Hasil untuk "Sewage collection and disposal systems. Sewerage"

Seoyeong Park, Jaena Ryu, Donghyun Lee et al.

The volume of food waste is increasing, and research has highlighted the issues related to its disposal methods. Disposers are emerging as a solution for food waste recycling; they are already used in various countries. Only a limited portion of solid waste discharge has been permitted depending on the infrastructure capacity. Although additional administrative costs are required to adapt the existing food waste disposal system to include disposers, research on consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for such changes is lacking. Therefore, this study analyzes consumer WTP to increase the capacity of infrastructure. In this study, contingent valuation methods are employed to evaluate WTP, and data are collected based on a one-and-one-half-bounded dichotomous choice model with 1155 residents. In addition, this study considers the relevant knowledge, satisfaction, and expectations of the service. The results show that the average WTP for additional sewage rates is KRW 6860 (USD 5.2). Covariate models show that knowledge of water quality and awareness of the extent of untreated sewage discharge during rainfall in CSOs significantly influence WTP. Additionally, satisfaction with sewage odor, expectations regarding sewerage fees, and concerns about preventing sewer backflow impact WTP. However, satisfaction with the disposer does not significantly affect WTP. Additionally, a regional analysis is conducted to determine the priority of regional infrastructure improvements. In Incheon and Seoul, where the number of complaints was higher than the average, WTP showed a positive influence. The findings of this study have practical implications for policymakers, as they can be used to determine regional policy priorities.

JIYAH, FUNKE MORENIKE, OLAWUNMI, DAVID

Qualitative housing involves the provision of infrastructural services which could bring sustainable growth and development through improved environmental conditions and improved livelihood. The study aims to evaluate the sanitary condition in the student village of the Federal Polytechnic Bida, with a focus on examining the standards of the kitchen and toilets; form of water supply; characteristics of the surface drainage, sewage, and refuse disposal system. Systematic random sampling procedure was employed for the study. The sample frame was 350 buildings, 20% of these buildings which was 70 buildings represented the sample size for the students. Fourteen (14) questionnaires, 5% of the 70 buildings were also administered to the landlords. Thus, eighty-four (84) questionnaires were administered in all. Results showed that 34.2% of the kitchen was attached to the building while 28.8% of the respondents cooked in open space located within the compound. Open space dumping (68.5%) dominated the village. 88.5% of the respondents had toilets; 60% of which was water closet, while 28.6% was pit latrine. The remaining 11.5% used open defecation. This can lead to infiltration of polluted material into underground and surface water bodies especially in raining season. Many of the bathrooms (68.5%) were detached from the main building, and inbuilt shower was 31.5%. The sewage (45.7%) was drained into soak away, while 24.3% waste water flowed over the surrounding land, encouraging the breeding of mosquitoes and other diseases causing vectors. 25.8% of respondents were not connected to water supply and had to buy water from vendors around the village. Some landlords (57.4%) stated that the students managed their facilities well; while 42.6% were not satisfied with the way students managed their facilities. From the findings, poor sanitary condition prevailed in the student village. The landlords should, therefore, as a matter of urgency provide water and designated waste disposal points in every lodge for easy collection. The intervention of government in offering mortgage loan to landlords will encourage construction of quality houses. There should also be effective environmental planning and management by the professional local sanitation authorities to enforce periodic sanitation in the student village.

