Hasil untuk "Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry"

Makoto Kawahito, Keitaro Murayama, Hirofumi Tomiyama et al.

IntroductionSensory phenomena (SP) are subjective experiences, such as feelings of discomfort or incompleteness, which often precede repetitive behaviors in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although previous studies have shown that SP are common in early-onset OCD, the relationship between age at onset and SP severity remains unclear.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 30 drug-naive patients with OCD, without comorbid psychiatric or medical/neurological disorders, and with at least one lifetime SP. SP severity was assessed using the University of São Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale (USPSPS). Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between age at onset and SP severity, controlling for sex, autistic traits, and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity. Sensitivity analyses evaluated illness duration and anxiety and used a two-part analysis to address the floor at USPSPS = 0. Robustness was assessed using bias-corrected (BC) bootstrap 95% confidence intervals and influence diagnostics.ResultsEarlier age at onset was associated with greater SP severity (B = −0.171, p = 0.007; BC bootstrap 95% CI −0.300 to −0.064). Sensitivity analyses, including models additionally adjusting for illness duration or anxiety, and influence diagnostics, supported the robustness of this association. In a two-part analysis, autistic traits were associated with the presence of current SP, whereas earlier onset was associated with greater SP severity.DiscussionEarlier onset of OCD was associated with more severe SP after adjustment for clinical covariates. These findings may be consistent with a neurodevelopmental contribution to SP severity in OCD. Further longitudinal and qualitative studies on SP are warranted.

Elise M. Martin, Matthew J. Morales, Niki Y. Li et al.

Air pollution and maternal stress during pregnancy are both risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders and often converge on the same communities. Epidemiological and animal studies suggest that maternal psychosocial stress may worsen the effects of air pollutants on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Previous work utilizing a mouse model of combined prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and maternal stress (MS) has found numerous sex-specific effects of DEP/MS exposure on neuroimmune outcomes, dopamine receptors, the gut-brain axis, and social behavior. However, it is unclear how broadly the immune landscape is shifted in the brain and intestinal epithelium following DEP/MS. Here, we analyzed immune gene expression in 5 brain regions important for social behavior and in 3 regions of the intestinal epithelium in both male and female offspring at ∼postnatal day 50, following either DEP/MS or control exposure. We found several interesting overall patterns. First, changes in expression of immune genes such as CD11b and Tlr4 were concentrated in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Tlr4 and Il-17ra mRNA also increased in the jejunum and colon following DEP/MS, but only in females. Second, in the nucleus accumbens, catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (Comt) and dopamine transporter 1 (Slc6a3) gene expression were increased following DEP/MS, indicating increased dopamine degradation at and reuptake from the synapse, respectively. Additionally, dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2) mRNA was decreased following DEP/MS in males. Finally, we observed numerous sex differences in immune gene expression regardless of treatment in both the brain and gut. Together, these findings suggest the nucleus accumbens is a key site for neuroimmune and dopaminergic changes following DEP/MS exposure and indicate female-specific changes in intestinal immunity in young adulthood following these prenatal exposures.

Todd S. Braver, Sara W. Lazar

The term mindfulness refers to an accessible and increasingly popular set of mind-body training practices and skills that can be used to enhance health, wellness, and psychological functioning in a low-cost, nonpharmacological manner. Mind-fulness practices originated in Buddhist contemplative traditions more than 2500 years ago, but in just the past 35 years they have undergone a process of adaptation and seculariza-tion that has resulted in their widespread adoption by Western popular culture. In the 21st century, mindfulness has become a focus of intense scienti fi c interest and multidisciplinary investigation, engaging researchers in public health, social work, and education, with an increasingly strong emphasis within psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatric medicine. From this work, there is now a growing database of fi ndings documenting bene fi cial and reliable effects of mindfulness on a range of health outcomes and clinical disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to addiction, chronic pain, insomnia, and others (1). However, despite this abundance of research, both the biology and brain mechanisms of action associated with mindfulness practices, training, and interventions are just beginning to be understood. In this Special Issue (SI) of Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science (BP:GOS), we show-case some of the cutting-edge research in this area, utilizing state-of-the-art methodologies to investigate mindfulness effects in terms of both basic biological mechanisms and their impact on mental health – relevant domains. The BP:GOS SI came about as an outcome product of M 4 , the Mindfulness Mechanisms and Methods Meeting, which was a small-group conference and subsequent workshop that we (TSB and SWL) co-organized at Washington University, St. Louis, in October 2023. The goal of M 4 was to bring together leading cognitive neuroscientists and contemplative neuro-scientists focused on mindfulness research, along with expert mindfulness practitioners interested in partnering with neuro-scientists. The conference sessions and themes were organized

Kira DiClemente-Bosco, Caroline Kuo, Goodman Sibeko et al.

