Hasil untuk "Regional economics. Space in economics"

Maria A. Kaneva, Mokhidilkhon Zafarjonova , Anastasia M. Karunina

Современные эмпирические исследования фиксируют наличие статистически значимых двусторонних связей между состоянием здоровья населения и участием в рынке труда. Здоровье и рынок труда находятся в динамической взаимосвязи: меры по укреплению здоровья повышают трудоспособность и вовлечённость населения в экономическую активность, тогда как неблагоприятные условия занятости и утрата работы негативно отражаются на состоянии здоровья, что усиливает риски социальной уязвимости и ограничивает устойчивость занятости. Актуализируется задача анализа того, в какой мере данные взаимосвязи отражены в политике содействия занятости и охраны здоровья в России. Цель исследования — систематизировать механизмы прямого влияния занятости на здоровье и обратного влияния состояния здоровья на занятость и оценить степень их институционального отражения на федеральном и региональном уровнях. Методологическую основу работы составляют системный анализ нормативных документов и государственных программ, а также сравнительный анализ международных практик (ЕС, Великобритания, Финляндия). Эмпирической базой служат ранее полученные авторами результаты квазиэкспериментального анализа на данных РМЭЗ за 2015–2022 гг., подтверждающие статистически значимый положительный эффект трудоустройства на самооценку здоровья и обратное влияние состояния здоровья на вероятность занятости. В результате анализа систематизированы два направления взаимосвязи между рынком труда и здоровьем: прямое влияние занятости на состояние здоровья и обратное влияние состояния здоровья на положение индивида на рынке труда. В рамках прямого эффекта выделены четыре ключевых канала: доступность и поддержка занятости, последствия потери работы, неформальная и неполная занятость, условия труда. Показано, что действующие меры политики в России отражают указанные механизмы фрагментарно и без системной координации с системой здравоохранения. Обоснована необходимость усиления межсекторального взаимодействия при разработке и реализации мер содействия занятости и охраны здоровья, а также выработки практических рекомендаций по их интеграции.

Kandel Shankar, Sigdel Sandesh

Construction projects rely on the precise interplay of time and cost to achieve success. This study explores this critical relationship, exploring how contract size influences these vital metrics and proposes data-driven mitigation strategies to ensure projects resonate with optimal performance. This study employs Bromilow’s time-cost model to investigate the relationship between project duration and expenditure. A statistically significant positive correlation was found, with a linear regression model showing a strong association (R² = 0.836) between the two variables. The analysis also reveals a more detailed role for contract size, suggesting a potentially limited influence on time and cost variations. Several factors can disrupt the harmony of project execution, thereby impeding its performance concerning both cost and time. Key factors contributing to this disruption include the unreliability of contractors, inadequacies in site management, breakdowns in communication channels, delays in decision-making processes, and constraints within budgetary allocations. The identification and subsequent mitigation of these diverse challenges emerge as pivotal tasks in ensuring the smooth arrangement of project endeavours. Bromilow’s model provides a path to a more harmonious performance. It unveils a logarithmic correlation between project cost and duration, indicating a constant value of 24.35 days for projects exceeding one million Nepalese rupees (NPR). This underscores the substantial influence of project scale on time, emphasizing the necessity for management approaches based on project size. To achieve a truly masterful performance, the study advocates for a holistic management approach. This includes proactive decision-making, establishing clear and effective communication channels that resonate with all stakeholders, and maintaining meticulous financial oversight to ensure accurate budgeting and efficient resource allocation. By implementing these strategies, project teams can navigate the complexities of construction with greater ease, optimizing both time and cost performance. Ultimately, they can turn projects into symphonies of success, ensuring their completion on time, within budget, and to the highest quality.

Victor Augias, Lina Uhe

We introduce convex function intervals (CFIs): families of convex functions satisfying given level and slope constraints. CFIs naturally arise as constraint sets in economic design, including problems with type-dependent participation constraints and two-sided (weak) majorization constraints. Our main results include: (i) a geometric characterization of the extreme points of CFIs; (ii) sufficient optimality conditions for linear programs over CFIs; and (iii) methods for nested optimization on their lower level boundary that can be applied, e.g., to the optimal design of outside options. We apply these results to four settings: screening and delegation problems with type-dependent outside options, contest design with limited disposal, and mean-based persuasion with informativeness constraints. We draw several novel economic implications using our tools. For instance, we show that better outside options lead to larger delegation sets, and that posted price mechanisms can be suboptimal in the canonical monopolistic screening problem with nontrivial, type-dependent participation constraints.