Boniphace Kumburu, Rogers Rugeiyamu, Geofrey Ndunguru

Abstract Although the global and national causes and effects of uncollected solid waste are well documented, those specific to the grassroots level within urban Tanzania remain largely unknown. This study investigated the causes and effects of uncollected solid waste at the grassroots level in selected Tanzanian urban local government authorities (LGAs). Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through survey questionnaires, focused group discussions, interviews and observations from 164 participants. Data analysis involved both frequency and thematic approaches. The findings revealed several causes of uncollected solid waste at the urban household level: non-payment of collection fees, inadequate waste storage tools, poor communication between households and collection companies, deficient infrastructure, insufficient follow-up and a lack of designated waste disposal areas. Hence, the reasons behind uncollected solid waste are primarily systemic. Furthermore, the accumulation of uncollected solid waste was found to lead to the spread of diseases, sewage system blockages, air pollution, poor hygiene and unpleasant odor. These effects jeopardize national and international efforts towards achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The study recommends LGAs to designate specific areas for household solid waste disposal. They must also enact bylaws to regulate household behavior, specifically addressing negligence and unauthorized waste burning for environmental policy and legal framework enforcement. Also, LGAs should raise awareness to citizens for environmental consciousness. Moreover, strengthened communication between households and companies is highly encouraged for improved efforts in SWM.

Feixiang Zan, Asad Iqbal, Xiejuan Lu et al.

Sustainable food waste management is a global issue with high priority for improving food security and conserving natural resources and ecosystems. Diverting food waste from the solid waste stream to the wastewater stream is a promising way for food waste source separation, collection, treatment, and disposal. Given the advances in wastewater treatment, this integrated system has great potential for the concurrent recovery of water, resource, and energy. To this end, many efforts from lab-scale to full-scale studies have been devoted to evaluating the feasibility and associated impacts on both solid waste and wastewater systems. This paper summarizes the current status of food waste diversion from the aspects of principle and application. The impacts of food waste diversion on solid waste treatment, sewer system, wastewater treatment, and environmental benefits have been comprehensively reviewed and analysed. In the context of the critical review, this paper further identified the challenges of food waste diversion in unified definitions of the field, sewer network assessment, emerging wastewater treatment technologies, scale-up studies, and policy drivers. Perspectives on the contribution of food waste diversion to a food waste management hierarchy were discussed for initiating the nexus of "food waste-wastewater-energy/resource". We conclude that food waste diversion could facilitate sustainable urban development, but the area-specific factors (e.g., household practices, water resource, sewerage system condition, and treatment techniques) require adequate evaluations to determine the implementation. The outcomes of this study could contribute to the practice and policy-making of food waste management towards urban sustainability.

Adilet Yerkin, Pakizar Shamoi, Elnara Kadyrgali

In today's world, making decisions as a group is common, whether choosing a restaurant or deciding on a holiday destination. Group decision-making (GDM) systems play a crucial role by facilitating consensus among participants with diverse preferences. Discussions are one of the main tools people use to make decisions. When people discuss alternatives, they use natural language to express their opinions. Traditional GDM systems generally require participants to provide explicit opinion values to the system. However, in real-life scenarios, participants often express their opinions through some text (e.g., in comments, social media, messengers, etc.). This paper introduces a sentiment and emotion-aware multi-criteria fuzzy GDM system designed to enhance consensus-reaching effectiveness in group settings. This system incorporates natural language processing to analyze sentiments and emotions expressed in textual data, enabling an understanding of participant opinions besides the explicit numerical preference inputs. Once all the experts have provided their preferences for the alternatives, the individual preferences are aggregated into a single collective preference matrix. This matrix represents the collective expert opinion regarding the other options. Then, sentiments, emotions, and preference scores are inputted into a fuzzy inference system to get the overall score. The proposed system was used for a small decision-making process - choosing the hotel for a vacation by a group of friends. Our findings demonstrate that integrating sentiment and emotion analysis into GDM systems allows everyone's feelings and opinions to be considered during discussions and significantly improves consensus among participants.

