Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Konstantin Abdrakhmanov

Introduction. The study reconstructs the events of the escape from Orenburg of the former ruler of the Khanate of Kokand, Khudayar Khan, on November 12, 1877. Methods and materials. The materials of the United State Archive of Orenburg Oblast used in this work have not been introduced into scientific circulation before. An analysis of the daily life of subjects, a demonstration of the features of their home life, the mental characteristics of personalities, the determination of the motives of actions, and the algorithm of people’s actions imply the choice of an anthropological approach as a methodological basis for the study. Analysis. The period from the moment Khudayar arrived in Orenburg until his escape from the city is a particularly colorful life story, which has not yet been presented in historiography, and this confirms the novelty of the work. The informativeness of the discovered documents made it possible to clearly illustrate the organizational aspects of this extraordinary event. It is interesting that the khan, contrary to the belief that he was an honorary prisoner of Orenburg, actually had the opportunity to legally leave the city at any time. Emperor Alexander II, remembering that Khudayar was loyal to Russia when the khan was still on the throne of Kokand, allowed him to choose his place of residence within the core lands of the empire. Only moving to St. Petersburg was prohibited, and return to Central Asia was forbidden. Having considerable freedom of movement within the empire, which, of course, was only possible under the control of the Russian authorities, Khudayar Khan decided not to move and continued to live in the border city of Orenburg, slowly preparing to flee to Asia to try to regain power. Khudayar Khan could not prepare for a risky journey across Asia without arousing the suspicion of the police officers who were watching him and then quietly leave the city completely on his own. A small circle of trusted people was involved in the execution of the escape plan, including Khudayar’s relatives and Kazakhs interested in him as a political figure. Results. The smallest details of the escape recorded in the sources allow us to say that this act was not a result of an impulse to move as far as possible from the place unknown to him, but was a carefully planned operation that took into account many elements.

Николай Николаевич Станков

В статье на основе опубликованных и архивных документов автор рассматривает политику Чехословакии в отношении СССР во время подготовки судебного процесса над патриархом Тихоном весной 1923 г. Особое внимание уделено анализу сообщений в Народный комиссариат иностранных дел СССР советского полпреда в Чехословацкой республике К. К. Юренева. В своих донесениях он указывал на выступления в чехословацкой и русской эмигрантской печати и на проведение массовых собраний в Праге в защиту патриарха Тихона. Наибольшую активность в их организации проявили Чехословацкая народная партия и Национально-демократическая партия, требовавшие от правительства ЧСР полного разрыва отношений с Советским Союзом. Юренев подчеркивал, что в связи с религиозными преследованиями в СССР в Чехословакии значительно расширился круг противников сотрудничества с советским правительством. Чехословацкая дипломатия не довела дело до разрыва отношений с Москвой, но министр иностранных дел Э. Бенеш, ссылаясь на угрозу правительственного кризиса, отказался от своего обещания вынести на заседание Национального собрания ЧСР вопрос о ратификации советско-чехословацкого Временного договора от 5 июня 1922 г. Статья поступила в редакцию 21.04.2025. Рецензирование завершено 05.08.2025. Статья принята к публикации 16.09.2025. Цитирование Станков Н. Н. «Дело» патриарха Тихона и чехословацко-советские отношения в апреле – июне 1923 г. (по документам советского полпредства в Праге) // Славянский альманах. 2025. No 3–4. С. 53–76. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2025.3-4.03

Irina Dergacheva

Представлен анализ восприятия особенностей художественного творчества Ф. М. Достоевского итальянскими критиками и писателями.  Безусловно, самый популярный русский писатель в Италии в первое десятилетие после своей смерти был не понят и недооценен. Объяснялось это, в частности, несовершенством переводов его текстов на итальянский язык, когда первые переводчики не были в состоянии заметить скрытые библейские цитаты, составляющие своеобразный аксиологический код произведений Достоевского. Однако уже на рубеже веков аллюзии на концепты, сюжетные мотивы и художественные особенности его поэтики встречаются в текстах самых известных итальянских писателей. В статье анализируются отдельные произведения итальянских авторов, показывающие, как меняется их отношение к художественному наследию русского писателя – от копирования мотива преступления и наказания до глубокого понимания его основных концептов и аксиологической глубины («эсхатологического оптимизма»), когда души героев способны к воскресению через милосердие. При этом степень постижения текстов Достоевского напрямую связана с популяризацией его наследия, свидетельством чего являются аллюзии на мотивы его произведений в популярных в Италии комиксах «Дилан Дог».

