Hasil untuk "America"

Ziheng Zhao, Tianjiao Zhang, †. YanfengWang et al.

Composed by the leading historians in the field, this single-volume encyclopedia on Reconstruction delivers the most concise, focused, and readable reference work available to educators and students. In many ways, the Civil War destroyed the American South, the Democratic Party, and slavery, with much of the nation left in ruins. What was to become of former slaves—and of former confederates? Yet the unprecedented turmoil that followed the war presented the United States with great opportunities. How America tried to solve the problems and take advantage of opportunities after the Civil War is the focus of this encyclopedia, which provides the core elements necessary for researching and understanding the complex period in U.S. history known as Reconstruction. The volume offers a concise introduction to and chronology of the Reconstruction period, scores of entries composed by subject experts, and an appendix that features key primary documents. The entries have been carefully chosen for their importance and relevance, are written in language accessible to high school students, and supply useful references for further investigation. This volume will be indispensable for research into Reconstruction and affords anyone studying the United States during this period insight and perspective, whether the topic be African American history, the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, or the coming of sharecropping.

Siobhan Chapman

R. Putnam

N. Ram, Andre Gunder Frank

C. Smith-Rosenberg

Russell M. Burns, Barbara H. Honkala

Pedro Garcia Lopez, Marina López Alet, Usama Benabdelkrim Zakan et al.

In recent years, Asia's rapid growth in research output has been reshaping the computing research landscape. What was once a two-block system (America and Europe) is evolving into a multipolar world with three major hubs: America, Europe, and Asia. To study these pivotal changes and evaluate international diversity, we have analyzed the past 13 years of 13 international systems research conferences: ASPLOS, NSDI, OSDI, SIGCOMM, ATC, EuroSys, ICDCS, Middleware, SoCC, CCGRID, IC2E, IEEE Cloud and EuroPar. Our analysis focuses on accepted papers and participation in the Program Committee, grouping the results by region (America, Europe, and Asia). Surprisingly, we find a pronounced historical imbalance in international diversity among top-tier systems conferences (ASPLOS, OSDI, NSDI, SIGCOMM). While most other conferences have progressively reflected Asia's growing research presence over the past decades, this group has shown a noticeable adjustment only in the recent four years. We also identify persistent rigidities in how program committee (PC) diversity adapts to shifts in accepted paper origins, with a consistent under-representation of researchers from Asian organizations in many PCs.

Matilde Quiroga Castellano

O artigo discute a judicialização da violência contra as mulheres, com foco nos processos de vitimização que emergem em casos de feminicídio no Estado de Santa Catarina. As reflexões baseiam-se em pesquisa etnográfica realizada em 2019, no âmbito de um doutorado em antropologia social. A metodologia envolveu a observação de audiências judiciais nas quais eram julgados fatos tipificados pela “Lei Maria da Penha” (Lei 11.340/06) e pela Lei do Feminicídio (Lei 13.104/15). A partir do relato de um caso, o artigo analisa as disputas em torno da vitimização (Barthe, 2019) e a construção do feminicídio como um intolerável social (Fassin; Bourdelais; Dozon, 2005) no campo judicial. As análises evidenciam a mobilização de discursos que hierarquizam vítimas (entre “boas” e “más”), revelando uma tensão específica nos casos de feminicídio, que, embora recebam maior investimento do aparato judicial, não se traduzem necessariamente em avanços nas políticas públicas voltadas à violência contra as mulheres.

Daniele Rege Cambrin, Eleonora Poeta, Eliana Pastor et al.

Forecasting surface water dynamics is crucial for water resource management and climate change adaptation. However, the field lacks comprehensive datasets and standardized benchmarks. In this paper, we introduce HydroChronos, a large-scale, multi-modal spatiotemporal dataset for surface water dynamics forecasting designed to address this gap. We couple the dataset with three forecasting tasks. The dataset includes over three decades of aligned Landsat 5 and Sentinel-2 imagery, climate data, and Digital Elevation Models for diverse lakes and rivers across Europe, North America, and South America. We also propose AquaClimaTempo UNet, a novel spatiotemporal architecture with a dedicated climate data branch, as a strong benchmark baseline. Our model significantly outperforms a Persistence baseline for forecasting future water dynamics by +14% and +11% F1 across change detection and direction of change classification tasks, and by +0.1 MAE on the magnitude of change regression. Finally, we conduct an Explainable AI analysis to identify the key climate variables and input channels that influence surface water change, providing insights to inform and guide future modeling efforts.

Guilherme N. Fasolin, Matias Spektor, Renan Marques et al.