Yuchao Liao, Tosiron Adegbija, Roman Lysecky

Embedded systems continue to rapidly proliferate in diverse fields, including medical devices, autonomous vehicles, and more generally, the Internet of Things (IoT). Many embedded systems require application-specific hardware components to meet precise timing requirements within limited resource (area and energy) constraints. High-level synthesis (HLS) is an increasingly popular approach for improving the productivity of designing hardware and reducing the time/cost by using high-level languages to specify computational functionality and automatically generate hardware implementations. However, current HLS methods provide limited or no support to incorporate or utilize precise timing specifications within the synthesis and optimization process. In this paper, we present a hybrid high-level synthesis (H-HLS) framework that integrates state-based high-level synthesis (SB-HLS) with performance-driven high-level synthesis (PD-HLS) methods to enable the design and optimization of application-specific embedded systems in which timing information is explicitly and precisely defined in state-based system models. We demonstrate the results achieved by this H-HLS approach using case studies including a wearable pregnancy monitoring device, an ECG-based biometric authentication system, and a synthetic system, and compare the design space exploration results using two PD-HLS tools to show how H-HLS can provide low energy and area under timing constraints.

Yongqiang Wang

With the increasing awareness of privacy and the deployment of legislations in various multi-agent system application domains such as power systems and intelligent transportation, the privacy protection problem for multi-agent systems is gaining increased traction in recent years. This article discusses some of the representative advancements in the filed.

Erfan Mehdipour Abadi, Hamid Varmazyari, Masoud H. Nazari

This paper introduces a novel learning-based Stochastic Hybrid System (LSHS) approach for detecting and classifying various contingencies in modern power systems. Specifically, the proposed method is capable of identifying hidden contingencies that cannot be captured by existing sensing and monitoring systems, such as failures in protection systems or line outages in distribution networks. The LSHS approach detects contingencies by analyzing system outputs and behaviors. It then categorizes them based on their impact on the SHS model into physical, control network, and measurement contingencies. The stochastic hybrid system (SHS) model is further extended into an advanced closed-loop framework incorporating both system dynamics and observer-based state estimation error dynamics. Machine learning methods within the LSHS framework are employed for contingency classification and rapid detection. The practicality and effectiveness of the proposed methodology are validated through simulations on an enhanced IEEE-33 bus system. The results demonstrate that the LSHS framework significantly improves the accuracy and speed of contingency detection compared to state-of-the-art methods, offering a promising solution for enhancing power system contingency detection.

Lan Mei, Thorir Mar Ingolfsson, Cristian Cioflan et al.

Driven by the progress in efficient embedded processing, there is an accelerating trend toward running machine learning models directly on wearable Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) to improve portability and privacy and maximize battery life. However, achieving low latency and high classification performance remains challenging due to the inherent variability of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals across sessions and the limited onboard resources. This work proposes a comprehensive BMI workflow based on a CNN-based Continual Learning (CL) framework, allowing the system to adapt to inter-session changes. The workflow is deployed on a wearable, parallel ultra-low power BMI platform (BioGAP). Our results based on two in-house datasets, Dataset A and Dataset B, show that the CL workflow improves average accuracy by up to 30.36% and 10.17%, respectively. Furthermore, when implementing the continual learning on a Parallel Ultra-Low Power (PULP) microcontroller (GAP9), it achieves an energy consumption as low as 0.45mJ per inference and an adaptation time of only 21.5ms, yielding around 25h of battery life with a small 100mAh, 3.7V battery on BioGAP. Our setup, coupled with the compact CNN model and on-device CL capabilities, meets users' needs for improved privacy, reduced latency, and enhanced inter-session performance, offering good promise for smart embedded real-world BMIs.

A. Schultz, J. Fachinetto, C. Colet et al.

The Brazilian rural context presents social and programmatic vulnerabilities, with the isolation of health services, precarious housing and poor basic sanitation, whose sewage service has restricted access or does not exist. In this scenario, it is common to release domestic sewage in backyards/vegetable gardens, while human waste is sent to rudimentary pits, or discarded in the open. Therefore, the investigation about the situational analysis of sanitary sewage in the southern region of Brazil was pertinent, through an integrative literature review. It was found that the selective collection of dry waste is deficient. Organic waste is intended for animal feed; burned; or laid out in the open. As for liquid waste, it is sent to rudimentary pits; or dumped on the ground. Damage resulting from improper disposal of this waste directly affects the population, with poisoning; respiratory diseases; feco-oral and waterborne diseases. Furthermore, the impacts extend to the environment with eutrophication and modification of the physical aspects of water; ground pollution; and food contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to implement waste treatment systems and technical and educational support for residents, to contribute to the improvement of living conditions in rural communities.

