Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Marina Potemkina

Introduction. Motivation of workers to productive labor is an important component of the economic policy of any state. In modern conditions of escalating international tensions and economic instability, the study of the historical experience of the Great Patriotic War makes it possible to identify effective levers of military modernization. The historiographical analysis allowed us to conclude that the topic of material incentives for the labor of workers of defense enterprises of the Ural home front in the period 1941–1945 has not been the subject of a special study. Methods and materials. The source base of the work is represented by the documents of the central and regional archives of the Russian Federation, most of which were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Theoretical concepts of mobilization economy and labor motivation were used as methodological approaches. Analysis. In the article, in relation to the period of 1941–1945, the rewards for labor, carried out in cash and in kind, as well as ways of motivation of labor, based on restrictive measures of material order, are considered. The dynamics of changes in the system of measures of material incentives for labor of workers of industrial enterprises during the war towards the growth of the share of material incentives are shown. The study reveals the problems and shortcomings that took place in the implementation of the system of material incentives for shock labor at defense enterprises in the Urals. Results. It is concluded that material incentives were mainly aimed at supporting highly qualified employees of the main production shops at defense enterprises who exceeded the plan.

Paula Valim de Lima, Vera Maria Vidal Peroni, Daniela de Oliveira Pires

O artigo discute as relações entre público e privado na educação mobilizando categorias do pensamento materialista histórico-dialético que situam o debate como parte da totalidade da sociedade capitalista. Em torno de uma perspectiva solucionista, analisam-se as formas de atuação do privado que historicamente se propõe a salvar a educação pública. Desde as tradicionais formas analógicas de privatização até o atual processo de transformação digital da educação protagonizado por sujeitos privados, verifica-se a vinculação do conteúdo das propostas privadas ao projeto mais amplo do capital. Palavras-chave: Público-privado; Soluções educacionais; Capitalismo na era digital.

YAMILE ALVIRA BRIÑEZ

Durante las últimas décadas en América Latina, la adopción del neoliberalismo, y el posneoliberalismo en la región andina sudamericana, favoreció las condiciones para que países como Perú y Ecuador se convirtieran en objeto de imposición e incremento significativo de megaproyectos de despojo basados en la extracción de minerales e hidrocarburos, entre otros bienes naturales y comunes, fomentados y avalados por organismos financieros internacionales, los gobiernos de países y las empresas transnacionales, bajo el argumento de promover el desarrollo y el progreso para estos. Sin embargo, estos megaproyectos afectan cada vez más la autonomía y los derechos de las comunidades campesinas e indígenas sobre sus territorios, poniendo en riesgo la existencia de sus diversas formas: modos de ser, sentir, pensar y reproducir la vida.  En esta investigación, resulta de interés académico, político y psicosocial el estudio y comprensión de las resistencias andinas y las prácticas colectivas con potencial político-transformador orientadas hacia un Otro vivir/Buen vivir, protagonizadas por comunidades campesinas, pueblos originarios y nacionalidades indígenas en la región andina, a partir de sus propios conocimientos, sabidurías y subjetividades, ante la imposición y expansión global de megaproyectos que implican el despojo y la destrucción de los territorios a través de la explotación y mercantilización de los bienes naturales, de importancia sociocultural y económica para la supervivencia de las comunidades que se ven directamente afectadas por este tipo de conflictos.   El campo de estudio se delimitó mediante un continuo ejercicio de indaga-acción, problematización y previa revisión documental, que originó interrogantes en relación con: 1. El contexto histórico, político y social del despojo en la modalidad del extractivismo minero en la región andina; 2. La resistencia indígena y campesina ante este despojo; y 3. Las prácticas colectivas con potencial político transformador hacia un Otro Vivir/Buen Vivir. Sin embargo, esta investigación, responde a la pregunta de: ¿Cómo emergen diversas formas/modos, sentidos y significados de resistencias campesinas e indígenas frente al despojo y la destrucción de la Vida bajo la modalidad del extractivismo minero y cómo se configuran prácticas y propuestas con potencial político transformador orientadas hacia un Otro Vivir/Buen Vivir a partir de los casos estudiados y acompañados? 

Arturo Montesdeoca Suárez

María Elisa Cuadros Garrido, Dra. en Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social y Profesora Contratada en la Universidad de Murcia, presenta en la obra titulada “Ocasionalidad y presunción en el accidente de trabajo” una revisión concienzuda y sistemática sobre el entramado normativo y judicial que entraña el estudio del accidente de trabajo. En esta obra se integran siete capítulos que pasan a ser examinados de forma más precisa a continuación. 