Abstract Climate change risk perceptions are subjective constructs that individuals use to interpret the potential harms of climate change and influence their engagement in mitigation and adaptation efforts. While research in high-income Western countries has identified cognitive processes, socio-cultural factors, and political ideology as key predictors of climate risk perceptions, their applicability to low- and middle-income regions remains uncertain. This study uses a cross-national survey conducted in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico (N = 5338) to assess climate risk perceptions in Latin America. We show that emotional responses, especially worry and perceived vulnerability to extreme weather, are the strongest predictors. In contrast, political ideology and socio-demographic factors exhibit weak and inconsistent associations, diverging from patterns observed in high-income countries. These findings highlight that climate change is not perceived as a politically divisive issue in the region, suggesting opportunities for cross-party collaboration on climate initiatives. Understanding these unique drivers in regions with emerging economies is crucial for developing effective, tailored risk communication strategies.

Aparna Mariyam Thomas, Guilherme G. Verocai, John Soghigian et al.

The caribou (Rangifer tarandus sspp.) is a keystone wildlife species in northern ecosystems that plays a central role in the culture, spirituality and food security of Indigenous People. The Arctic is currently experiencing an unprecedented rate of climate change, including warming temperatures and altered patterns of precipitation. These environmental changes can facilitate the transmission of arthropod-borne parasites, such as filarioid nematodes.Filarioids are an important cause of morbidity and occasional mortality in Rangifer in Fennoscandia, however, much of the ecology and epidemiology of these parasites in caribou in North America, including Canada, remains unknown. We aimed to determine the parasitic diversity and geographic distribution of filarioid nematodes in three Canadian designatable units (DU) of caribou (barren-ground, boreal and Dolphin & Union) from Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Newfoundland & Labrador. Genomic DNA extracted from 768 blood samples was screened for filarioid nematodes using real-time PCR. The positive samples were Sanger sequenced to identify the parasite present. Based on the sequencing results, we identified Setaria yehi and Onchocerca cervipedis s.l. We then standardized a TaqMan probe based duplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) protocol for the simultaneous detection of S. yehi and O. cervipedis s.l. Based on real-time PCR results, 8/768 samples were positive. Setaria yehi and O. cervipedis s.l. were present in 4 separate samples (0.5%) each. Using ddPCR, 68/192 samples were positive (35.4%). Setaria yehi DNA was detected in 57/192 positive samples (29.7%), O. cervipedis s.l. DNA was present in 22/192 samples (11.5%) and 11/192 samples (5.7%) had co-infections. Setaria yehi was detected in all three DUs tested. Onchocerca cervipedis s.l. were found in barren-ground and boreal caribou, but not from the Dolphin and Union caribou.Through this broad-based survey and through developing and implementing advanced molecular methodologies, we have documented the apparent distribution and diversity of S. yehi and O. cervipedis s.l. in parts of three Canadian DUs of caribou. The knowledge gained from this study provides baseline data and methodology for the further elucidation of the epidemiology of these parasites in North America.

A. Boland

Jinchi Dong, Richard S. J. Tol, Fangzhi Wang

The majority of estimates of the social cost of carbon use preference parameters calibrated to data for North America and Europe. We here use representative data for attitudes to time and risk across the world. The social cost of carbon is substantially higher in the global north than in the south. The difference is more pronounced if we count people rather than countries.

Vincent Geloso, Alexis Akira Toda

American income inequality, generally estimated with tax data, in the 20th century is widely recognized to have followed a U-curve, though debates persist over the extent of this curve, specifically regarding how high the peaks are and how deep the trough is. These debates focus on assumptions about defining income and handling deductions. However, the choice of interpolation methods for using tax authorities' tabular data to estimate the income of the richest centiles -- especially when no micro-files are available -- has not been discussed. This is crucial because tabular data were consistently used from 1917 to 1965. In this paper, we show that there is an alternative to the standard method of Pareto Interpolation (PI). We demonstrate that this alternative -- Maximum Entropy (ME) -- provides more accurate results and leads to significant revisions in the shape of the U-curve of income inequality.

D. Jaffe, T. Anderson, D. Covert et al.

Using observations from the Cheeka Peak Observatory in northwestern Washington State during March‐April, 1997, we show that Asian anthropogenic emissions significantly impact the concentrations of a large number of atmospheric species in the air arriving to North America during spring. Isentropic back‐trajectories can be used to identify possible times when this impact will be felt, however trajectories alone are not sufficient to indicate the presence of Asian pollutants. Detailed chemical and meteorological data from one of these periods (March 29th, 1997) indicates that the surface emissions were lifted into the free troposphere over Asia and then transported to North America in ∼6 days.

Carlos Navarrete, Mariana Macedo, Viktor Stojkoski et al.

