Hasil untuk "City population. Including children in cities, immigration"

L. Wichstrøm, T. S. Berg-Nielsen, A. Angold et al.

Shipra Goswami, Rushikesh Kolte, Ashwani Kumar et al.

W. Macias-Konstantopoulos, Regan A. Moss, Brian Willis

Introduction Depression is prevalent among female sex workers (FSW) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and poses an elevated risk of suicide. The current study employs the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a means of estimating “probable depression” and exploring correlates of suicidal thoughts in Kenyan, Nigerian, and Congolese mothers who are FSW (MFSW). Methods This cross-sectional study surveyed a convenience sample of MFSW from eight cities in Kenya, Nigeria, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A sociodemographic questionnaire and the EPDS screener were administered. An EPDS cut-off score of 13 was used to define probable depression (score ≥14, 95% specificity). Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis of qualitative data volunteered by participants during the administration of the EPDS are reported. Results Among 831 MFSW included, the mean age was 27.7 years and the majority had primary childcare responsibilities for up to 4 children. The highest mean EPDS scores were 24.6 in DRC and 23.3 among MFSW aged 18–24 years, respectively. The pooled mean EPDS score was 22.3 and the sample-based prevalence of probable depression was 96.5%. Correlates of suicidal thoughts based on participant responses pointed to themes of desperation, deprivation, isolation, marginalization, criminalization, and traumatization in daily life experiences with prominent correlates including feelings of despair, chronic food insecurity, financial insecurity, lack of work, unsafe living conditions, and traumatic experiences. Discussion In the absence of more conventional scales for depression diagnosis and severity, the brief, low-cost, and low-resource EPDS screening tool may be useful among MFSW populations and reasonable for depression detection and referral to diagnosis and treatment. Contextual narratives volunteered in response to the EPDS self-harm question offer insights into the correlates of suicidal thoughts. This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, including mental health services, social programs, policies, and legal protections, to address the mental health of MFSW in LMIC.

Steffen Pötzschke, Bernd Weiß

Abstract Sampling remains a major challenge when researching minority populations, especially in cross-national settings. While various sampling methods are established in the field, most of them cannot easily be implemented globally. However, worldwide operating Social Networking Sites provide an opportunity for the recruitment of certain hard-to-reach populations in almost all countries. Targeting German emigrants through paid advertisements on Facebook and Instagram, we aim to ascertain whether such ads could be used to recruit a nonprobability emigrant sample on a global scale. Specifically, we look at two aspects: relative cost efficiency and coverage. Using this approach, we achieved 3,816 completed surveys from emigrants in 148 countries and territories. The method also yielded good results in world regions where other surveys faced severe coverage issues. Furthermore, a considerable share of the sample could not have been reached using German population registers as a sampling frame, which otherwise constitutes the most promising alternative approach.

Samer Bakkour, Rama Sahtout

Abstract International actors have only relatively recently recognized that internal displacement is a strategy, as well as a consequence, of violent conflict, and the subject accordingly continues to give rise to a host of misinterpretations and misunderstandings, including the tendency to view it as a protection challenge, which persists despite the fact that state actors, as the supposed protectors, are also invariably the main perpetrators of displacement. This article seeks to explore and establish the ‘place’ of internal displacement in the Syrian Regime’s political and military strategy in Assad’s ongoing war on the Syrian people. It draws on an emerging literature on displacement, along with a range of reports on the Regime’s internal displacement activities in the Civil War, to propose that it needs to be engaged and understood as a rational strategy that is being applied to alter existing demographic realities. After zooming in to focus on strategic displacement in particular, it seeks to demonstrate that displacement should not just be understood in terms of its military significance, but also as a mechanism that the Regime uses to reconfigure and rearrange existing political and social realities.

John Tumberger, Anna E. Burns, Michael Bartkoski et al.