D. Myassoyedov, T. Zhylkybayev, Ye. N. Myassoyedova et al.

Increasing the efficiency of control of treatment facilities can be achieved by automation of control at the stages of observation, collection, processing and analysis of information by means of mathematical data analysis packages, implementation of automated control systems of technological processes.This article is devoted to the issues of technical modernization of automatic control system of water disposal in Semey city. The need to modernize the concept of building the ACS has arisen in connection with the technical re-equipment of production and introduction of new energy-saving technologies in it.The hypothesis of the research suggests the possibility of improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment facilities of Semey city through the use of modern methods of collection and transmission of technological parameters to the control panel of the dispatcher in order to make operational decisions on the management of technological and technological process of wastewater treatment based on monitoring of equipment operation. Due to the complexity of the whole complex of treatment facilities, the main sewage pumping station (GKNS-2) and air blower pumping station (ABPS) were selected as objects for the development of automated control system of technological parameters (ACS TP).The article considers the proposed structural scheme of the automated system of control of technological parameters of treatment facilities of Semey city, gives a description of each level of the system and the principle of their interaction.

Nithish Chandra Putta, Akash Patel, P. Baredar

In this paper the technology has been introduced which reduces the carbon foot print generated during waste water treatment & energy consumption by utilizing advanced technology. Water shortage has been a serious concern in India for residential and irrigation purposes, with over 71% of agricultural fields lacking adequate irrigation water. Despite this, waste water from industry is more likely to pollute the water and harm aquatic life. There is no proper disposal of industrial waste and sewage in India. In India 30% of sewerage is treated and rest 70% is disposed in water bodies. In order to treat this water, there must be highly effective treatment process. The purpose of this study is to investigate and understand the operation & maintenance of a solid-liquid separation system, comparison of solid-liquid separator with other Sewage Treatment Plant systems. Also, to study the Pollution Control Board (PCB) norms of the domestic water and then design a solid-liquid separator system for a high-rise building. The water can be treated in building level, community level and municipality level etc. This research is concerned with the treatment of grey water & black water at building level by discussing about the different methods used in the process. Further the study includes about the Solid-liquid separator system for high rise building with few desktop studies on MBBR technology and Solid Liquid separator system. The study concludes by identifying issues and suggesting a 50kld sewage treatment plant for the case area Sandya Elite, located in Hyderabad, India.

Junn Yong Loo, Ze Yang Ding, Vishnu Monn Baskaran et al.

Most works on joint state and unknown input (UI) estimation require the assumption that the UIs are linear; this is potentially restrictive as it does not hold in many intelligent autonomous systems. To overcome this restriction and circumvent the need to linearize the system, we propose a derivative-free Unknown Input Sigma-point Kalman Filter (SPKF-nUI) where the SPKF is interconnected with a general nonlinear UI estimator that can be implemented via nonlinear optimization and data-driven approaches. The nonlinear UI estimator uses the posterior state estimate which is less susceptible to state prediction error. In addition, we introduce a joint sigma-point transformation scheme to incorporate both the state and UI uncertainties in the estimation of SPKF-nUI. An in-depth stochastic stability analysis proves that the proposed SPKF-nUI yields exponentially converging estimation error bounds under reasonable assumptions. Finally, two case studies are carried out on a simulation-based rigid robot and a physical soft robot, i.e., robots made of soft materials with complex dynamics to validate effectiveness of the proposed filter on nonlinear dynamic systems. Our results demonstrate that the proposed SPKF-nUI achieves the lowest state and UI estimation errors when compared to the existing nonlinear state-UI filters.