The simplified hypothesis that an election is polarized as an explanation of recent electoral outcomes worldwide is centered on perceptions of voting patterns rather than ideological data from the electorate. While the literature focuses on measuring polarization using ideological-like data from electoral studies-which are limited to economically advantageous countries and are representative mostly to national scales-we argue that, in fact, voting patterns can lead to mapping effective proxies of citizen divisions on election day. This paper perspectives two complementary concepts, Election Polarization (EP) and Election Competitiveness (EC), as a means to understand voting patterns on Election Day. We present an agnostic approach that relies solely on election data and validate it using synthetic and real-world election data across 13 countries in the Eurozone, North America, Latin America, and New Zealand. Overall, we find that we can label and distinguish expectations of polarized and competitive elections in these countries, and we report that EP positively correlates with a metric of political polarization in the U.S., unlocking opportunities for studies of polarization at the regional level and for lower/middle-income countries where electoral studies are available, but surveys are limited.

Kazuki Nakajima, Ruodan Liu, Kazuyuki Shudo et al.

Gender imbalance in academia has been confirmed in terms of a variety of indicators, and its magnitude often varies from country to country. Europe and North America, which cover a large fraction of research workforce in the world, have been the main geographical regions for research on gender imbalance in academia. However, the academia in East Asia, which accounts for a substantial fraction of research, may be exposed to strong gender imbalance because Asia has been facing persistent and stronger gender imbalance in society at large than Europe and North America. Here we use publication data between 1950 and 2020 to analyze gender imbalance in academia in China, Japan, and South Korea in terms of the number of researchers, their career, and citation practice. We found that, compared to the average of the other countries, gender imbalance is larger in these three East Asian countries in terms of the number of researchers and their citation practice and additionally in Japan in terms of research career. Moreover, we found that Japan has been exposed to the larger gender imbalance than China and South Korea in terms of research career and citation practice.

Akshita Jha, Aida Davani, Chandan K. Reddy et al.

Stereotype benchmark datasets are crucial to detect and mitigate social stereotypes about groups of people in NLP models. However, existing datasets are limited in size and coverage, and are largely restricted to stereotypes prevalent in the Western society. This is especially problematic as language technologies gain hold across the globe. To address this gap, we present SeeGULL, a broad-coverage stereotype dataset, built by utilizing generative capabilities of large language models such as PaLM, and GPT-3, and leveraging a globally diverse rater pool to validate the prevalence of those stereotypes in society. SeeGULL is in English, and contains stereotypes about identity groups spanning 178 countries across 8 different geo-political regions across 6 continents, as well as state-level identities within the US and India. We also include fine-grained offensiveness scores for different stereotypes and demonstrate their global disparities. Furthermore, we include comparative annotations about the same groups by annotators living in the region vs. those that are based in North America, and demonstrate that within-region stereotypes about groups differ from those prevalent in North America. CONTENT WARNING: This paper contains stereotype examples that may be offensive.

Alberto Maldonado-Romo, Lia Yeh

We discuss the challenges and findings of organizing an online event in Spanish, consisting of a series of introductory workshops leading up to a quantum hackathon for Latin America. 220 Spanish speakers were registered, 66% of whom self-identified as being at an introductory level of quantum computing. We gain a better picture of the impact of quantum computing in Latin America, and the importance of generating educational resources in Spanish about quantum computing. Additionally, we report results on surveying the participants by country; educational status; self-reported levels of quantum computing, linear algebra, and Python competency; and their areas of interest within quantum. This event was organized by Quantum Universal Education with the Centro de Investigación en Computación del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CIC-IPN) as the host institution, in collaboration with a number of organizations and companies: IBM Quantum, Xanadu, Multiverse Computing, Quantum Universal Education, Quantum Hispano, QMexico, Haq.ai, Dive in Learning. This was part of a larger event, the Qiskit Fall Fest 2021, as one of several hackathons organized around the world in a similar span of time. In each Qiskit Fall Fest hackathon, participants were challenged to form teams of up to 5, to develop in 5 days a project using the IBM Qiskit framework.

Vasil Kolev, Yavor Chapanov

The oscillations of climatic parameters of North Atlantic Ocean play important role in various events in North America and Europe. Several climatic indices are associated with these oscillations. The long term Atlantic temperature anomalies are described by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation also known as Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), is the variability of the sea surface temperature (SST) of the North Atlantic Ocean at the timescale of several decades. The AMO is correlated to air temperatures and rainfall over much of the Northern Hemisphere, in particular in the summer climate in North America and Europe. The long-term variations of surface temperature are driven mainly by the cycles of solar activity, represented by the variations of the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). The frequency and amplitude dependences between the TSI and AMO are analyzed by wavelet coherence of millennial time series since 800 AD till now. The results of wavelet coherence are compared with the detected common solar and climate cycles in narrow frequency bands by the method of Partial Fourier Approximation. The long-term coherence between TSI and AMO can help to understand better the recent climate change and can improve the long term forecast.