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Francisco Andrés Valle Muñoz

En el presente estudio se aborda el valor probatorio de las redes sociales en el proceso laboral sobre la base de analizar tres grandes temas: el primero de ellos es la licitud de este medio de prueba, cuando la información contenida en las redes sociales se obtiene por el empresario con vulneración de derechos fundamentales del trabajador como son el derecho a la intimidad, el derecho a la protección de datos de carácter personal, o el derecho al secreto de las comunicaciones; el segundo tema está relacionado con la naturaleza jurídica autónoma o no de este medio de prueba y su calificación como prueba documental o como prueba electrónica; y el tercero de ellos está relacionado con la eficacia probatoria de este medio de prueba y concretamente con el recurso a otros medios alternativos para constatar la autenticidad e integridad de la información cuando es impugnada en el acto de juicio por la parte a quien perjudica.

Meruert K. Shnarbekova, Elena I. Vasileva, Tatiana E. Zerchaninova et al.

Introduction. In the modern world, there is a global transition to a new value paradigm of education, upbringing, and professional self-determination. Therefore, the study of educational and professional attitudes of young people gains prominence. The aim of the research is to identify the factors influencing the formation of a system of value trajectories and attitudes of young people in Russia and Kazakhstan and to predict social scenarios for their development. Materials and Methods. To study the educational and professional value trajectories and attitudes of young people in Russia and Kazakhstan, the authors conducted an international empirical sociological study in 2021. The data collection method is a survey of young people aged 14–35 years living in Russia and Kazakhstan. Results. The analysis revealed a high level of socio-cultural, value potential of young people in Russia and Kazakhstan in the educational space. Young people from both countries point out the importance of higher education in personal and professional career growth and self-realization. The professional attitudes and desired professional orientations of the Russian and Kazakh youth are heterogeneous. The main factors in choosing a profession are the interest of the profession, it`s financially rewarding, and prestige of the educational institution. Risk factors include low demand for the profession in the labor market, lack of personal interest in the profession, and low income. As a possible scenario have been identified the demand for IT competencies in the Russian and Kazakhstan labor markets, the transformation of value-professional attitudes towards greater freedom and creativity, socio-professional mobility and flexibility of young people. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained data and recommendations can be used by educational organizations, authorities implementing state policy in the field of education to improve the work on the formation and development of value trajectories and attitudes of young people in Russia and Kazakhstan in the educational space and in the field of professional self-determination.

Luicia Linsalata, Huáscar Salazar Lohman

A partir de la recuperación de la categoría de ethos histórico de la modernidad propuesta por el filósofo ecuatoriano Bolívar Echeverría, en este ensayo proponemos la noción de ethos histórico comunitario para comprender algunos comportamientos sociales de los sectores indígenas y populares de Bolivia. A continuación, explicamos qué papel jugó este ethos comunitario durante el ciclo de rebeliones que sacudió al país entre 2000 y 2005 y de qué manera la consolidación del gobierno del MAS en la conducción del Estado boliviano dio pie a una suerte de desarticulación y consecuente repliegue de dicho ethos en la sociedad. Palabras claves: Ethos comunitario, Bolivia, sectores indígenas y populares.

Marise Ramos, Lucas Pelissari

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S. M. Rebrey

The article concerns measuring gender equality in Latin American countries based on statistics from international (WEF, OECD, ILO, UNESCO) and regional (UNECLAC) organizations and national statistical services, as well as various gender inequality indices (GGI, SIGI). Gender equality is seen as one of the goals of sustainable development, and gender inequality – as a brake on its path. The study is conducted within institutional approach, since institutions are formal and informal restrictions accepted in society and determine the scale and factors of gender inequality. Particular attention is paid to axial institutions that play a primary role in creation, formation and implementation of human capital, namely the institutions of the family and the labor market, education and science, state and corporate governance. The study shows that, among emerging economies, Latin America has very high levels of gender equality as a result of a high degree of feminization of labor markets among other factors. However, the predominance of traditional division of labor in institution of the family levels out the bonuses from participation of women in paid work and exacerbates the problem of a double burden: women are caught in a vise, where, on the one hand, there is a paid work, and, on the other, an unpaid domestic work, which falls mainly on women. The most significant factor that positively affects the increase in gender equality is the share of women in government, while the level of socio-economic development of the country without a specialized policy aimed at stimulating gender equality does not lead to an increase in the latter.