Oleg Osovsky, Vera Kirzhaeva

Представлен анализ книги М. В. Ефимова и Дж. Смита «Святополк-Мирский», вышедшей в издательстве «Молодая гвардия» в серии «Жизнь замечательных людей» (2021). Ее авторы – старейший английский русист профессор Дж. Смит и известный отечественный исследователь литературы и культуры российского зарубежья М. В. Ефимов, многие годы изучавшие жизнь и творческое наследие своего героя. Опираясь на российскую и европейскую традицию биографических исследований и используя историко-литературные, культурологические и текстологические практики, авторы впервые в России осуществили полномасштабную реконструкцию биографии одной из самых ярких и загадочных фигур эмиграции первой волны. В книге использованы впервые введенные в научный оборот архивные материалы, свидетельства и воспоминания современников, малодоступная английская и эмигрантская периодика, что позволило представить основные события жизни князя Д. П. Святополк-Мирского от самого детства до трагической смерти в магаданском лагере, повороты его судьбы и стоящие за ними причины, близкое и дальнее окружение героя, политический, историко-культурный и литературный контексты описываемых событий. По мнению рецензентов, характерный для биографов интерес к внутреннему миру и психологии поступков персонажа сочетается с тонким филологическим анализом его литературно-критических и литературоведческих работ. Издание книги является серьезным событием в отечественном литературоведении, политической и культурной истории России и российского зарубежья 1920–1930-х гг.

E. Sosnov, A. Malkov, A. A. Malygin

Bülent Gökay

ABSTRACT According to official Turkish and Western historiography, following the key victories against the German forces, Soviet leadership changed its position and started putting pressure on Turkey. Accordingly, the Soviet–Turkish relations changed significantly from being considered friendly until March 1945, when Molotov initiated his note denouncing the 1925 Treaty of Friendship with Turkey and demanded a base in the Straits area and the return of Kars and Ardahan to the Soviet Union. Only after such demands, Turkish government decided to move away from the Soviets and requested help from the US. I have several points of reservation about this argument: first, the Soviet–Turkish relations were never very friendly. Essentially, a common enemy incited provisional collaboration between the two. Second, for the leadership of the Turkish Republic, alliance with the Soviet Union was always counted as temporary, and their essential foreign policy aim had always been acceptance by the Western alliance. Third, the Soviet demands regarding the Turkish Straits were in no sense a surprise, a shock. For centuries, the rulers of Russia had wanted some control over the Straits, linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Finally, many accounts focus on the Soviet demands regarding the Straits and Eastern provinces in isolation. The crisis over the so-called Soviet demands and Turkish response happened at a time global interstate system was going through a major transformation: as the Second World War was coming to its end, the American administration had the ambition to impose a New World Order. Former imperial power, British Empire, no longer had the financial and military capacity to hang on to their vast territories.

