конкретизація, синтез, індукція, дедукція).

Andrew Mao, Winter A. Mason, Siddharth Suri et al.

The relationship between team size and productivity is a question of broad relevance across economics, psychology, and management science. For complex tasks, however, where both the potential benefits and costs of coordinated work increase with the number of workers, neither theoretical arguments nor empirical evidence consistently favor larger vs. smaller teams. Experimental findings, meanwhile, have relied on small groups and highly stylized tasks, hence are hard to generalize to realistic settings. Here we narrow the gap between real-world task complexity and experimental control, reporting results from an online experiment in which 47 teams of size ranging from n = 1 to 32 collaborated on a realistic crisis mapping task. We find that individuals in teams exerted lower overall effort than independent workers, in part by allocating their effort to less demanding (and less productive) sub-tasks; however, we also find that individuals in teams collaborated more with increasing team size. Directly comparing these competing effects, we find that the largest teams outperformed an equivalent number of independent workers, suggesting that gains to collaboration dominated losses to effort. Importantly, these teams also performed comparably to a field deployment of crisis mappers, suggesting that experiments of the type described here can help solve practical problems as well as advancing the science of collective intelligence.

Hilmar Þór HILMARSSON

The five Nordic countries and the three Baltic States are closely interlinked via trade, investment, mobility of people, and banking. Because of this integration, as well political, cultural and historical ties, they are sometimes referred to as the Nordic-Baltic region or simply the Nordic-Baltic countries. All the countries in this group have pursued some form of integration with the European Union (EU), four of them are members of the euro area, and all of them are Schengen member states. But can these small countries as a group cooperate more closely and perhaps exercise more collective authority in Europe? The Nordic countries and the Baltic States have cooperated successfully in the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Bank and the IMF, and six of them are among European NATO member states. But when it comes to European integration the lack of common approach complicates their cooperation. Within this group of countries there are hardcore EU and euro area member states (the Baltics and Finland), EU members (Denmark and Sweden) and EU outsiders (Iceland and Norway). Common pathways for the future cooperation in Europe may be hard to find.

CĂRUNTU GENU ALEXANDRU

The choice of how to finance the operating activity is determined by its cost, by the financial structure of the own resources available, as well as under conditions of risk reduction, because a possible insufficiency of the financial resources influences the solvency, liquidity and profitability of the activity carried out by the company, the results of the activity and implicitly the returns expected by investors depending on the financing policy. Not always an optimal financial structure must have a minimum cost of capital, but rather a reduction of the weighted average cost of capital so as to lead to an increase in the firm's value, an increase in the security of the assets. The capital of the company is considered the sources of financing used in a permanent and sustainable way, to finance the fixed assets, and the determination of the optimal size of the capital is a problem of the top management of the company having a maximum importance in the financial management of the company.

Prokhorova Victoria V. , Mushnykova Svitlana A.

The aim of the article is the theoretical justification of the relationship of safety development culture – communication culture as the basis for intellectualization of the management process. It is determined that the main source of any culture including the culture of enterprise management is human activity, which acquires meaning in close relations with society, its habits, foundations, traditions. Moreover, social behavior of a human is not in his/her nature, but is formed by individual society, depending on many spatial and temporal features including those of enterprise activity. The basic elements of culture comprise material and spiritual values that characterize the organization of activities and management of an enterprise including the interaction of its members. It is determined and proved that the communication culture at each particular enterprise is the basis for forming the culture of management of its development safety, built on fundamental principles, namely: spirituality, education and upbringing, with the safety culture and development culture being the constituent elements of the culture of development safety management. Based on this, the term “culture of enterprise development safety” is defined as a set of relevant characteristics, rules, norms, and characteristics of enterprise activity, taking into account the psychological behavior and professional skills of individuals responsible for making managerial decisions, in accordance with their priority and significance. Based on the results of the study, there proposed communication dimensions to rely upon in the management process, namely: adaptation; coordinated management of value or rules; rhetoric; constructivism; social categories and circumstances; or conflict. The choice of the dimension of the communication culture and orientation towards it will provide an opportunity to determine qualitative aspects of the selected culture of management of enterprise development safety and increase the level of intellectualization in managerial decision-making.