Deepshikha Pandey, Shelly Verma, Priyanka Verma et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic that has engulfed the world, has affected the human lives in several aspects. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces and urine of the infected person, even after viral clearance in the respiratory tract, and its presence in untreated wastewater raises the possibility of fecal-oral transmission in future. The situation is likely to be more aggravated in developing and least developed countries struggling with the problem of ineffective waste disposal system, open defecation, poor sanitation, and limited access to clean drinking water. In this review, the available data on wastewater treatment, sanitation status and healthcare infrastructure from middle- and low-income countries is collected and correlated with the risk associated with the fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The review also highlights the limitation of COVID-19 surveillance through sewage monitoring in these countries owing to the absence of proper sewerage system. An inclusive approach of awareness, prevention, and mitigation from global to the local levels is required to overcome this challenging situation in developing countries.

Alireza Nazari Alavi, Seyed Ali Akbar Sajadi, Mohammad Mirzai et al.

The large volume of consumed water and pigments in the textile industry subsequently produces hazardous wastewater, which potentially may cause serious environmental problems. On the other hand, due to water stress in Iran, the need for further treatment of this wastewater is more urgent. In recent years, electrochemical processes have been considered as an efficient process. The lack of information to build large-scale electrical coagulation units has led to the deficiency of extensive application of this method in industrial units. In this paper, the removal of color and COD in the wastewater of a textile factory in Tehran has been studied in order to determine the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process and to find optimal operation parameters. Optimum distance between the electrodes (4 cm), optimum electrical potential (40 V) and electrolyte concentration (4 mgNaCl/L) are the main achievement of this research. The treatment efficiency achieved in this research is 69% for COD and 96% for color removal.

Conor Heins, Brennan Klein, Daphne Demekas et al.

An open question in the study of emergent behaviour in multi-agent Bayesian systems is the relationship, if any, between individual and collective inference. In this paper we explore the correspondence between generative models that exist at two distinct scales, using spin glass models as a sandbox system to investigate this question. We show that the collective dynamics of a specific type of active inference agent is equivalent to sampling from the stationary distribution of a spin glass system. A collective of specifically-designed active inference agents can thus be described as implementing a form of sampling-based inference (namely, from a Boltzmann machine) at the higher level. However, this equivalence is very fragile, breaking upon simple modifications to the generative models of the individual agents or the nature of their interactions. We discuss the implications of this correspondence and its fragility for the study of multiscale systems composed of Bayesian agents.

Bahare Lorestani, Hajar Merrikhpour, Mehrdad Cheraghi et al.

Heavy metals are a major environmental problem and have become a global problem due to their high toxicity and their ability to accumulate in the body of living organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Gago-Ferrero et al.), copper (Cu), silver (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in samples of water and fish from the Malayer Dam in Hamadan Province, Iran. Samples of water and fish were collected in five steps (in May, June, September, October, February) from 19 locations in Kalan dam route of Malayer, in Hamedan, Iran. Water and fish species including Vimba vimba and Cyprinus carpio species were transferred to the laboratory. Fish samples were digested by 4 ml HNO3 and 1 ml HClO4. The amounts of heavy metals in water and fish were determined using ICP-AES and Duncan's test (0.05) was used for data analysis with SAS software. Results showed that the mean concentrations of the studied heavy metals were lower than the WHO, FAO, and USEPA guidelines for drinking water. The mean concentrations of Zn and Cr were significantly higher than other heavy metals in water samples. The results also showed that the highest concentrations of heavy metals (except Zn) were observed in spring than other seasons. The mean concentration of the heavy metals for Cyprinus carpio followed the sequence Cr≥ Zn>Ni>Cu>Cd>Hg>As>Mn in first sampling. There were significant correlations between all heavy metals’ accumulation in the Cyprinus carpio fish with heavy metals concentration in water samples. The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in fish samples was correlated with the concentration of heavy metals in water samples and the accumulation of heavy metals in fish increased with increasing concentrations of heavy metals in water samples. The concentrations of heavy metals studied in fish are lower than those limits in the WHO and FAO guidelines and will not cause any harm in human consumption.