Sandra Maria Nascimento de Morais , Inny Accioly

É uma honra e um desafio homenagearmos a Filósofa Eunice Trein. Uma mulher com uma rica trajetória profissional, acadêmica, na produção do conhecimento e sempre preocupada com uma educação pública de qualidade para todos, atuando não só no campo Trabalho e Educação, como também no campo da Educação Ambiental Crítica. Por isso, essa mais que merecida homenagem dessa edição da Revista Trabalho Necessário, que busca destacar as questões importantes relativas ao Trabalho, a Natureza e a Educação Ambiental Crítica.

Yu. Kravchyk, D. Shevchenko

The purpose of the study is to analyze the social environment of Ukraine in order to identify its impact on the parameters of formation and implementation of human capital to substantiate the conclusions for public policy in terms of effective measures for its development. In the course of the research general scientific and special methods of synthesis and system analysis were used (to substantiate the characteristics of human capital); system analysis and theoretical generalization (to assess the state of formation and use of human capital in Ukraine); statistical analysis (to assess the factors influencing the human capital of the country); logical analysis, strategic management (to substantiate the instruments of state policy to improve the human capital of the state); system and comparative analysis (taking into account the peculiarities of human capital formation in Ukraine). The urgency of the problem of analyzing the social environment of the country in the context of tracking its impact on various aspects of the formation and implementation of human capital. The practical significance of the research results is that the indicators of employment and income of the population of Ukraine are analyzed. Negative preconditions for the formation of human capital related to the problems of the labor market and employment have been identified. The characteristic of indicators of social security in Ukraine is given. The growth of state expenditures on social assistance, the development of social infrastructure, which ambiguously affects the strengthening of human capital of the state. The analysis of parameters of social tension in Ukraine is carried out. It is established that high levels of unemployment, crime, and morbidity are problematic aspects (in the context of human capital). Indicators of provision of the population of Ukraine with social infrastructure are analyzed. It is shown that its specific indicators are deteriorating and this is a negative factor in the context of preserving the country's human capital. Conclusions are made regarding the negative preconditions for the impact of the state of the social sphere on the formation, as well as instruments of state policy to improve human capital in Ukraine.The scientific novelty of the research results is the development of methodological support - SWOT-analysis of advantages and disadvantages, tools for improving human capital in the country

Caridad Pérez García, Jesús Jorge Pérez García, Ismael de Jesús Rodríguez Milían

El trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar los rasgos significativos de la Educación Técnica y Profesional (ETP) actual en Cuba, desde sus antecedentes. Se utilizaron referentes teóricos y empíricos que permitieron el análisis de resultados recientes de investigaciones realizadas en el país. Se constató el estado que presentan las instituciones de la ETP en su desarrollo, así como las necesidades de su perfeccionamiento. Los resultados incluyen propuestas concretas para lograr una calidad superior en los procesos inherentes a la formación de trabajadores, de acuerdo con las nuevas exigencias del mundo del trabajo de la educación socialista.  Palabras Claves: Educación Técnica y Profesional; formación de trabajadores; Cuba.

İskender Güneş

The structural transformation adventure of urbanization in global cities is always closely linked to economic development. Today, thanks to the demographic transformation that includes this economic situation, migrants have started to spread to small and medium-sized cities and global cities with less capacity and resources. In this process, the attitude of city administrations can balance the demographic change that occurs and the opportunities and costs that may be created by a wave of immigration. At the same time, it is important for cities to be prepared for possible situations by having future plans in place, to shape the future of both cities and their demographic structure in a positive sense. Although national legislation can regulate cross-border migration, concepts that can reveal the effects of migration on cities are needed. Among these, countries with weaknesses in areas such as city planning, financing and management, land allocation, housing supply, and basic services fall short of controlling migration flow and demographic planning. In addition, population changes that change and shape the demographic structure of cities on a global scale should be handled within this framework. Planning to be made on a global scale and with a holistic perspective will help each city shape its expectations about its future visually.