Background Engaging adolescents in research ensures studies are relevant, ethical, and beneficial while fostering authentic and applicable findings. Traditional in-person advisory boards face barriers to equitable participation, highlighting the need for innovative, flexible models tailored to specific research programs and individuals with lived experience. The primary aim of this article is to describe a novel hybrid youth advisory board suitable for informing ongoing operations of a research program while supporting youths’ education and career exploration. Our secondary aim was to evaluate initial impact over the first 2 years of the program (2023–2024). Methods Adolescents aged 12–21 with prior involvement in mental health research at Children’s Mercy Kansas City (Kansas City, United States) were invited to join a hybrid teen advisory board. The advisory board structure and priorities were continuously shaped by youth. Participation included monthly discussion boards, quarterly huddles, enrichment events, and one-on-one mentorship for personal and professional development. Through a mixed-methods approach, initial program evaluation assessed alignment with the Advisor-defined objectives, program engagement, and bidirectional impact through thematic qualitative analysis and quantitative metrics. Results During the first 2 years, 11 youth (aged 13–20 years) participated as Teen Research Advisors (TRA) for an average of 12 ± 8 months. For any given monthly online, asynchronous discussion (n = 23 discussions), >80% of TRA contributed comments and peer responses. Quarterly Huddles (n = 7 huddles) were attended by 70% of TRAs and in-person enrichment events (n = 4 events) received positive feedback (“very helpful,” “fun,” “interesting,” “glad I came”). Five youth participated in the one-on-one mentoring and several TRAs requested letters of reference for scholarship and college applications, including schools of nursing and medicine. TRA insights were critical to inform clinical trial protocols (NCT05509257, NCT04935931), recruitment strategies, and dissemination to scientific and lay communities via manuscripts and infographics (linktr.ee/StancilStudyTeam). Conclusion We present a novel hybrid youth advisory board that reduces barriers to participation, fosters professional development, and substantially impacts the research program. Youth were highly engaged in online and in-person activities as well as collaboration synchronously and asynchronously. This model offers a scalable blueprint for engaging diverse adolescent populations in research, paving the way for more inclusive and impactful studies across disciplines.

Y. Liu, Z. Gu, S. Xia et al.

Background COVID-19 has spread to 6 continents. Now is opportune to gain a deeper understanding of what may have happened. The findings can help inform mitigation strategies in the disease-affected countries. Methods In this work, we examine an essential factor that characterizes the disease transmission patterns: the interactions among people. We develop a computational model to reveal the interactions in terms of the social contact patterns among the population of different age-groups. We divide a city's population into seven age-groups: 0–6 years old (children); 7–14 (primary and junior high school students); 15–17 (high school students); 18–22 (university students); 23–44 (young/middle-aged people); 45–64 years old (middle-aged/elderly people); and 65 or above (elderly people). We consider four representative settings of social contacts that may cause the disease spread: (1) individual households; (2) schools, including primary/high schools as well as colleges and universities; (3) various physical workplaces; and (4) public places and communities where people can gather, such as stadiums, markets, squares, and organized tours. A contact matrix is computed to describe the contact intensity between different age-groups in each of the four settings. By integrating the four contact matrices with the next-generation matrix, we quantitatively characterize the underlying transmission patterns of COVID-19 among different populations. Findings We focus our study on 6 representative cities in China: Wuhan, the epicenter of COVID-19 in China, together with Beijing, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Suzhou, and Shenzhen, which are five major cities from three key economic zones. The results show that the social contact-based analysis can readily explain the underlying disease transmission patterns as well as the associated risks (including both confirmed and unconfirmed cases). In Wuhan, the age-groups involving relatively intensive contacts in households and public/communities are dispersedly distributed. This can explain why the transmission of COVID-19 in the early stage mainly took place in public places and families in Wuhan. We estimate that Feb. 11, 2020 was the date with the highest transmission risk in Wuhan, which is consistent with the actual peak period of the reported case number (Feb. 4–14). Moreover, the surge in the number of new cases reported on Feb. 12 and 13 in Wuhan can readily be captured using our model, showing its ability in forecasting the potential/unconfirmed cases. We further estimate the disease transmission risks associated with different work resumption plans in these cities after the outbreak. The estimation results are consistent with the actual situations in the cities with relatively lenient policies, such as Beijing, and those with strict policies, such as Shenzhen. Interpretation With an in-depth characterization of age-specific social contact-based transmission, the retrospective and prospective situations of the disease outbreak, including the past and future transmission risks, the effectiveness of different interventions, and the disease transmission risks of restoring normal social activities, are computationally analyzed and reasonably explained. The conclusions drawn from the study not only provide a comprehensive explanation of the underlying COVID-19 transmission patterns in China, but more importantly, offer the social contact-based risk analysis methods that can readily be applied to guide intervention planning and operational responses in other countries, so that the impact of COVID-19 pandemic can be strategically mitigated. Funding General Research Fund of the Hong Kong Research Grants Council; Key Project Grants of the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Aart-Jan Riekhoff, Kati Kuitto