José M. Gaspar, Minoru Osawa

We develop a Schumpeterian quality-ladder spatial model in which innovation arrivals depend on regional knowledge spillovers. A parsimonious reduced-form diffusion mechanism induces the convergence of regions' average distance to the global frontier quality. As a result, regional differences in knowledge levels stem residually from asymmetries in the spatial distribution of researchers and firms. We analytically characterize the processes of innovation and knowledge diffusion. We then explore how the weight of intra-relative to inter-regional knowledge spillovers interacts with freer trade to shape the spatial distribution of economic activities. If intra-regional spillovers are relatively stronger, a higher economic integration leads to progressive agglomeration. If inter-regional spillovers dominate, researchers and firms may re-disperse after an initial phase of agglomeration as integration increases. This happens because firms and researchers have incentives to relocate to the smaller region, where they can leverage the concentrated knowledge base of the larger region while avoiding congestion in innovation. The smoothness of the dispersion process depends on the particular weight of intra-regional spillovers. If inter-regional spillovers become stronger as trade becomes freer, then the latter induces a monotone dispersion process. When integration is high enough, stable long-run equilibria always maximize the growth rate of the global frontier quality and the average distance to the frontier, irrespective of whether spillovers are mainly local or global.

Craig S Wright

This paper presents a praxeological analysis of artificial intelligence and algorithmic governance, challenging assumptions about the capacity of machine systems to sustain economic and epistemic order. Drawing on Misesian a priori reasoning and Austrian theories of entrepreneurship, we argue that AI systems are incapable of performing the core functions of economic coordination: interpreting ends, discovering means, and communicating subjective value through prices. Where neoclassical and behavioural models treat decisions as optimisation under constraint, we frame them as purposive actions under uncertainty. We critique dominant ethical AI frameworks such as Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT) as extensions of constructivist rationalism, which conflict with a liberal order grounded in voluntary action and property rights. Attempts to encode moral reasoning in algorithms reflect a misunderstanding of ethics and economics. However complex, AI systems cannot originate norms, interpret institutions, or bear responsibility. They remain opaque, misaligned, and inert. Using the concept of epistemic scarcity, we explore how information abundance degrades truth discernment, enabling both entrepreneurial insight and soft totalitarianism. Our analysis ends with a civilisational claim: the debate over AI concerns the future of human autonomy, institutional evolution, and reasoned choice. The Austrian tradition, focused on action, subjectivity, and spontaneous order, offers the only coherent alternative to rising computational social control.

Elliot Beck, Franziska Eckert, Linus Kühne et al.

We develop a resource-efficient methodology for measuring economic outlook in news text that combines document embeddings with synthetic training data generated by large language models. Applied to 27 million news articles, the resulting indicator significantly improves GDP growth forecast accuracy and captures sentiment shifts weeks before official releases, proving particularly valuable during crises. The indicator outperforms both survey-based benchmarks and traditional dictionary methods and is interpretable, allowing identification of specific drivers of economic sentiment. Our approach addresses key institutional constraints: it performs sentiment classification locally, enabling analyses of proprietary news content without transmission to external services while requiring minimal computational resources compared to direct large language model classification.

Bharti Jasrotia, Rachana Sharma

Introduction. Gender inequality in the workplace is not a new phenomenon, yet gender differences in working conditions and womenʼs involvement in the workplace are poorly understood. Women are often discriminated against in the workplace and their working conditions and wages are substandard. On their own, they are not always able to improve their working and social life and achieve better protection at work. This study aims to explore the working conditions and risks faced by migrant women working in one of the oldest and largest STM textile factories in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Materials and Methods. The purposive sample consisted of 240 migrant women from the STM textile factory. They were interviewed in four work colonies and outer residential areas through a series of interviews. The study utilizes mixed methods ‒ quantitative and qualitative. Observation, interview series were used to quantify the data and provide detailed qualitative information. Results. It was found that there were cases of injuries at work reported by the migrant women workers at CTM. Only in a few of the serious cases employees were monetarily compensated. Not all employees are provided with the essential protection kits for dealing with the hazardous chemicals and toxins therefore poor health, ailments and sores, fatigue, cramps were majorly reported by the respondents. Discrimination on the basis of gender, conditions of harassment, physical violence and other workplace hazards to mental, emotional, and physical health were reported by the migrant women workers. Discussion and Conclusion. The authors concluded that migrant women continue to work in hazardous conditions, putting their health at risk and becoming victims of exploitation. The findings underscore the need for inclusive policies and interventions, as well as a reassessment of existing labour practices, to address issues that contribute to the vulnerability of migrant workers. The article's contributions will be useful to regional authorities, labour and women's rights advocates who are interested in addressing the specific challenges of this vulnerable group. This empirical study may benefit scholars interested in the topics of gender, migration, and working conditions.

Anna Josephson, Rodrigo Guerra Su, Greg Collins et al.