Ya.   S.  Yadgarov, V.  A.  Sidorov, E.  V. Sobolev

The review article positions the materials of the results of the VI International scientifc-practical conference, the content of which is considered from a special angle — through the phenomenon of market economies. Within the framework of the forum, the understanding of the past (in theoretical and applied terms) market model of management and the search for new sources of economic growth were carried out, the fnancial problems accompanying the genesis and evolution of economic life were discussed. The high level of discussion can be judged by the participation in the conference of such well-known post-Soviet scientists as R.M. Nureyev (Russia), B.S. Myrzaliyev (Kazakhstan), G.I. Ganush (Belarus), G.L. Sargsyan (Armenia), N.u. uzakov (uzbekistan) and others. In accordance with the program of the conference, special attention was paid to the analysis of debatable historical, economic, institutional, reproductive and transformational aspects of the phenomenon of the market system of management, explicated through the prism of monetary and fnancial relations. Materials of the conference actualize the development of evolutionary, institutional and interdisciplinary aspects of economic science, as a stage in the deepening of the existing system of knowledge about the phenomenon (objects) that make up the latest areas of Theoretical Economics, and their relationship, revealing a wide range of discussion of methodological and theoretical problems of the phenomenon of market economy. Of particular scientifc and practical interest are the opinions of the forum participants, reflecting the state and vectors of development of modern scientific knowledge in the feld of fnancial instruments of commodity-money relations, showing “bottlenecks” in this segment of economic science. A number of generalizing conclusions and recommendations are aimed at solving problems that are relevant to modern society, such as: strengthening the confrontation between the national and global economy, sanctions counteraction, contradictions of the traditional monetary economy and the emerging use of cryptocurrency. The results of the conference not only acquaint the academic and scientifc community with the trends in the study of the market phenomenon in the CIS but also have a signifcant potential applied interest.

Aleksandra Jevtović

Facilities intended for tourist accommodation and dining are an integral part of the tourism system. In addition to the role of providing certain services, architectural objects can also have the status of cultural attractions of a particular destination. The architectural objects of the famous artists are part of the cultural heritage, and according to their stylistic characteristics, they can be viewed as part of the worlds or national cultural heritage. Architect Aleksandar Đokić was famous Serbian architect and one of the most productive creators of his time. In his rich opus, numerous facilities are intended for use within the tourism system framework. Regarding author’s unique expression, which was created under the impact of various influences, we distinguish holders of international and national stylistic characteristics within his works. The aim of this study is to illustrate interdependence of the architecture of the tourist facilities and the ruling ideology, as well as their consequences on tourism, through the case study of four selected Đokić’s projects.

Brînduşa-Mariana Amălăncei, Cristina Cîrtiţă-Buzoianu, Corina Daba-Buzoianu

The paper investigates the slogans released by political parties during the elections for the Romanian Parliament in 2016, by addressing the way they have been perceived by both political analysts and students enrolled in communication programs. We aim to see how two different target audience evaluate the slogans and how they refer to them. Also, we are interested to see what the students remember about the slogans after six months after the end of the campaign, in order to explore if their memories about the slogans had any connection with the political analysts comments made during the elections.

Pavel Aleksandrovich Minakir

The article considers the origins of economic reforms in modern Russia over the period of 25 years. It is shown that by 1991 consequences of unreasoned decisions and hasty actions have reached their culmination point and both political and economic attempts to realize the concept of 'convergence', to implant democracy in totalitarianism and the market in a centralized system of management have failed. At the same time it was impossible for the country's regions to maintain the inter-industry contractual communications and that had destroyed the 'center - regions' relations which had developed over the previous decades. The study and discussion of issues of the last 25 years of reform in Russia are proposed as the main theme for the journal 'Spatial Economics' in the year 2017. The goal of such studies and discussions should be to achieve a systemic i'pression about sources, trends, successes and failures of reforms, as only on this basis the initial model of the Russian socio-economic transformation can be developed. The researcher presumes that this model reviews each region as the most important element of the general system of knowledge and the resource and institutional policy constructed on its basis