This study investigates the contribution of educational expansion to changes in labour force participation among Europeans aged 55-74 between 2000 and 2019, while accounting for changes in educational inequalities in labour market activity. We use data from the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) for 26 countries and Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods to analyse the extent to which changes in the education structure may account for rises in labour force participation rates among older workers in these countries, and the degree to which returns to education have changed. Overall, we found that educational expansion is positively associated with increases in labour force participation, albeit with substantial cross-country variation in the scale of this association. A driving factor was the decrease in the share of the population with low education levels, followed by an increase in the share of those with high education levels. While activity rates rose in most countries and among all levels of education, the largest increases were observed among people with a medium level of education. Activity rates of low-educated older workers, especially women, grew at a substantially lower pace in some countries, exacerbating educational inequalities in labour force participation at older ages. The study suggests that educational expansion has been a driver of longer working lives in Europe. However, it also indicates that changes in health, working conditions and age norms at the microlevel, as well as pension and labour market reforms at the macrolevel, can be assumed to have played a dominant role in countries where increases in labour force participation were the most significant.

chandra apriyansyah, Sofia Hartati, Fasli Jalal et al.

This study aims to observe how the Integrative Holistic Early Childhood Development Program is implemented in ECCE units. The survey's conclusion that Bogor Regency's use of Integrative Holistic ECCE is still subpar served as the impetus for this investigation. This study uses a descriptive, qualitative research design. The PAUD unit in Bogor Regency hosted the study for three months, from March to May 2024. This study includes principals and instructors as subjects. Qualitative descriptive analysis is the data analysis method that is applied. Data reduction, data visualization, conclusion drafting, and data verification are among the stages of data analysis. Using triangulation, the data's veracity is verified. According to the study's findings, principals and teachers have a positive attitude toward PAUD HI, employ effective strategies or methods in their programs, and work together with the government, non-governmental organizations, parents, and the private sector. However, one of the main challenges in putting PAUD HI programs into practice in ECCE units is the lack of funding, facilities, and teaching staff, as well as a lack of resources for the learning environment and parent involvement. The study's conclusion The Integrative Holistic Early Childhood Development (PAUD HI) program faces a number of obstacles during implementation. To overcome these obstacles, the community, government, and educational institutions must work together well, actively involve parents, improve infrastructure and human resources, and conduct periodic evaluations.

Valentina Mazzucato

Abstract This article develops mobility-based categories for studying young people with and without a migration background. Most research on migrant youth uses the category of ethnicity, defined by a young person’s country of origin or that of their parents, or the category of generation, with migrants defined as first, second or 1.5 generation. But these categories hide the mobility that young people engage in, both for those youth who have migration in their biographies and those who do not. Mobility can entail migration, but also other kinds of trips such as study abroad, vacations, gap years, and family visits. In a globalising world the ability of young people to move is increasingly a marker of difference and therefore needs to be considered when studying young people’s lives. Using insights from the transnational and mobilities turns in the social sciences, this article argues that we need to develop new analytical categories that capture the various ways in which young people are mobile. Such mobility-based categories promise to shed light on young people’s lives in three ways. First such categories allow investigation of various elements of commonality and difference between youth, irrespective of where they or their parents come from. They allow us to go beyond the nation-state lens that still guides most large-scale migration research and to explore within-group differences. Second, mobility-based categories take young people’s past and present mobilities into account, allowing a temporal understanding of how mobility affects their lives. Finally, mobility-based categories are a way to operationalize the notion that mobility entails a process rather than a one-time move. The article explores what mobility-based categories could look like, based on a recent, large-N, primary data collection project on secondary-school student’s mobility in three European countries and one African one.