The cost of the impacts of climate change have already proven to be larger than previously believed. Understanding the costs and benefits of adapting to the changing climate is necessary to make targeted and appropriate investment decisions. In this paper, we use a narrative review to synthesize the current literature on the economic case for climate adaptation, with the objective of assessing the value (economic and otherwise) of climate change adaptation, as well as the strength of the methods and evidence that have been used to date. We find that skepticism is warranted about many of the estimates about costs and benefits of climate adaptation and their underlying assumptions, due to a range of complexities associated with (1) uncertainty in distinguishing the economic impacts of climate change from seasonal variability; (2) difficulties in non-market valuation; (3) lack of consistent data collection over time at multiple scales; and (4) distributional inequities in access to proactive adaptation and recovery funding. While useful for broad stroke advocacy purposes, these estimates fall short of the refinement and rigor needed to inform investment decision-making, particularly at micro and local scales. Most estimates rely on cost benefit analysis and do not effectively address these issues. An emergent and promising literature tackles alternative estimation strategies and attempts to address some of them, including the complexities of uncertainty and non-market valuation.

Jonghyun Kim, Donghyeon Yu, Hyoji Choi et al.

This study introduces a metric designed to measure urban structures through the economic complexity lens, building on the foundational theories of urban spatial structure, the Central Place Theory (CPT) (Christaller, 1933). Despite the significant contribution in the field of urban studies and geography, CPT has limited in suggesting an index that captures its key ideas. By analyzing various urban big data of Seoul, we demonstrate that PCI and ECI effectively identify the key ideas of CPT, capturing the spatial structure of a city that associated with the distribution of economic activities, infrastructure, and market orientation in line with the CPT. These metrics for urban centrality offer a modern approach to understanding the Central Place Theory and tool for urban planning and regional economic strategies without privacy issues.

Xinlan Xiong, Mei Meng

D. Strumsky, Luís M. A. Bettencourt, J. Lobo

Agglomeration is the tell-tale sign of cities and urbanization. Identifying and measuring agglomeration economies has been achieved by a variety of means and by various disciplines, including urban economics, quantitative geography, and regional science. Agglomeration is typically expressed as the non-linear dependence of many different urban quantities on city size, proxied by population. The identification and measurement of agglomeration effects is of course dependent on the choice of spatial units. Metropolitan areas (or their equivalent) have been the preferred spatial units for urban scaling modeling. The many issues surrounding the delineation of metropolitan areas have tended to obscure that urban scaling is principally about the measurable consequences of social and economic interactions embedded in physical space and facilitated by physical proximity and infrastructure. These generative processes obviously must exist in the spatial subcomponents of metropolitan areas. Using data for counties and urbanized areas in the United States, we show that the generative processes that give rise to scaling effects are not an artifact of metropolitan definitions and exist at smaller spatial scales.

Sheikh Shueb, Sumeer Gul

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the funding ratio of BRICS nations in various research areas. The leading funding institutions that support research in the developing world have also been researched. Design/methodology/approach This study involves the funding acknowledgment analysis of the data retrieved from the “Clarivate Analytics' InCites database” under “22 specific research areas” to determine whether the publication was funded. Findings This study shows that China achieves the highest funding ratio of 88.6%, followed by Brazil (73.74%), Russia (72.93%) and South Africa (70.94%). However, India has the lowest funding ratio of 58.2%. For the subject areas, the highest funding ratio is by microbiology in Russia (86.6%), India (84.3%) and China (96.9%) and space science in Brazil (93.7%) and South Africa (94.82%). However, economics and business achieves the lowest funding ratio in Brazil (38.6%), India (20.1%) and South Africa (30.24%). Moreover, the regional funding agencies are the leading research sponsors in the BRICS nations. Practical implications This study implies increasing the funding ratio across various research areas, including arts, humanities and social sciences. The nations, particularly India, also need to gear up sponsoring the research to improve the funding ratio for scientific development, bringing overall good. Originality/value This study efforts to show the status of countries and research subjects in terms of funding ratio and reveals the prominent funders working toward scientific growth.

Gennady Shkliarevsky

The subject of this study is inflation, a problem that has plagued America and the world over the last several decades. Despite a rich trove of scholarly studies and a wide range of tools developed to deal with inflation, we are nowhere near a solution of this problem. We are now in the middle of the inflation that threatens to become a stagflation or even a full recession; and we have no idea what to prevent this outcome. This investigation explores the real source of inflation. Tracing the problem of inflation to production, it finds that inflation is not a phenomenon intrinsic to economy; rather, it is a result of inefficiencies and waste in our economy. The investigation leads to a conclusion that the solution of the problem of inflation is in achieving full efficiency in production. Our economic production is a result of the evolution that is propelled by the process of creation. In order to end economic inefficiencies, we should model our economic practice on the process that preceded production and has led to its emergence. In addition, the study will outline ways in which our economic theory and practice must be changed to achieve full efficiency of our production. Finally, the study provides a critical overview of the current theories of inflation and remedies that are proposed to deal with it.