Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Hector Galindo-Silva

The European colonization of sub-Saharan Africa drove a massive shift from indigenous religions to Christianity, yet the channels through which this transformation occurred remain poorly understood. Using a geographic regression discontinuity design at colonial borders in sub-Saharan Africa, I find that Christian adherence is substantially higher under French and Portuguese direct rule than under British indirect rule -- a gap that implies a correspondingly greater persistence of traditional religions where indirect rule prevailed. Neither mission presence nor pre-colonial political centralization can account for the discontinuity. Instead, the evidence points to the disruption of the inherited social order as the key channel: where direct rule eroded rigid traditional social structures, Christianity -- which bypassed hereditary boundaries -- expanded to fill the void; where indirect rule preserved them, indigenous religions endured. These findings shed light on the dynamics of religious identity change and how it was shaped by colonialism.

Kosto V. Mitov, Nikolay M. Yanev

The paper studies a class of critical Markov branching processes with infinite variance of the offspring distribution. The processes admit also an immigration component at the jump-points of a non-homogeneous Poisson process, assuming that the mean number of immigrants is infinite and the intensity of the Poisson process converges to a constant. The asymptotic behavior of the probability for non-visiting zero is obtained. Proper limit distributions are proved, under suitable normalization of the sample paths, depending on the offspring distribution and the distribution of the immigrants.

Muhammad Hassan Bin Afzal, Foluke Omosun

This study examines how political engagement shapes public attitudes toward legal immigration in the United States. Using nationally weighted data from the 2024 ANES Pilot Study, we construct a novel Political Engagement Index (PAX) based on five civic actions: discussing politics, online sharing, attending rallies, wearing political symbols, and campaign volunteering. By applying weighted ordered logistic regression models, we find that higher engagement predicts greater support for easing legal immigration, even after adjusting for education, gender, age, partisanship, income, urban residence, and generalized social trust. To capture the substantive effect, we visualize predicted probabilities across levels of engagement. In full-sample models, the likelihood of supporting "a lot harder" immigration drops from 26% to 13% as engagement rises, while support for "a lot easier" increases from 10% to 21%. Subgroup analyses by partisanship show consistent directionality, with notable shifts among Republicans. Social trust and education are also consistently associated with more open attitudes, while older respondents tend to support less lenient pathways to legal immigration policies. These findings suggest that a cumulative increase in political participation is linked to support for legal immigration pathways, with varying intensity across partisan identities and socio-demographic characteristics.

Nubia Nieto

Corruption is deemed one of the main drivers of development challenges in many countries, mainly in those territories that drag the shackles of colonialism. The roots of corruption in underdeveloped countries can be traced from Colonial times from South America, Asia to Africa the pattern seems to be repeated: populations subjugated to new masters, disenfranchised indigenous people, labour and sexual exploitation, brutal punishments for those who resisted colonial power were commune features for countries that experienced colonialism. Many of those power excesses have been recognised historically, however one of the most persistent element of Colonialism that survives until nowadays is corruption. The present text aims to shine a light on the relation of colonialism and corruption in Latin America. The hypothesis raised suggests that corruption was installed through colonialism in the Latin America region. The text is presented in three parts; the first one offers some historical considerations about European colonialism, the second one describes the strategies used by colonisers and the use of corruption as a tool to impose their rule and consolidate their power, and the third one exposes the new colonial form of corruption carried out by the West, led today by the United States.

Igor Santos Carneiro, Tatiana Raquel Reis Silva

O presente trabalho busca discorrer sobre o ensino de História da África, a partir de Cabo Verde, e a utilização do podcast como ferramenta na sala de aula. Nota-se que muitos docentes possuem dificuldade ao abordar tais temas, seja pela falta de formação adequada na área ou pelos impasses e resistência presentes nas instituições escolares. De modo que apresentamos um breve panorama da situação dos estudos históricos africanos e sua ligação com o ensino de história da África a nível geral e, posteriormente, afunilamos para o contexto brasileiro. Além disso, incluímos a exposição do produto educacional, sendo ele o podcast apresentado como produto para o programa de mestrado profissional em Ensino de História da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão.

Isar Nejadgholi, Maryam Molamohammadi, Kimiya Missaghi et al.

While AI has been frequently applied in the context of immigration, most of these applications focus on selection and screening, which primarily serve to empower states and authorities, raising concerns due to their understudied reliability and high impact on immigrants' lives. In contrast, this paper emphasizes the potential of AI in Canada's immigration settlement phase, a stage where access to information is crucial and service providers are overburdened. By highlighting the settlement sector as a prime candidate for reliable AI applications, we demonstrate its unique capacity to empower immigrants directly, yet it remains under-explored in AI research. We outline a vision for human-centred and responsible AI solutions that facilitate the integration of newcomers. We call on AI researchers to build upon our work and engage in multidisciplinary research and active collaboration with service providers and government organizations to develop tailored AI tools that are empowering, inclusive and safe.

Sadillo Sharipov, Vitali Wachtel

Let $\{Y_{n}$, $n \geq 1\}$ be a critical branching process with immigration having finite variance for the offspring number of particles and finite mean for the immigrating number of particles. In this paper, we study lower deviation probabilities for $Y_{n}$. More precisely, assuming that $k,n \to \infty$ such that $k=o\left(n \right)$, we investigate the asymptotics of $\mathbf{P}\left(Y_{n} \leq k \right)$ and $\mathbf{P}\left(Y_{n} = k \right)$. Our results clarify the role of the moment conditions in the local limit theorem for $Y_n$ proven by Mellein.