Fitri April Yanti, Rendy Wikrama Wardana

The ability to implement learning models in the classroom is a pedagogic competence for teachers. However, in preparing, implementing, and evaluating project-based learning, teacher creativity is needed. Creativity is the result of a creative thinking process. The purpose of this study was to explore teacher creativity in implementing project-based learning models. It involved 6 elementary school teachers. Teachers were selected by purposive sampling. Data collection is done by observation, interviews, and documentation. Analysis was performed by data reduction, explanation, comparison, and conclusion. Data credibility was tested through data triangulation, peer discussions, and member checks. The results show that teacher creativity in terms of choosing learning methods and media, fostering student learning enthusiasm, applying problem-solving techniques, and compiling project assessments, is better when implementing project-based learning compared to conventional learning. This research is important to develop the creativity of future teachers in teaching

Julia Rüdel, Marie-Pier Joly

Abstract Migration often impacts the mental and emotional health of those needing to move from their home countries. Studies have focused on migrants’ levels of distress or well-being, and recent research looks at older migrants’ experience with loneliness. What has yet to be researched is how different migrant groups experience loneliness, and how these feelings are affected by the contexts of leaving one country and reception in another. Drawing on the theoretical framework of integration, this article asks whether newly arrived refugees in Germany differ in their perception of loneliness from other newly arrived migrants. It examines these perceptions as related to social contacts and the context—and interplay—of exit and reception. Using OLS regressions with data from the Recent Immigration Processes and Early Integration Trajectories in Germany (ENTRA) project, we find that Syrian refugees have higher levels of loneliness than migrant groups from Poland, Italy, and Turkey. The difference is largely attributable to Syrians not having local German contacts, surviving traumatic experiences at home, and migrating specifically for physical safety. We also find that discrimination and not being in the labor force are determinants of loneliness across all four groups, and that even when considering migrant origins and other effects, having local social contacts lowers levels of loneliness. Our results point to migration policies, such as those related to family reunification and labor market access, for producing inequalities in loneliness between Syrian refugees and other migrants in Germany.

Nabila Putri Rahmadani, Tiyas Saputri, Edi Pujo Basuki et al.

This research was conducted to examine the effectiveness of using Augmented Reality to improve young learners’ English vocabulary mastery and to find out the students’ perceptions after using Augmented Reality as a learning medium at one of elementary schools in Surabaya. This quantitative research used experimental design involving experimental and control groups. The data collected using pre-test, post-test and questionnaire. The results of the students' pre-test and post-test were analyzed using the independent sample t-test, and the results of the questionnaire data were collected from the students by questionnaire sheet. The result indicated that Augmented Reality effectively improved young learners' English vocabulary mastery with the mean scores in the experimental group increased notably from 37,6133 in the pre-test to 75,4000 in the post-test. According to the data of questionnaire, the students mostly agreed that their scores were improved because Augmented Reality offered interesting and enjoyable learning experience. This was an indication that using Augmented Reality not only significantly boosts vocabulary scores but also positively impacts students' perceptions of the learning process.

Daniele Saracino

This article explores whether triggering the ‘Temporary Protection’ Directive (TPD) to deal with the refugee movements from Ukraine has heralded the end of the solidarity crisis in the European Union’s asylum policy. It makes two major contributions to the literature: first, it shows how the mode of responsibility allocation in the Common European Asylum System by a costs-by-cause principle violates the EU’s solidarity principle, creating a continuous solidarity crisis that was exacerbated after the refugee influx of 2015/2016. Second, it demonstrates how, by invoking the TPD, the EU exhibits continuity in both eroding asylum cooperation and putting increasing emphasis on border controls focusing primarily on the externalisation and deflection of unwanted migration. The EU evades the dysfunctionalities in its asylum system by employing the temporary protection scheme, continuing a policy approach of more national discretion in terms of refugee protection while, at the same time, Member States’ policy preferences vis-à-vis non-Ukrainian protection-seekers have not changed. Taking into account the disproportionate distribution of responsibilities it has created among the Member States, the TPD decision has not ended the solidarity crisis in Europe’s asylum policy.

Dongliang Yang, G. Zheng, Haoran Wang et al.