Елена Павловна Серапионова

В рецензии рассказывается о вышедшем в Праге научном каталоге работ русского художника, выходца из крестьянской семьи Филиппа Андреевича Малявина, хранящихся в государственных и частных коллекциях Чешской Республики. Помимо собственно каталога работ в книгу вошли научные статьи, справочные материалы, указатели, библиография. Книга богато иллюстрирована. В статьях объясняются причины нахождения большого количества работ Малявина в Чехии, анализируется феномен русской послевоенной и послереволюционной эмиграции, раскрываются детали жизненного и творческого пути художника, его связи с Чехословакией. Рецензия поступила в редакцию 29.06.2021. Цитирование Серапионова Е. П. Живопись Ф. А. Малявина в чешских собраниях // Славянский альманах. 2021. No 3‒4. С. 475‒479. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2021.3-4.7.02

Eric Johnson

and actively developed a neo-imperialist project, pushing for deeper military and economic integration within the CIS, the Union State of Russia and Belarus, CSTO, and EvAzEs, utilizing energy and bilateral trade as weapons and deepening ties with the separatist regions in Georgia and Moldova. The neo-imperialism paradigm reached a new level during the Dmitrii Medvedev “interregnum,” with the invasion of Georgia and the process of almost complete absorption of the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia into Russia. A display of evident neo-imperialist behavior has characterized the period since Putin’s return to the Presidency, in 2012. The expantion of military, security and economic ties with the separatist regions, the great pressure on the former Soviet countries to stay away from any close cooperation with the west, and, finally, the annexation of Crimea and the escalation of tensions in eastern Ukraine have shown how far is Russia willing to go to fulfill its strategic objectives. The author concludes that even if Russia’s neo-imperial tradition was revived more forcefully in the 2010s, its policies did not go as far as revising the entire postSoviet map and many of its actions did not produce the expected outcomes (Russia annexed Crimea but lost Ukraine). In addition, neither the integrationist projects in the former Soviet space can be seen entirely as neo-imperialist enterprises. Even if Moscow clearly considers the “Near Abroad” as an area of Russia’s “special interests,” its endeavors to develop CIS, the Union State, EvrAzEs, EAEU, and CSTO also in terms of their own security concerns and economic interdependency. In addition, the former Soviet states themselves have often welcomed and benefited from Russia’s economic, financial, or military assistance. As such, in Sagramosos’s opinion, Moscow’s policies in the former Soviet space should be seen through the lenses of an aspiring hegemon, rather than of a fully accomplished neo-imperialist power (344). The book brings important contributions to the fields of international relations and area studies and is highly recommended for both those studying or conducting in-depth research on Russian politics and the former Soviet space.

Mikhail Tumaikin

Alexey Yastrebov

The previously unpublished in Russian document written by Metropolitan of Philadelphia Meletius Typald, stands on the watershed in the history of the Greek fraternity of Venice and of Orthodoxy in Italy in the Early Modern period. It came to be the last known text that Meletius wrote as an Orthodox hierarch, therefore his pathos and circle of problems are noteworthy in the context of the subsequent steps of its author. The message not only touches upon the issues related to inter-Christian relations at the turn of the 17th — 18th centuries, but also introduces the reader to the topic of state-confessional relations, which is important not only for the Orthodox, but for the Catholic Church in the Venetian Republic. The state of the Orthodox Church in the Ionian Islands is evaluated critically in the letter, through the prism of applying canonical and administrative law in the moral life of the clergy and believers. At the same time, the author does not forget his political goal in revealing the shortcomings listed by him, insisting on the desirability of transferring to him control over these dioceses. For Russian history, this document is of interest, since it was written during the stay in Venice of Moscow stolniks (palace servants) sent by Tsar Peter to teach maritime aff airs. They met with Typald and left memories about the communication with him. And if Meletius was very sincere with Russian Catholics P. Rogovsky and P. Artemyev, he presented himself to B. P. Sheremetev and the navigators as a paladin of the Orthodox faith.

Ranjana Devamitra Senasinghe

This article discusses Nicholas Roerich´s travel to Ceylon as part of his Central Asian expedition of 1923 -1928, which is a less-known episode in the biography of the artist and thinker. Roerich’s stays in India, Bhutan, Manchuria, China and other countries are already well known, but his visit to Ceylon has not yet been subject to research. One important question pertains to chronology: while Roerich´s diaries establish that he was on the island in 1923, his letters from December 1923 indicate that at the time of writing he was in India. Solving this issue is one purpose of this article. On Roerich’s map of his Central Asian Expedition, Ceylon is marked as a point of stay, yet without specifying the particular places of his visit. This article reconstructs the route of Nicholas Roerich’s trip to Ceylon during which he established contacts and spiritual ties with representatives of religious and secular circles of this island. The present study is based on Roerich´s documents of personal origin, as well as on visual materials from the cycle ‘Ashram’ that the artist created during his visit to Ceylon.