Background In South Africa, rates of HIV and alcohol use are among the highest globally, with a detrimental synergistic relationship. Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based, cost-effective approach to identifying people at risk of alcohol-related problems to deliver early intervention. We developed and deployed a cascading train-the-trainer model to promote SBIRT implementation in a large nongovernmental organization offering HIV services across South Africa. Method Between 2021 and 2022, we completed preparatory activities including designing scalable training resources prior to rolling out the train-the-trainer model across two South African provinces. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of outcomes at the trainer- (knowledge, fidelity), provider- (attitudes, confidence, perceived implementation potential, adoption), and client-encounter (reach) levels over approximately one year. Results We trained 12 novice trainers who then trained 206 providers to implement SBIRT. Trainer SBIRT knowledge increased pre- to posttraining, and fidelity of training delivery was high (99.0% of elements covered across sessions). Provider attitudes, confidence, and perceived implementation potential increased over time, and 64% of providers adopted SBIRT. Reach of the model varied by component, with 41,793 clients screened by trained providers. Of those screening positive for risky alcohol use, 86% received brief intervention (BI) and 53% received referral to treatment (RT). Additionally, 15,353 clients who did not screen as having risky alcohol use received BI and 1,122 received RT. Conclusion Results indicated that the cascading training model was delivered with high fidelity, associated with improvements in all provider outcomes, and reached high numbers of clients for the screening component of the model. Rates of BI and RT delivery were moderate to high, though data suggested over-application of these elements with some clients, highlighting the tension between reach and fidelity. Lessons learned will inform future scale-out of this model in HIV service settings in low- and middle-income countries.

Julian Sierra-Velez, Alexandre Vial, Marina Inchaussandague et al.

We present a Machine Learning approach based on Symbolic Regression to derive, from either numerically generated or experimentally measured spectral data, closed-form expressions that model the optical properties of biological materials. To evaluate the performance of our approach, we consider three case studies with the aim of retrieving the refractive index of the materials that constitute the biological structures considered. The results obtained show that, in addition to retrieving readable and dimensionally homogeneous dispersion models, the expressions found have a physical meaning and their algebraic form is similar to that of the models used to characterize the dispersive behavior of transparent dielectrics in the visible region.

Abhinav Singh, Abhijeet Krishna, Aboutaleb Amiri et al.

We present a topology grounded, multiscale simulation platform for morphogenesis and biological active matter. Morphogenesis and biological active matter represent keystone problems in biology with additional, far-reaching implications across the biomedical sciences. Addressing these problems will require flexible, cross-scale models of tissue shape, development, and dysfunction that can be tuned to understand, model, and predict relevant individual cases. Current approaches to simulating anatomical or cellular subsystems tend to rely on static, assumed shapes. Meanwhile, the potential for topology to provide natural dimensionality reduction and organization of shape and dynamical outcomes is not fully exploited. TopoSPAM combines ease of use with powerful simulation algorithms and methodological advances, including active nematic gels, topological-defect-driven shape dynamics, and an active 3D vertex model of tissues. It is capable of determining emergent flows and shapes across scales.

E.F.M Wijdicks

Psychiatry has a long and controversial history, and its legacy is often questioned in the arts. But how is psychiatry used by filmmakers, what do they think of mental illness, and how do they use it? What is their frame of mind? Psychoanalytically? Biologically? Sociologically or anthropologically? Cinema has not only produced a full spectrum of elements of mental illness but also showed its treatment (or lack thereof). Frames of Minds traces the historical display of interpreted neuropsychiatry and explains why it is a story about medicine and why it should interest us. Patterns and paradigm shifts in neuropsychiatry over the last century have emerged over the decades, and mental disorders on screen became more specific. The influence of the anti-psychiatry movement in documentary filmmaking was evident. The takeaway is that filmmakers like to break the rules and take chances with the awkwardness of mental illness and psychotic breakdown.