Happiness is the continuous joy that people experience when they are satisfied with their lives long term, and is the ultimate goal pursued by all citizens. In this study, we investigate the relationship between education, income, and happiness in the migrant population in China. Using 1,31,186 individuals in the 2012 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) as research samples, the estimated results of ordinal logistic regression show that education, including secondary education and higher education, has a significant and direct impact on individual happiness, and that the impact of education on happiness can also be mediated by income as an intermediary mechanism. In addition, factors such as gender, flow distance, flow time, employment status, type of housing, number of children, degree of preference for the city, and degree of discrimination by locals have obvious effects on happiness. This work provides important insights for countries seeking to implement an active education policy in order to increase economic income and thus achieve the development goal of universal happiness among their citizens.

EyasinUl Islam Pavel

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the dimensions of immigration integration and engagement within the United States, utilizing a dataset provided by the International City/County Management Association (ICMA). The study's objective was to identify and understand the factors that significantly affect the incorporation of immigrant populations into the social and political life of American communities. Through meticulous preprocessing and rigorous validation processes, including factor analysis and comparative studies, we analyzed variables such as the size of the immigrant population, forms of local government, regional influences, and service provisions. The results highlighted the size of the immigrant population as a pivotal factor, with larger communities exhibiting more pronounced integration and engagement. The form of government and regional characteristics also emerged as influential, affecting policymaking and access to resources, which are instrumental in shaping the immigrant experience. Notably, services provided by educational institutions were found to be critical in supporting immigrant integration. This study sheds light on the complexity of immigration dynamics and offers nuanced insights into how policy, governance, and community services impact the integration and engagement of immigrants. It underscores the necessity for tailored approaches that consider local contexts and the specific needs of immigrant populations. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing the need for longitudinal studies, qualitative insights, and policy impact assessments to build upon the findings and support the development of effective integration strategies

Jenny Kunhardt

This article presents a systematic literature review of 84 English-language publications which analysed findings concerning how institutions addressed and moderated different patterns and challenges of migration and mobility within the European right of free movement zone. The synopsis of the publications shows the ignorance of many institutions towards migrating and mobile EU citizens, due to conflicts of interest and the dismissal of responsibilities. The lack of coordination between political levels and the missing implementation of equal rights have exclusionary effects for vulnerable groups and show ambivalences of the European integration process.

Leonie Kleinschrot

Research on the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the 1980s shows a high level of congruence between conservative social policy deterring mothers from employment and traditional societal gender norms. In contrast, little is known about whether people in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) agreed with the socialist idea of continuous full-time maternal employment. Based on unexploited GDR data from 1984 and a description of contemporary social policy, this study examines attitudes towards maternal employment, whether they were related to individual preferences for work or children, and their congruence with the socialist policy. The same questions are examined for the FRG using data from 1982. Results for the GDR indicate that one third of respondents rejected the socialist idea of maternal full-time employment, with individual work preferences being decisive for respondents’ assessments. In the FRG, there was a high degree of agreement with the gender norm of maternal non-employment, with this being dependent on individual preferences for children. These findings complement post-reunification evidence on East-West-differences in gender norms and provide insights into attitudes under Eastern European state socialism. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Demographic Developments in Eastern and Western Europe Before and After the Transformation of Socialist Countries”.

Maarja Saar

This article examines the mobility patterns in East–West movement within Europe and challenges the prevailing perception that migration is an act of agency while staying put is seen as having a lack of agency. It argues that staying put can also involve extensive strategies and should be recognised as an active choice. The article utilises Bourdieu’s three types of capital (economic, social and cultural) to understand the strategies employed in both staying put and successful migration. It suggests that individuals can compensate for the absence of one type of capital by leveraging another type; however, it also suggests that, in order to understand mobility space between CEE and Nordic countries, the presence of formalised welfare provision in Nordic countries is an important aspect. The focus of the article is on single mothers, who are considered to be one of the most vulnerable groups in Central and Eastern European societies. Based on 25 interviews with Estonian single mothers, the article suggests that migration often occurs due to a lack of alternative options.

Wenting Ma, Martin de Jong, Thomas Hoppe et al.