Y. I. Skuratov

INTRODUCTION. One of the conditions for the effectiveness of the foreign policy of any state, including its international legal policy, is its scientific character, conceptual validity, reliance on understanding both the objective laws of world development and an accurate assessment of the place and role of the respective state in this process. The creation of such a trend should be based on the synthesis of natural, social, economic, political and cultural factors that characterize the state of the country, an assessment of its participation in the international division of labor, joint projects and development programs, its role in ensuring sustainable development and globalization processes.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article analyzes the doctrines and tendencies of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, international treaties of Russia, statements by the leaders of states, as well as the political practice of interstate relations. During the research general scientific methods were used: system analysis, historical, formal legal, comparative, etc. In addition to the materials of the doctrine of international law, scientific categories and constructions of other social sciences (historiosophy, political science, sociology, theory and history of state and law) were used.RESEARCH RESULTS. The study made it possible to come to the conclusion that one of the main concepts of modern international politics is the provisions of the classical Eurasian doctrine. The geopolitical concept of Russia Eurasia is designed to ensure a balance between the western and eastern vectors of the country's foreign policy, predetermines its entire political history, determines the principles and standards of modern life. Of great importance for the foreign policy doctrine of Russia is the Eurasian postulate about the "local development" of our country, the peculiarities of its culture, the existence of a civilizational community. A civilizational approach to assessing the potential of Russia Eurasia should underlie the determination of the scale and nature of Russia's foreign policy. In terms of its historical scale, our country cannot be regarded as a "regional power" even despite its problems and difficulties of the current stage of development. The Eurasian doctrine, the main postulates of which are reflected in the foreign policy concept of the Russian Federation, makes it possible to find the right approaches to solving modern problems of world development, in particular, such challenges for our country as globalization, modernization, the ideology of nationalism, etc.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The discussion of the conceptual base of the foreign policy of theRussian Federation in the doctrine is fragmentary, often carried out in isolation from the search for the national idea of Russia. The difference in approaches to solving this problem significantly complicates the development of an official doctrine of the country's foreign policy and does not make possible to clearly define its national interests. It is obvious that the discussion of these problems should be carried out within the framework of a single cognitive process, the national idea should, on the one hand, become the basic category of the concept of Russia's foreign policy, and on the other, the final result of its creative development. The practical implementation of the Eurasian project by Russia will require making serious adjustments to the country's diplomacy, ensuring its multi-directional, western and eastern balance in the diplomatic, political, humanitarian, legal and other scopes of life.

Maryna Stryhul, Olena Khomeriki, Serhii Yahodzinskyi et al.

Upon nearly twenty years since the beginning of commercialization of the Ukrainian higher education system, the intensity of discussion of its purposes, results and possible amendments did not decrease neither among experts nor among the interested public. Supporters and opponents of commercialization note that education is the social branch, which participates in the formation of prerequisites of economic growth. The main point of the article is to disclose the essence of the phenomena of economism and commercialization. Economism is seen as part of globalization of education, a global corporatization of education provides training for the global labor market, using human capital economic theories. As noted by George Spring, the human capital, economists argue that investments in education lead to economic growth, reducing income inequality and increasing employment.The article confirms that the state educational policy as a component of social policy is one of instruments of influence of the state on formation of social structure and is directed to the solution of problems of societal level. It performs relevant sociological examination of transformational processes in education and, in particular, results of commercialization. Thus, it is possible to claim that the educational system tests the uncommon influence of globalization, forming and building a peculiar system of the relations and interaction.

Maria da Conceição Santos Costa

Este estudo analisa a configuração do trabalho docente em Educação Física na Educação de Jovens e Adultos a partir das condições e jornada de trabalho materializadas na Educação Básica do Município de Belém - Pará. A pesquisa foi realizada com oito docentes da Rede Municipal de Ensino e fundamentada na teoria crítica dialética. As condições e jornada de trabalho têm se caracterizado como aspectos que medeiam a configuração de um trabalho precário e intensificado na escola pública. Ao mesmo tempo, os docentes resistem e apontam a relevância da EF para a formação dos jovens e adultos trabalhadores.

Francisco José Lobo Neto

Em 20 de dezembro de 1996, a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional - Lei nº 9.394 – foi sancionada, sem vetos, pelo Presidente da República. Foram oito anos de tramitação no Congresso Nacional, a partir do Projeto de Lei nº 1.258/88, apresentado em 28 de novembro de 1988 pelo Deputado Federal Octávio Elísio, menos de dois meses após a promulgação da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil que determinara, em seu Art. 22, alínea XXIV, competir, exclusivamente à União legislar sobre “diretrizes e bases da educação nacional”.

Claudia Lubk

Alexander Spermann

AbstractThe number of long-term unemployed in Germany has stagnated at around one million for several years. Despite excellent labour market conditions, the long-term unemployment rate is well above the OECD average. Therefore, the “carrot and stick” principle of Hartz reforms is in clear need of further development. The author proposes an overall concept for preventing and reducing long-term unemployment and long-term basic income receipt. An important element is an activation strategy for the long-term unemployed and long-term basic income recipients that implies interim target setting and requires more and better trained case managers in the job centres.Jel codes:J31; J38