Hasil untuk "Costs"

A. Dixon

Baohui Zhang, A. Wright, H. Huskamp et al.

E. Mansfield, M. Schwartz, Samuel Wagner

Thomas Y. Choi, Daniel R. Krause

R. Cooper, R. Kaplan

S. Baier, J. Bergstrand

L. Bebchuk, Alma Cohen

H. Seyhun

M. Spence

David Hummels, David Hummels

What are the barriers that separate nations? While recent work provides intriguing clues, we have remarkably little concrete evidence as to the nature, size, and shape of barriers. This paper offers direct and indirect evidence on trade barriers, moving us toward a comprehensive geography of trade costs. There are three main contributions. One, we provide detailed data on freight rates for a number of importers. Rates vary substantially over exporters, and aggregate expenditures on freight are at the low end of the observed range. This suggests import choices are made so as to minimize transportation costs. Two, we estimate the technological relationship between freight rates and distance and use this to interpret the trade barriers equivalents of common trade barrier proxies taken from the literature. The calculation reveals implausibly large barriers. Three, we use a multi-sector model of trade to isolate channels through which trade barriers affect trade volumes. The model motivates an estimation technique that delivers direct estimates of substitution elasticities. This allows a complete characterization of the trade costs implied by trade flows and a partition of those costs into three components: explicitly measured costs (tariffs and freight), costs associated with common proxy variables, and costs that are implied but unmeasured. Acknowledgments: Thanks for the gracious provision of data go to Jon Haveman, Rob Feenstra, Azita Amjadi and the ALADI secretariat. Thanks for helpful suggestions on previous drafts go to seminar participants at the Universities of Chicago, Michigan, and Texas, Boston University, NBER and the 4th Annual EIIT Conference at Purdue University. Finally, Julia Grebelsky and Dawn Conner provided outstanding research assistance. This research was funded by a grant from the University of Chicago’s Graduate School of Business.

Anwer S. Ahmed, Bruce K. Billings, Richard M. Morton et al.

Stephen Ryan

The typical cost analysis of an environmental regulation consists of an engineering estimate of the compliance costs. In industries where fixed costs are an important determinant of market structure this static analysis ignores the dynamic effects of the regulation on entry, investment, and market power. I evaluate the welfare costs of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act on the US Portland cement industry, accounting for these effects through a dynamic model of oligopoly in the tradition of Ericson and Pakes \citeyearpar{pakes-ericson:95}. Using a recently developed two-step estimator, I recover the entire cost structure of the industry, including the distribution of sunk entry costs and adjustment costs of investment. I find that the Amendments have significantly increased the sunk cost of entry. I solve for the Markov perfect Nash equilibrium (MPNE) of the model and simulate the welfare effects of the Amendments. A static analysis misses the welfare penalty on consumers, and obtains the wrong sign on the welfare effects on incumbent firms

F. Ueckerdt, Lion Hirth, Gunnar Luderer et al.

Robert Novy-Marx, Mihail Velikov

R. Svatek, B. Hollenbeck, S. Holmäng et al.

C. Kuzawa, H. Chugani, L. Grossman et al.

Nicolae Gârleanu, Nicolae Gârleanu, Nicolae Gârleanu et al.

Natalia Fabra, Mar Reguant

John Gallemore, Edward L. Maydew, Jacob R. Thornock

A Makarynska, N Vorona

The article presents the results of a systematic approach to optimizing poultry feed formulations using amaranth—a highprotein, nutritious, and promising crop. In the face of challenges brought about by military actions affecting Ukraine’s agricultural sector, the efficient use of resources and reduction of livestock production costs have become particularly relevant. One possible way to improve the feed base is to incorporate alternative protein components into compound feeds, particularly amaranth press cake, which possesses antimicrobial properties and high digestibility. The aim of the study was to develop balanced starter compound feeds for different types of poultry (broilers, ducks, and laying hens) using amaranth press cake. To achieve this goal, the physicochemical properties of the main ingredients (amaranth, soybean, sunflower, and amaranth press cakes) were determined, optimized feed formulations were developed using specialized software, and laboratory samples of the compound feeds were produced. Their physical properties (moisture content, bulk density, flowability, angle of repose) and chemical composition (protein, fat, fiber, macroelements, and amino acid content) were assessed. The results indicate that amaranth press cake has suitable physicochemical properties for use in compound feed production and contains a significant amount of lysine, arginine, threonine, and other essential amino acids. Compared to soybean and sunflower press cakes, amaranth has a lower protein content but offers advantages in terms of cost, availability, and environmental sustainability of cultivation. The developed formulations comply with feeding standards for the respective poultry groups, ensure balanced nutrition, and can serve as an effective alternative to traditional protein sources. Thus, the use of amaranth press cake as a component of poultry feed not only enhances the economic efficiency of production but also contributes to the greening of livestock farming and the improvement of product quality under conditions of reduced or complete elimination of antibiotics in feeding.