O. A. Braun, M. G. Arkuzin, Ye. V. Arshinova et al.

According to the system approach, a person is considered as a multidimensional self-developing system, while identity is a reflection in the personality consciousness of its individual "dimensions". Being an element of self-consciousness, individual identities, in turn, are organized into a system reflecting the holistic view of the personality about itself, i.e. Me-concept. Professional activity is one of the most important areas of life. At the level of self-awareness, the attitude towards one’s profession and oneself as a professional is reflected in professional identity. Professional identity begins to form at the stage of vocational education and is often maintained even after retirement. Any significant contradictions that arise during the professionalization are reflected in one’s identity. The research features the changes that arise in the system of identity of the individual in the process of its professional burnout. The results of the empirical study of professional burnout of doctors substantiate the changes in the properties of the identity system, expressed in the increase of diffuse and predetermined identity. It also affects its structure and reduces the importance of professional, communicative and reflexive identity, as well as the structural deformation of the professional identity. The work with self-consciousness and identity is an important component of prevention and correction of professional burnout.

Dr Muhammad Naveed Ul Hasan Shah, Rab Nawaz, Dr Muhammad Irfan Mahsud

Introduction. No doubt that the Iran-USA nuclear deal of 2015 got fame in the international politics. Some countries were in favor of such a deal and some were against this development. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has more concerns over the Iran nuclear deal, it feels that after the deal Iran will become a regional power and will increase its military and political power which will disturb the regional security and stability. As the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) itself provokes the creation of such conditions, thus their influence in the Middle East will be affected. Analysis. The article analyzes the concerns of Israel, implications for Turkey, the question why deal is beneficial for Pakistan, economic concerns of Saudi Arabia, implications for Persian Gulf and Middle East, economic implications for Turkey, economic opportunities for Pakistan. After the nuclear deal, Iran becomes a regional power and increases its political and economic influence in the region, especially in the Persian Gulf. The world says that Iran cannot get nuclear weapons after the deal because it has no such a capacity. However, according to some findings from the documents of the deal Iran is not blocked to become a nuclear power and the deal legitimizes the nuclear program. So, on the other hand after the Iran nuclear deal the regional political and economic environment is totally favorable to Iran. On the other hand, scholars believe that the United States of America (USA) operate in terms of diplomatic competition. From the economic standpoint, the deal will be favorable for Iran. Thus, some countries have objections related to the deal, while others express a positive attitude towards it. Results. Pakistan will be able to generate economic opportunities from Iran, especially with the help of Iran-Pakistan-India Gas pipeline project (IPI project). Consequences of the deal will be beneficial for the regional economic development of the Middle East and South Asia respectively.

Gavin Slade

Katarzyna Kubecka

The article is devoted to the derivation of verbs in Russian youth slang, based on English lexical material (verbs, nouns, adjectives). By means of Russian's numerous affixes, young people form various expressive and humorous verbs, build derivational nests and create English verbs, which are homonyms of Russian words.