Jesús Ramírez-Bermúdez, Fernanda Pérez-Gay Juárez, A. Aliseda

Peter Blümler, Fabian Raudzus, Friederike Schmid

The non-invasive spatiotemporal control of cellular functions, organization of tissues, and even the behavior of small animals has become paramount for advanced therapies. As magnetic fields do not interact with biological matter, their application is not only suitable for in vitro experiments but also for in vivo applications, even in deep tissues. Particularly, the remote manipulation of paramagnetic entities through magnetic instruments has emerged as a promising approach across various biological contexts. Despite similarities in basic experimental concepts, variations in the properties and descriptions of those magnetic instruments among the authors and studies resulted in a lack of reproducibility and comparability. Therefore, this article addresses the question of how to standardize the characterization of magnetic instruments. Our emphasis lies on the ability of magnetic systems to control the movement of paramagnetic objects such as ferro- or superparamagnetic particles, within organisms. This movement is achieved by exerting a force on magnetic particles by exposing them to a locally varying magnetic field. While it is well-known that the exerted force depends on the spatial variation (i.e. the gradient) of the magnetic field, the magnitude of the field is equally important. However, this second factor is often neglected in the literature. Therefore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis and discussion of both factors. Furthermore, we propose a novel descriptor, termed "effective gradient", which combines both dependencies. To illustrate, we characterize different magnet systems by calculating and comparing the different quantities and relating them to two experiments with different superparamagnetic nanoparticles.

Zi Hao Liu, Maria Tsanai, Oufan Zhang et al.

Intrinsically disordered proteins and regions are increasingly appreciated for their abundance in the proteome and the many functional roles they play in the cell. In this short review, we describe a variety of approaches used to obtain biological insight from the structural ensembles of disordered proteins, regions, and complexes and the integrative biology challenges that arise from combining diverse experiments and computational models. Importantly, we highlight findings regarding structural and dynamic characterization of disordered regions involved in binding and phase separation, as well as drug targeting of disordered regions, using a broad framework of integrative modeling approaches.

Paul J. Harrison, J. Geddes, E. Tunbridge

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a leading cause of global disability. Its biological basis is unknown, and its treatment unsatisfactory. Here, we review two recent areas of progress. First, the discovery of risk genes and their implications, with a focus on voltage-gated calcium channels as part of the disease process and as a drug target. Second, facilitated by new technologies, it is increasingly apparent that the bipolar phenotype is more complex and nuanced than simply one of recurring manic and depressive episodes. One such feature is persistent mood instability, and efforts are underway to understand its mechanisms and its therapeutic potential. BD illustrates how psychiatry is being transformed by contemporary neuroscience, genomics, and digital approaches.

Guilhem Carle-Toulemonde, C. Hingray, Othman Mounir Alaoui et al.

After more than twenty years of academic research on functional neurological disorders (FND) throughout the world, a standardized care management strategy has emerged to allow a more adapted care offer to patients with FND, as close as possible to their experience and their needs. With regard to this special issue on FND in collaboration with L'Encéphale and at the initiative of the Neuropsychiatry section of the AFPBN (French Association of Biological Psychiatry and Neuropsychopharmacology), we would like to suggest a summary of all topics discussed in more detail in each article of this special issue, in order to facilitate its reading. We therefore cover the following themes: the initial contact with a patient with FND, the diagnostic process in favor of a positive diagnosis, the physiological, neural and psychological basis of FND, the diagnostic announcement (and its intangibles), the therapeutic patient education in FND, the general principles of therapeutic management through a personalized and multidisciplinary care program, and the validated therapeutic tools available according to the symptoms identified. This article is designed to be of broad interest on FND, supported by tables and figures showing the key points of all these steps, to keep an educational purpose at most. We hope that through this special issue, each health professional will be able to grasp this knowledge and this framework of care as easily and quickly as possible, in order to participate in the standardization of the care offer.

Jefferson W. Chen, Alex B. Valadka, M. Ross Bullock et al.

Kunihiko Kaneko

Possibility to establish macroscopic phenomenological theory for biological systems, akin to the akin to the well-established framework of thermodynamics, is briefly reviewed. We introduce the concept of an evolutionary fluctuation-response relationship, which highlights the need for a tight correlation between the variance in phenotypic traits caused by genetic mutations and by internal noise. We provide a distribution theory that allows us to derive these relationships, which suggests that the changes in traits resulting from adaptation and evolution are considerably constrained within a lower-dimensional space. We explore the reasons behind this dimensional reduction, focusing on the constraints posed by the requirements for steady growth and robustness achieved through the evolutionary process. We draw support from recent laboratory and numerical experiments to substantiate our claims. Universality of evolutionary dimensional reduction is presented, whereas potential theoretical formulations for it are discussed. We conclude by briefly considering the prospects of establishing a macroscopic framework that characterizes biological robustness and irreversibility in cell differentiation, as well as an ideal cell model.