Mina Khosravi, Abbas Afshar, Amir Molajou

Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater has received growing attention since the introduction of sustainable development of water resources. Cyclic storage system is an extension to conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in which the surface water bodies and groundwater aquifer(s) satisfy the prespecified demands in an interactive loop. Cyclical exchange of regulated water between groundwater aquifer and surface reservoir is the key element of a cyclic storage system that differentiates it from the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater systems as usually practiced. In the present study, reliability-based design of the cyclic and non-cyclic storage systems models is formulated as a multi-objective programming and intends to minimize the construction and operation costs and maximize the reliability of water allocation to the agricultural sector. Results show that the performance of cyclic storage system significantly improves by more efficient storing of surface water in a groundwater basin in wet seasons (years) and using it during dry periods. So, in order to fully meet the present demands in cyclic strategy, we had to pay just under 90.4 billion rials, compared to the non-cyclic strategy. It is also shown that, for any given cost, the reliability with cyclic strategy well exceeds that of non-cyclic strategy. In addition, the cyclic design of the system implicitly reduces the probability of flooding downstream significantly rather than the non-cyclic strategy.

Mahsa Astaneh, Faezeh Taghipour, Hamid Davazdah Emami

Social and economic development of societies is based on water. To achieve this, in the dry and semi-arid climate of Iran, adaptation to water shortage is one of the ways to facilitate water crisis management. The purpose of the present study is to provide a model based on a media strategy with regard to water shortage adaptation. For this purpose, first qualitative methodology was used based on Grounded Theory Methodology with Strauss and Corbin's Systematic Approach, and finally, in order to weigh the obtained causal conditions and strategies, the analytic hierarchy process [AHP] was used. According to the obtained results, the most important causal conditions with weighting are: 1. Gatekeeping and Secrecy, 2. Trusting alternative media, 3. Lack of media democracy. Also the most important strategies with weighting are as follows: 1. Promoting social capital through the media; 2. Creating media trust; 3. Effective communication; 4. The scientific approach of the media and the use of media tactics.

Behzad Ghiasi, Mohammad Hossein Niksokhan

Transmission of pollutants to high vulnerability groundwaters is significant due to the uncontrolled growth of water harvesting from wells in recent years. One of the significant parameters for the pollutants transfer to groundwater is the presence of colloidal particles. These particles often facilitate the transfer of pollutants to lower soil depths in saturated conditions. However, in particular circumstances, they also delay the transmission of pollutants. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of various parameters on the transfer of pollutants in the presence of colloids. In this research, in order to investigate the effect of various parameters and the effect of colloid presence on pollutant transfer, first, a hexavalent chromium transmission experiment was performed in the presence of bentonite colloidal particles in a saturated porous medium column. Then a one-dimensional numerical model has been developed based on three-phase equations and interactions of soil, colloid particles, and pollutants in a saturated porous medium. The equations in this research include six differential equations that have six unknown parameters. These equations are solved with finite difference method, which uses two points reverse differential approximation for derivatives of time and central difference approximation for spatial derivatives. The numerical model was calibrated with experimental results with a determination coefficient of 0.98 and constant coefficients of the equations were optimized. Investigation of the important parameters showed that by increasing the deposition rate of colloidal particles on the solid matrix, less pollutant content was transferred, which is a fact for the effect of colloidal particles on pollutant transport. Also, increasing the rate of pollutants absorption by colloidal particles and increasing the flow velocity, increases the pollutant transport. The results indicated that doubling the hydrodynamic diffusion coefficient of the contaminant and colloidal particles increased transmission by more than 100 times at the beginning of the experiment and by approximately 15% at the end of the experiment. Finally, the increase in porosity increases the gap between the particles and the chromium transmission. The results of this study indicate the significant effect of bentonite colloidal particles in facilitating and enhancing chromium transport in saturated porous media. Also, the diffusion coefficient has the most influence on chromium transport in the presence of colloidal particles in the saturated porous media. As a result, the presence of colloidal particles in groundwater-contaminated environments should be monitored and the effects of parameters in that environment should be determined by modeling to take the necessary measures to control it.