Lyudmila A. Falaleeva

The article is devoted to insufficiently studied aspects of the history of the Volga Germans. On the basis of the documents kept in the State Historical Archives of the Volga Germans, the author reveals the peculiarities of formation and development of the nursery care system in the USSR of Volga Germans in 1920-1930s. In the article measures on preparing medical and pedagogical staff are reviewed. It was concluded that the establishment of nurseries led not only to improvement of children’s health, but also released labour force of peasant women for the national economy. The author found that the first information about the opening of nurseries in the German autonomy is related to 1921 – from that moment an active process of formation of the Soviet system of nursery facilities in the region had begun. Due to large-scale famine of the early 1920s, existence of nurseries was under threat, despite the active government policy on this issue. Only in 1925 the matter of protection of motherhood and childhood stabilized, and with active support of female population of Volga Germans started to rapidly gain the momentum. In the mid-1930s more than 5 000 children in ASSR NP became pupils of nurseries. All the year round a woman was able to break free from the hassle of taking care of children and the young generation from the first years of life was brought up under state control. The operation of nurseries caused both a need and an interest among German women, in contrast to many other social projects of the Soviet power against women. The author concludes that the mass distribution of nurseries in the territory of ASSR NP and their introduction into the social environment, allows considering them as significant administrative practices aimed at the destruction of traditional ways of life of women, effective even in the national autonomy.

Evgeniy G. Efimov

The article deals with the academic activity of Evgeniy Leonidovich Besprozvannykh, his main works and academic interests. His contribution to the research of Priamurye as a point of clash of interests of China and Russia in the 19th century is revealed. The author highlights in detail the periods of his life connected with work at Volgograd State University. During this period he studies the problems of relationship of Tibet and China in the 17th – 18th centuries, the focus being at the activity of political leaders of Tibet and their role in life of the country. The article describes his contribution to revealing the problems of relationship of Tibet, neighbour countries and English East Indian company. The special attention is paid to the features of social and religious structure of the Tibetan state, policy of the English East Indian company in this region. The author also analyzes E. L. Besprozvannykh’s academic activity connected with the research of history of Kalmykia in the 17th –18th centuries. The problematic issues connected with migration of the Volga Kalmyks to China in the 18th century are also highlighted. The facts and data on his private life help to understand his development as an academician, research supervisor and teacher.

S. Rogovskaya, I. Shabalova, I. Mikheeva et al.

E. I. Skripak, A. A. Surtseva

The paper discusses the main features of the development of the tourism industry in Russia and Kuzbass under the state authorities’ realizing the need to diversify the economy and recognizing the tourism industry perspective. The authors come to the conclusion that today tourism in Kuzbass, as in Russia in general, is developing very rapidly, but not problemfree. The Russian economy has focused mainly on the export of resources, Kuzbass facing the same problem. The country’s government is keenly aware of the need to diversify the economy through the formation and development of new industries, which will make a significant contribution to the country’s GDP, one of these sectors is tourism. However, they also state that guiding Russia’s tourism development is really not a priority. The adopted conception of cluster development of tourism is bringing results, but they are not as significant as they could be. Despite the development and implementation of Federal and regional programmes, tourism is developing more by inertia under the influence of many external and internal factors. The conditions of the 2014 crisis have set prospects for the development of domestic and inbound tourism, but still this process is limited to old problems: lack of infrastructure and fairly uncompetitive prices of tourist services. However, the development of sustainable tourism industry that brings a significant contribution to the country’s revenue is a difficult and long process in the Russian context, but relevant and irreversible.

R. V. Bobrinev

The paper analyzes the issues relating to the origin of taxes and taxation and their evolution. Despite the uncertainty regarding the period of the emergence of taxes and taxation, the author expresses the view according to which taxes in one form or another have existed almost since the origin of the society and the state. At the same period the taxation mechanism – a specific procedure for the calculation and payment of tax – began forming. Together, taxes and taxation have contributed to the emergence of a special kind of public activity called «fiscal activity» or «fiscal policy». Studying the taxes and taxation showed the essential difference between these interrelated phenomena. The main difference is that taxation, unlike taxes, actually contributes to the sort of change in the tax attitude, when the potential payment of tax, as a rule, is transformed into a specific person’s tax duty to alienate his own funds to provide financial support for the activities of the state and (or) municipalities. Due to the new external challenges faced by Russia, the author makes an assumption about the necessity of rethinking and adjustment of the national tax system and taxation with the emphasis on keeping the existing principles of taxation, mediating five most important properties of a «good» tax system with the taxation level, acceptable to the public and organizations and sufficient for the state.