Fernanda Pérez-Verdugo, Samuel Banks, Shiladitya Banerjee

Pulsatory activity patterns, driven by mechanochemical feedback, are prevalent in many biological systems. Here we present a theoretical framework to elucidate the mechanical origin and regulation of pulsatile activity patterns within multicellular tissues. We show that a simple mechanical feedback at the level of individual cells - activation of contractility upon stretch and subsequent inactivation upon turnover of active elements - is sufficient to explain the emergence of quiescent states, long-range wave propagation, and traveling activity pulse at the tissue-level. We find that the transition between a propagating pulse and a wave is driven by the competition between timescales associated with cellular mechanical response and geometrical disorder in the tissue. This sheds light on the fundamental role of cell packing geometry on tissue excitability and spatial propagation of activity patterns.

Qingyuan Liu, Qingyuan Liu, Xiong Li et al.

Background and PurposeFor patients with severe spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage on antiplatelet therapy (patients with APT-SICH), postoperative rebleeding (PR) is an important cause of poor outcomes after surgery. As impacted by coagulation disorder caused by APT, patients with APT-SICH are likely to suffer from PR. This study aimed to assess the risk of PR in patients with APT-SICH receiving emergency surgery using a novel coagulation classification.MethodsThis prospective, multicenter cohort study consecutively selected patients with APT-SICH between September 2019 and March 2021. The preoperative coagulation factor function was recorded, and the platelet function was assessed using thrombelastography. Based on platelet and coagulation factor function, a novel four-type coagulation classification, i.e., Type I (severe coagulation disorder), Type IIa (low platelet reserve capacity), Type IIb (normal coagulation), and Type III (hypercoagulation), was presented. The primary outcome was PR, defined as the rebleeding in the operative region or new intracerebral hemorrhage correlated with the operation.ResultsOf the included 197 patients with APT-SICH, PR occurred in 40 patients (20.3%). The novel coagulation classification categorized 28, 32, 122, and 15 patients into Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb, and Type III, respectively. The Type I patients had the highest incident rate of PR (39.3 per 100 persons), followed by the Type IIa patients (31.3 per 100 persons). In the PR-related analysis, the large hematoma volume (hazard ratio (HR): 1.02; 95% CI: 1.02–1.03; p < 0.001), Type I (HR: 9.72; 95% CI: 1.19–79.67; p = 0.034), and Type IIa (HR: 8.70; 95% CI: 1.09–69.61; p = 0.041) were correlated with the highest risk of PR. The coagulation classification could discriminate the PR patients from no PR (NPR) patients (p < 0.001), and it outperformed the conventional coagulation assessment (only considering platelet count and coagulation factor function) (c-statistic, 0.72 vs. 0.55).ConclusionThe novel coagulation classification could discriminate the patients with APT-SICH with the highest risk of PR preoperatively. For the Type I and Type IIa patients, emergency surgery should be performed carefully.

J. Koniukhovskaia, E. Pervichko, V. Petrenko et al.

Introduction Dysfunctional breathing is a breathing patterns that do not correspond to the physiological needs of the body, provoke many poly-systemic symptoms. Dysfunctional breathing is experienced as a feeling of “difficulty in breathing”, which in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic may be similar to the symptoms of coronavirus infection (Taverne et al., 2021). Objectives To examine the role of socio-demographic predictors in the prevalence of dysfunctional breathing in the Russian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The author’s socio-demographic questionnaire, the Naimigen Questionnaire (Van Dixhoorn, Duivenvoordent, 1985), the STAI (Spielberger et al., 1983) and the “Perceived Stress Scale-10” (Cohen,Kamarck,Mermelstein,1983) were used. The study was conducted online from April 27 to December 28, 2020. It was attended by 1,362 people from all regions of Russia (38.3 ±11.4 y.o.). Results In men, the average values for NQ (11.19±7.74) are lower than among women (18.73±9.96, p=0.000). Persons with incomplete higher education have a higher score on NQ (N=103,NQ=20.44±11.8) than persons with higher education (N=1051,NQ= 17.40±9.63,p=0.048) and candidates/doctors of sciences (N=97,NQ= 15.34±11.20,p=0.005). There was also a connection between the severity of dysfunctional breathing and the level of income, which is associated with a negative correlation between income level and perception of stress (r=-0.215,p=0.000), state (r=-0.165,p=0.000) and trait anxiety (r=-0.127,p=0.000). Conclusions The severity of dysfunctional breathing is associated with gender, income levels and education, what can be used to identify a group of people who are most susceptible to the occurrence of dysfunctional breathing during the pandemic COVID-19. The study was supported of the Russian Science Foundation, project No.21-18-00624. Disclosure The study was supported of the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 21-18-00624.