Emma Horton, Andreas E. Kyprianou, Pedro Martín-Chávez et al.

We consider the setting of either a general non-local branching particle process or a general non-local superprocess, in both cases, with and without immigration. Under the assumption that the mean semigroup has a Perron-Frobenious type behaviour for the immigrated mass, as well as the existence of second moments, we consider necessary and sufficient conditions that ensure limiting distributional stability. More precisely, our first main contribution pertains to proving the asymptotic Kolmogorov survival probability and Yaglom limit for critical non-local branching particle systems and superprocesses under a second moment assumption on the offspring distribution. Our results improve on existing literature by removing the requirement of bounded offspring in the particle setting [21] and generalising [43] to allow for non-local branching mechanisms. Our second main contribution pertains to the stability of both critical and sub-critical non-local branching particle systems and superprocesses with immigration. At criticality, we show that the scaled process converges to a Gamma distribution under a necessary and sufficient integral test. At subcriticality we show stability of the process, also subject to an integral test. In these cases, our results complement classical results for (continuous-time) Galton-Watson processes with immigration and continuous-state branching processes with immigration; see [22,40,42,48,51], among others. In the setting of superprocesses, the only work we know of at this level of generality is summarised in [34]. The proofs of our results, both with and without immigration, appeal to similar technical approaches and accordingly, we include the results together in this paper.

Lenka Kopfová, Josef Tkadlec

Moran Birth-death process is a standard stochastic process that is used to model natural selection in spatially structured populations. A newly occurring mutation that invades a population of residents can either fixate on the whole population or it can go extinct due to random drift. The duration of the process depends not only on the total population size $n$, but also on the spatial structure of the population. In this work, we consider the Moran process with a single type of individuals who invade and colonize an otherwise empty environment. Mathematically, this corresponds to the setting where the residents have zero reproduction rate, thus they never reproduce. We present two main contributions. First, in contrast to the Moran process in which residents do reproduce, we show that the colonization time is always at most a polynomial function of the population size $n$. Namely, we show that colonization always takes at most $\frac12n^3-\frac12n^2$ expected steps, and for each $n$, we exactly identify the unique slowest spatial structure where it takes exactly that many steps. Moreover, we establish a stronger bound of roughly $n^{2.5}$ steps for spatial structures that contain only two-way connections and an even stronger bound of roughly $n^2$ steps for lattice-like spatial structures. Second, we discuss various complications that one faces when attempting to measure fixation times and colonization times in spatially structured populations, and we propose to measure the real duration of the process, rather than counting the steps of the classic Moran process.

Gregory Roudenko, Yurrian Pierre-Boyer

We explore Fermi's Paradox via a system of differential equations and using simulations of dispersal and interactions between competing interplanetary civilizations. To quantify the resources and potentials of these worlds, three different state variables representing population, environment, and technology, are used. When encounters occur between two different civilizations, the deterministic Lanchester Battle Model is used to determine the outcome of the conflict. We use the Unity engine to simulate the possible outcomes of colonization by different types of civilizations to further investigate Fermi's question. When growth rates of population, technology and nature are out of balance, planetary civilizations can collapse. If the balance is adequate, then some civilizations can develop into dominating ones; nevertheless, they leave large spatial gaps in the distribution of their colonies. The unexpected result is that small civilizations can be left in existence by dominating civilizations in a galaxy due to those large gaps. Our results provide some insights into the validity of various solutions to Fermi's Paradox.

Smarika KC, Kris Clarke, Marjaana Seppänen

Finland is one of the most rapidly ageing countries in the world while concomitantly becoming a more diverse society through increased migration in recent decades. Concepts of ageing have often been constructed on a normative basis embedded in the narratives of Finland as a homogeneous society with universal services. These constructions render the needs of ageing migrants with diverse backgrounds invisible. This scoping review aims to identify and review the existing research on older migrants in Finland through the lens of intersectionality and vulnerability. It presents findings from 16 peer-reviewed publications, and sheds light on the paucity of research on ageing migrants in the Finnish context. Through a thematic analysis of a range of publications in this field, this review finds that research has not yet included the perspectives and lived experiences of diverse older migrants from marginal positions. The inequalities experienced by older migrants through multiple social identities and increased heterogeneity within the migrant groups are not captured enough in the Finnish literature. Older migrants report gaps in accessing services and struggle with discrimination. Rather than viewing ageing migrants as vulnerable, the study opens perspectives for future research to be more inclusive to the needs of growing diversity by adopting an intersectional approach and engaging older people from marginalized groups to understand key aspects of inequalities.

Henry Bakis

Peter Koepernik

We study a repulsion-diffusion equation with immigration, whose asymptotic behaviour is related to stability of long-term dynamics in spatial population models and other branching particle systems. We prove well-posedness and find sharp conditions on the repulsion under which a form of the maximum principle and a strong notion of global boundedness of solutions hold. The critical asymptotic strength of the repulsion is $|x|^{1-d}$, that of the Newtonian potential.

Boraso, