Hasil untuk "Economic geography of the oceans (General)"

Adil Najam

Sylwia Pangsy-Kania, Katarzyna Kania

Environmental pollution is a negative external effect associated with road transport. The subject of the article concerns the economic aspects of air pollution caused by road transport. The aim of this study is to determine the size and costs resulting from the emission of pollutants in exhaust fumes emitted by road transport for a selected intersection under real traffic conditions. The work concerns the estimation of the costs of pollution, in conditions of flowing traffic, generated from motor vehicles, based on research conducted in real traffic conditions on the example of the intersection in Rekowo Górne. The added value and own contribution of the article result from the authors' focus on the local scale. The result of the analyses is the total annual cost resulting from the emission of harmful compounds, which is the external cost of environmental pollution by road transport. The formula presented in the article can be used to calculate the costs of pollution at selected intersections under real traffic conditions. The study, in addition to its theoretical contribution, therefore also has an application dimension and fits into the issues related to sustainable development.

Muhammad Kamran Khan, Jan K. Kazak, Rajani Balakrishnan

Pakistan, as a developing country, faces an energy crisis that encourages the use of traditional energy sources at both the household and industrial levels. Pakistan aims to achieve the SDG target (2030) as per the UN SDG target. This study aims to examine the impact of energy poverty, poverty, income inequality, energy consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, economic growth, institutional quality, and energy prices on environmental degradation in Pakistan, and verify the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and the pollution haven hypothesis. A dynamic ARDL simulation model is used to predict the impact of independent (Positive and negative shocks) variables on the dependent variable through graphs. The findings of the dynamic ARDL simulation model reveal that energy poverty, globalisation, poverty, economic growth, FDI inflows, and income inequality in Pakistan increase environmental degradation, while the consumption of renewable energy and institutional quality help to reduce environmental degradation. Furthermore, the EKC and pollution-haven hypotheses are valid in Pakistan. This study supports Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, advocating affordable clean energy policies to combat energy poverty and promote sustainability in Pakistan, as well as SDG 13, emphasising climate action to ensure both environmental protection and continued economic investment. Considering the SDG targets (2030), policy recommendations are proposed for Pakistan to achieve sustainable development.

Paulina Legutko-Kobus, Barbara Szulczewska, Beata Gawryszewska et al.

The objective of this article was to identify barriers to the green infrastructure governance (GI) of small and medium-sized cities in Poland. The GI governance models and barriers to the effective implementation of the GI concept in the development policy of cities were identified on the basis of literature studies. The identified barriers were subject to assessment in the context of their validity. Online forms were used to address experts and representatives of 20 cities. Furthermore, barrier-related questions were included as an element in the online focus group research and structured interviews. The research results indicate that the GI governance barriers are not assessed unequivocally in terms of their validity. The cities clearly emphasise a problem with the lack of awareness and involvement of inhabitants, limitations in financing investments, and lack of attention to the GI conceptualisation (project team) and GI governance methods (experts).

Janina Piekutin, Marta Iwona Bolińska, Urszula Kotowska et al.

Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) stand out for their versatility in terms of applicability to a wide range of contaminants, including personal care product (PCP) residues and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The aim of the research was to analyse the efficiency of the removal of dosed PCPs and EDCs from model water with the use of RO and NF membranes. A study was also undertaken on the oxidation of the resulting concentrate after the membrane process - the efficiency of oxidation with ultraviolet-activated peracetic acid - UV/PAA system was analysed. Analysis of samples after each stage of the study showed that reverse osmosis was more effective in purifying water of EDCs than nanofiltration, while the UV/PAA oxidation system has a high potential for neutralising the concentrate formed after membrane processes, and points in the right direction for further in-depth research.

Ibrahim Eker, Hamide Nur Çevik Özdemir, F. Yılmaz et al.

Objective Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing represents a significant advancement in treating inherited hematological disorders, particularly thalassemia major. This technology enables the birth of healthy children who can serve as compatible stem cell donors for their affected siblings. Türkiye is a world leader in both PGD+HLA typing technology and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from savior siblings born through PGD+HLA typing. This study investigated the experiences of Turkish parents who underwent successful savior sibling procedures using PGD+HLA typing and then successful HSCT from the savior sibling for the treatment of the child with thalassemia major. We aimed to understand the medical, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions of this complex process within the Turkish healthcare context. Materials and Methods A qualitative study was undertaken using a descriptive phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with parents from 16 families who had successfully completed PGD+HLA matching and subsequent stem cell transplantation processes from the savior sibling to the child with thalassemia. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method and MAXQDA 20.0 software. Results The analysis revealed six main themes: disease stage, treatment, recovery process, social/family, support systems, and recommendations. Parents reported significant emotional challenges but demonstrated unexpected resilience. Religious and cultural factors played nuanced roles, with most parents viewing the process as compatible with their beliefs. Economic burdens, prolonged hospitalizations, and geographical access to treatment centers emerged as key challenges. Extended family support and professional healthcare guidance were identified as crucial support mechanisms. Conclusion This study highlights the complex interplay between advanced medical technologies and traditional values in Turkish society. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive and culturally sensitive support systems and long-term follow-up for families. The results suggest the value of implementing multidisciplinary care teams and developing specialized support programs for families undergoing savior sibling procedures.

of objects of the Калиолла Ахметжан, А. Ganiyeva, A.Kh. Margulan Институт

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the evolution of housing forms in the territory of Kazakhstan from the perspective of archaeological data covering the period from the Eneolithic to the late Middle Ages. The main attention is paid to the peculiarities of house-building traditions in different natural-geographical zones - steppe, foothill, mountainous and high-mountainous - with the analysis of constructive, technological, and functional characteristics of dwellings. The article traces the formation and development of various types of dwelling and household buildings: from ground and semi-ground structures of frame-pillar construction of the Bronze Age to log and stone buildings of the Final Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Special attention is paid to regional archaeological complexes – settlements of Asy-I, Turgen-II, Tasbas, Kalakay, Talapty, as well as sites of Central Kazakhstan: Begazy, Atasu, Buguly-I, and others, where rich stratigraphic and architectural materials are revealed. On their basis, the construction technologies, internal layout, organisation of economic space, heating and storage systems, as well as traditions of choosing a place for settlement are analysed. It is established that already in the Late Bronze Age, the principles of dwelling zoning, stable roof forms, typology of hearths and sufas were formed, which was reflected in the later ethnographic architecture of Kazakhs. The issue of continuity of architectural forms and principles between ancient buildings and traditional dwellings of Kazakhs of the New Age, including types of winter dwellings (qystau), is also considered. The choice of location for settlements, the orientation of entrances, the methods of insulation and lighting of dwellings, and the types of building materials (wood, clay, stone, straw, reed) are closely linked to the climate, terrain, and economic specialisation of the population (agriculture, livestock householding, crafts). Archaeological and ethnographic parallels reveal the stability of building traditions determined by climate, resource environment and economic specialisation of the population. The materials of the article are relevant for the reconstruction of the everyday life of the ancient population of Kazakhstan, the analysis of economic models, and the social structure of society. The work contributes to the study of cultural continuity and local specifics of the architectural heritage of the Eurasian steppes.

F. Cholette, Nicole Herpai, Leigh M. McClarty et al.

Background: Major geopolitical events and structural shocks are thought to play a significant role in shaping HIV epidemics by influencing individual behaviours, reshaping social networks, and impacting HIV prevention and treatment programs. Here, we describe individual-level measures of estimated time since HIV infection (ETI) from viral next-generation sequencing data among female sex workers and their clients in relation to significant geopolitical events in Ukraine. Methods: The Dynamics Study is a cross-sectional integrated biological and behavioural survey conducted among female sex workers and their clients in Dnipro, Ukraine (December 2017 to March 2018). We were able to successfully sequence a portion of the HIV pol gene on dried blood spot specimens among n = 5/9 clients and n = 5/16 female sex workers who tested positive for HIV (total n = 10/25) using an in-house drug resistance genotyping assay. The “HIV EVO” Intrapatient HIV Evolution web-based tool was used to infer ETI from viral diversity. Results: The median ETIs for female sex workers and their clients were 5.4 years (IQR = 2.9, 6.6) and 6.5 years (IQR = 5.4, 10.8), respectively. Nearly all HIV acquisition events (n = 7/10; 70%) were estimated to have occurred between the Great Recession (2008–2009) and the War in Donbas (May 2014–February 2022). In general, ETI suggests that HIV acquisition occurred earlier among clients (2012 [IQR = 2007, 2013]) compared to sex workers (2013 [IQR = 2012, 2016]). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that most HIV acquisition in this small subset of female sex workers and clients living with HIV occurred during periods of economic decline. Molecular studies on timing of HIV acquisition against timing of major geopolitical events offer a novel way to contextualize how such events may shape transmission patterns.

Mobile Commerce Service. Mobile commerce has become an innovative force in the frantic digital society we live in. The world of business is now at our fingertips thanks to smartphones and mobile applications, which streamline and simplify exchanges and purchases. M-commerce for short or smartphone shopping, is a growing and thriving industry. service that is redefining how we interact with goods and services, enabling customers and companies alike, and opening an ocean of potential. Mobile commerce delivers a distinctive and personalised buying experience by leveraging the potential of mobile technology, overcoming geographical limitations, and bringing up new spheres of comfort, effectiveness, and connectedness. The significance of mobile sales (m-commerce) research cannot be understated in the connected society of today. Studying the effects and consequences of mobile shopping has grown crucial for firms, the economists, and researchers as consumer behaviour changes and usage of smartphones rises. Through an examination of its consequences for the dynamics of the marketplace, consumer behaviour, technical improvements, and the general economic environment, mobile retail research aims to investigate the complexities of this paradigm-shifting event. Scientists may get important insights into the nature of commerce, creativity, planning, and the creation of the best mobile purchasing experiences by probing the nuances of m-commerce. The capacity of mobile ecommerce to provide light on the probable future of company actions, influence customer tastes, and assist organisations in using the enormous potential of mobile devices is where the research focus resides. programme has become a potent and popular technique. SPSS offers researchers, analysts, and social researchers a flexible toolkit to explore, understand, and gain insights from complicated datasets. SPSS was created to make data analysis and management easier. Researchers may make the most of their data by using SPSS to identify hidden trends, correlations, and trends. This full software package provides an extensive variety of statistical approaches, from basic descriptive statistics to sophisticated inferential analyses, assisting researchers in making educated choices and advancing their fields of study. The value of SPSS is an approach is found in its ability to facilitate data manipulation, streamline the procedure for analysing it, and offer a uniform structure for undertaking thorough statistical analysis.” About Mobile Banking, About Mobile Shopping, About Mobile Payments, About Mobile advertising and Marketing, About Mobile Entertainment, About Mobile Ticketing. The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is 0.594 which indicates 59% reliability. From the literature review, the above 59% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis

Pedro Afonso Fernandes

The main goal of this article is to introduce an economic perspective in the social logic of space. Firstly, we describe the economic model of a linear city to show how depth can generate value by creating local monopolies in less integrated spaces. Then, a new syntactic measure, the d-value, is proposed to capture the relation between the depth of some space from outside and the mean depth of all spaces from outside. An application to a public housing estate suggests that economic activities and services may be located in spaces with a d-value close to one. The article is complemented by a Prolog programme with a special predicate to compute the d-value.

Stanisław Czaja, Jerzy Tutaj

The aim of the study was to identify the causes of the progressive stagnation in Polish river shipping (Polish inland navigation) since the middle of the 20th century. The methodology used, due to the type of research, was of a complex, eclectic nature. It was based on the analysis of empirical data, desktop research studies, a systemic analysis of relations and cause-and-effect relationships in the sphere of river transportation, and a critical interpretation of the goals contained in program documents on the development of river shipping. The studies focused on the macroeconomic level. The results obtained not only identified the causes of stagnation, but also indicated the most urgent directions for research in this area. Their implementation may allow to design such a strategy for the development of river shipping in Poland, thanks to which it will become an important part of the economy and sustainable transport. The research is original and unknown in this form in the Polish literature.

Paweł Bartoszczuk, Agnieszka Karman

While eco-innovations can help organisations comply with external stakeholders' expectations, they can also lead to unwanted or unexpected effects. This paper aims to explore business management literature addressing the ambiguous effects of eco-innovation. The methods used included a systematic literature review (SLR) in the Scopus and WoS databases and bibliographic techniques. By critically analysing 53 papers, the study identifies four clusters where negative or ambiguous effects of eco-innovations appear: financial, environmental, social and operational performance. The results indicate that strategic eco‐innovation had a significantly adverse impact on corporate financing, caused a decrease in employment, and created tensions for employees. Moreover, the bearing of eco-managerial innovations (eco-design) on performance was not significant. We contribute to the literature by suggesting that eco-innovation does not always generate the expected benefits. What is more, different types of eco-innovation can generate contrasting effects for the organisation and may occur at different times.

Kalina Piwońska, Łukasz Kryszak

The main goal of this article was to (1) assess the dynamics of eco-efficiency of fisheries in EU countries and its components and (2) identify potential sources of inefficiencies and efficiency surpluses through slack analysis. The hybrid data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used for the 2008-2019 period. Progress in eco-efficiency was found among 11 countries (out of 23), but the average eco-efficiency index for the sample was 0.988. Differences in the levels and dynamics of eco-efficiency between the studied countries were mainly driven by the efficiency change component, i.e. internal factors. The largest input-saving potential was found in relation to number of employees and gross tonnage of the vessel, suggesting that sample countries deal with the problem of overinvestment and overstaffing. We also found that greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced by approximately a third. 

Hamood Alenezi, Samar ElRabbat

This study seeks to investigate the role of Saudi leaders in promoting their employees' understanding of green management techniques in Saudi public universities, as well as the problems they encounter in doing so. This text explores the techniques and initiatives employed by these leaders to advance environmental sustainability, as well as the organisational and cultural obstacles that may hinder these endeavours. This study used a structured questionnaire consisting of closed-ended questions, which may be rated on a Likert scale to assess the level of agreement with specific claims. The findings of this study demonstrate that regression models applied to female, male, and general datasets show substantial impacts of employee awareness, engagement, and organisational factors in green management on leadership initiatives, with varying degrees of influence depending on gender. The findings of this study can be advantageous to decision-makers in Saudi institutions, researchers, and academics. Moreover, this work has the potential to serve as a novel point of reference in the realm of green management for future applications.