R. Joober, S. Karama

Randomness and selection are fundamental processes rooted in the very basis of life, as postulated by the theory of evolution. First, mutations are randomly and continuously fed in the gene pool of a population (on average 175 mutations per diploid genome per generation), creating and maintaining over time a high level of genetic diversity.1 Second, this gen etic diversity is subjected to differential survival and reproduction of individuals facing diverse and often unpredictable environments. This differential fitness is the basic mechanism of natural selection and evolution, a quintessential pillar of modern biology. In addition to the large number of genetic variations generated by mutations, sexual reproduction (by far the most common mode of reproduction) and recombination are associated with the generation of an enormous amount of genetic variations among individuals.2 During parental meiosis, grandparental chromosomes are randomly recombined (on average 1.57 random recombinations for each pair of parental chromosomes, leading to billions of different gametes).2 The random assortment of 2 of these gametes (1 from each parent) forms the zygote, which will then develop to become a unique individual. The ubiquity of sexual reproduction and recombination, despite the heavy burden associated with this mode of reproduction compared with asexual reproduction (the so-called Sex Paradox), strongly suggests that the processes of generating random variability followed by selection strategies are fundamental to how life starts and thrives. Consequently, all beings conceived via sexual reproduction start life with a toss of genetic dice and are subsequently posted to undergo the trials of life. Remarkably, these fundamental principles of random generation of variations followed by selection seem to be at odds with how we think and conduct biological research. Indeed, our natural reflexes as scientists, are to study “deterministic mechanisms.” Noise and randomness are antithetical to our experimental designs. The dogma in biology stipulates that the genome, once assembled, is the blueprint of development, which is a deterministic process, the cogs of which we try to discover in our laboratories. Of course, this deterministic model allows for environmental contingencies to play a role on how development proceeds, but these are also conceived as deterministic processes. Notwithstanding the importance of deterministic mechanisms and their role in psychiatric research,3 and in the view of the random nature of how beings enter life, as discussed above, should we not expect that the same processes of randomness followed by some kind of selection should be present at all levels of biology and beyond? In this editorial, we argue that the initial tosses of dice that inaugurate life “will never abolish chance,” echoing the title of Mallarmé’s famous poem. We will show that randomness is ubiquitous throughout the life cycle and at all levels of analyses. Taking examples from recent developments in molecular biology, neuroscience, psychology and philosophy, we argue that these processes — randomness and selection — are at play at all these levels and may be fundamental to our understanding of complex phenotypes such as psychiatric disorders. Our constant failure to consider these basic aspects of biology and psychology may be at the roots of our chronic struggle to fit mental life in a deterministic framework, however important this framework is.

Sabine Dziemian, Sabine Dziemian, Sabine Dziemian et al.

ObjectivesWorking memory is essential for daily life skills like reading comprehension, reasoning, and problem-solving. Healthy aging of the brain goes along with working memory decline that can affect older people’s independence in everyday life. Interventions in the form of cognitive training are a promising tool for delaying age-related working memory decline, yet the underlying structural plasticity of white matter is hardly studied.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study to investigate the effects of an intensive four-week adaptive working memory training on white matter integrity quantified by global and tract-wise mean diffusivity. We compared diffusivity measures of fiber tracts that are associated with working memory of 32 young and 20 older participants that were randomly assigned to a working memory training group or an active control group.ResultsThe behavioral analysis showed an increase in working memory performance after the four-week adaptive working memory training. The neuroanatomical analysis revealed a decrease in mean diffusivity in the working memory training group after the training intervention in the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus for the older adults. There was also a decrease in mean diffusivity in the working memory training group in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus for the older and young participants after the intervention.ConclusionThis study shows that older people can benefit from working memory training by improving their working memory performance that is also reflected in terms of improved white matter integrity in the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, where the first is an essential component of the frontoparietal network known to be essential in working memory.

Ákos Sudár, Gergely Futaki, Róbert Kovács

The thermal modeling of biological systems has increasing importance in developing more advanced, more precise techniques such as ultrasound surgery. One of the primary barriers is the complexity of biological materials: the geometrical, structural, and material properties vary in a wide range, and they depend on many factors. Despite these difficulties, there is a tremendous effort to develop a reliable and implementable thermal model. In the present paper, we focus on the continuum modeling of heterogeneous materials with biological origin. There are numerous examples in the literature for non-Fourier thermal models. However, as we realized, they are associated with a few common misconceptions. Therefore, we first aim to clarify the basic concepts of non-Fourier thermal models. These concepts are demonstrated by revisiting two experiments from the literature in which the Cattaneo-Vernotte and the dual phase lag models are utilized. Our investigation revealed that using these non-Fourier models is based on misinterpretations of the measured data, and the seeming deviation from Fourier's law originates in the source terms and boundary conditions.