Implications of uncollected solid waste to citizens' livelihood in urban local government authorities in Tanzania

Abstract Although the global and national causes and effects of uncollected solid waste are well documented, those specific to the grassroots level within urban Tanzania remain largely unknown. This study investigated the causes and effects of uncollected solid waste at the grassroots level in selected Tanzanian urban local government authorities (LGAs). Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through survey questionnaires, focused group discussions, interviews and observations from 164 participants. Data analysis involved both frequency and thematic approaches. The findings revealed several causes of uncollected solid waste at the urban household level: non-payment of collection fees, inadequate waste storage tools, poor communication between households and collection companies, deficient infrastructure, insufficient follow-up and a lack of designated waste disposal areas. Hence, the reasons behind uncollected solid waste are primarily systemic. Furthermore, the accumulation of uncollected solid waste was found to lead to the spread of diseases, sewage system blockages, air pollution, poor hygiene and unpleasant odor. These effects jeopardize national and international efforts towards achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The study recommends LGAs to designate specific areas for household solid waste disposal. They must also enact bylaws to regulate household behavior, specifically addressing negligence and unauthorized waste burning for environmental policy and legal framework enforcement. Also, LGAs should raise awareness to citizens for environmental consciousness. Moreover, strengthened communication between households and companies is highly encouraged for improved efforts in SWM.