Шивананд Уриа, Тимур Арсенович Табишев

Республика Маврикий – островное государство в Юго-Восточной Африке, расположенное в юго-западной части Индийского океана – интегрировала опыт колониальных держав в собственные траектории развития. В частности, следует отметить, что Маврикий, обретя независимость в 1968 г. от английской колонизации, был объявлен суверенной конституционной монархией в составе Содружества наций, ассимилировав при этом британскую модель образования в своей национальной образовательной системе. Практически все общеобразовательные учреждения колониальной эпохи были основаны с религиозными намерениями, с целью продвижения миссионерских конфессий и господства франко-англоязычного образования, без определенных обязательств распространения высшего образования. Как и в эпоху Французской колониальной Африки, британские колонисты искали англоговорящих представителей коренного населения и населения рабов, привезенных колонизаторами из других африканских стран, Индии, Китая и т. д., в большей степени с целью поиска выгоды и реализации экономических планов. Однако спрос самих же представителей британской промышленности, действовавших на территории острова, на квалифицированных специалистов по узким инженерно-техническим и естественно-научным профилям и направлениям подготовки способствовал переориентации миссионерских школ, первоначально нацеленных на изучение богословия и Библии, астрономии, математики, географии, английского языка, основ управления, торговли и др. Сейчас маврикийская система гарантии качества высшего образования (МСГК ВО) отражает, с одной стороны, национальную составляющую в своей основе, с другой стороны, базируется, пусть и на африканизированной, но британской модели и стандартах оценки качества образования. Более того, можно утверждать, что МСГК ВО вполне соотносится со стандартами и рекомендациями для обеспечения качества в Европейском пространстве высшего образования ESG («Стандарты и рекомендации для обеспечения качества в Европейском пространстве высшего образования», «Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area»). Поэтому в данной работе рассматриваются стандарты качества высшего образования Республики Маврикий и анализ конкретных критериев, заложенных в национальную систему оценки качества высшего образования с позиции сравнения их со стандартами ESG. The Republic of Mauritius, an island state in Southeast Africa, located in the southwestern part of the Indian Ocean, is notable for the fact that its integral formation and development, including the construction of a national educational system, are closely intertwined with the geopolitical, socio-economic and geographical history of the country, which was a colony of such European states as Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, etc. Mauritius has integrated the experience of colonial powers into its own development trajectories. In particular, it should be noted that Mauritius, having gained independence in 1968 from British colonization, was declared a sovereign constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations, assimilating in the process the British model of education in its national education system. Almost all general education institutions of the colonial era, as evidenced by researchers Kamara M. [1] and Windel A. [2], were founded with religious intentions, with the aim of promoting missionary denominations and the dominance of French-English education, without a specific obligation to spread higher education. As in the era of French colonial Africa, the British colonists sought out English-speaking indigenous and slave populations brought by colonizers from other African countries, India, China, etc., largely for the purpose of seeking profit and realizing economic plans. However, the demand of the representatives of British industry operating on the territory of the island for qualified specialists in narrow engineering, technical and natural science profiles and areas of training contributed to the reorientation of missionary schools, initially aimed at the study of theology and the Bible, the study of astronomy, mathematics, geography, the English language, the basics of administration, trade, and so on. Present, the Mauritius Higher Education Quality Assurance System (hereinafter referred to as the MHEQAS) reflects, on the one hand, the national component in its basis, on the other hand, it is based, albeit on the Africanized, but British model and standards for assessing the quality of education. Moreover, it can be argued that the MHEQAS is quite in line with the Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area ESG. This article is devoted to the consideration of the quality assurance standards of higher education in the Republic of Mauritius and the analysis of specific criteria laid down in the national system for assessing the quality of higher education from the point of view of comparing them with ESG standards.

Yue Chen, Mohan Li

When analyzing the components influencing the stock prices, it is commonly believed that economic activities play an important role. More specifically, asset prices are more sensitive to the systematic economic news that impose a pervasive effect on the whole market. Moreover, the investors will not be rewarded for bearing idiosyncratic risks as such risks are diversifiable. In the paper Economic Forces and the Stock Market 1986, the authors introduced an attribution model to identify the specific systematic economic forces influencing the market. They first defined and examined five classic factors from previous research papers: Industrial Production, Unanticipated Inflation, Change in Expected Inflation, Risk Premia, and The Term Structure. By adding in new factors, the Market Indices, Consumptions and Oil Prices, one by one, they examined the significant contribution of each factor to the stock return. The paper concluded that the stock returns are exposed to the systematic economic news, and they are priced with respect to their risk exposure. Also, the significant factors can be identified by simply adopting their model. Driven by such motivation, we conduct an attribution analysis based on the general framework of their model to further prove the importance of the economic factors and identify the specific identity of significant factors.

Jonghyun Kim, Donghyeon Yu, Hyoji Choi et al.

This study introduces a metric designed to measure urban structures through the economic complexity lens, building on the foundational theories of urban spatial structure, the Central Place Theory (CPT) (Christaller, 1933). Despite the significant contribution in the field of urban studies and geography, CPT has limited in suggesting an index that captures its key ideas. By analyzing various urban big data of Seoul, we demonstrate that PCI and ECI effectively identify the key ideas of CPT, capturing the spatial structure of a city that associated with the distribution of economic activities, infrastructure, and market orientation in line with the CPT. These metrics for urban centrality offer a modern approach to understanding the Central Place Theory and tool for urban planning and regional economic strategies without privacy issues.

Jiachen T. Wang, Zhun Deng, Hiroaki Chiba-Okabe et al.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems are trained on large data corpora to generate new pieces of text, images, videos, and other media. There is growing concern that such systems may infringe on the copyright interests of training data contributors. To address the copyright challenges of generative AI, we propose a framework that compensates copyright owners proportionally to their contributions to the creation of AI-generated content. The metric for contributions is quantitatively determined by leveraging the probabilistic nature of modern generative AI models and using techniques from cooperative game theory in economics. This framework enables a platform where AI developers benefit from access to high-quality training data, thus improving model performance. Meanwhile, copyright owners receive fair compensation, driving the continued provision of relevant data for generative model training. Experiments demonstrate that our framework successfully identifies the most relevant data sources used in artwork generation, ensuring a fair and interpretable distribution of revenues among copyright owners.

Abed El Rahman Hassoun, A. Bantelman, D. Canu et al.

Ocean acidification (OA) is a serious consequence of climate change with complex organism-to-ecosystem effects that have been observed through field observations but are mainly derived from experimental studies. Although OA trends and the resulting biological impacts are likely exacerbated in the semi-enclosed and highly populated Mediterranean Sea, some fundamental knowledge gaps still exist. These gaps are at tributed to both the uneven capacity for OA research that exists between Mediterranean countries, as well as to the subtle and long-term biological, physical and chemical interactions that define OA impacts. In this paper, we systematically analyzed the different aspects of OA research in the Mediterranean region based on two sources: the United Nation’s International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) Ocean Acidification International Coordination Center (OA-ICC) database, and an extensive survey. Our analysis shows that 1) there is an uneven geographic capacity in OA research, and illustrates that both the Algero-Provencal and Ionian sub-basins are currently the least studied Mediterranean areas, 2) the carbonate system is still poorly quantified in coastal zones, and long-term time-series are still sparse across the Mediterranean Sea, which is a challenge for studying its variability and assessing coastal OA trends, 3) the most studied groups of organisms are autotrophs (algae, phanerogams, phytoplankton), mollusks, and corals, while microbes, small mollusks (mainly pteropods), and sponges are among the least studied, 4) there is an overall paucity in socio-economic, paleontological, and modeling studies in the Mediterranean Sea, and 5) in spite of general resource availability and the agreement for improved and coordinated OA governance, there is a lack of consistent OA policies in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to highlighting the current status, trends and gaps of OA research, this work also provides recommendations, based on both our literature assessment and a survey that targeted the Mediterranean OA scientific community. In light of the ongoing 2021-2030 United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, this work might provide a guideline to close gaps of knowledge in the Mediterranean OA research. Systematic Review Registration https://www.oceandecade.org/

Konrad Prandecki, Wioletta Wrzaszcz

The aim of the paper is to indicate the most important challenges for agriculture in Poland in the context of the implementation of the European Green Deal and the Polish Strategic Plan for the Common Agricultural Policy for the years 2023-2027. The primary tool used in the study was a comparative analysis of legal EU and Polish documents. This comparison was supplemented by an analysis of statistical data on agriculture in Poland, mainly covering 2005-2020, obtained from the Agricultural Census 2020, Statistics Poland, the National Centre for Emissions Management, the Agricultural and Food Commercial Quality Inspection and the European Medicines Agency. The results show that the Polish national targets for 2030 are significantly lower than the European ones but have been set, taking into account the feasibility of their implementation, which means that meeting each of the primary national targets in the agricultural sector will be very challenging.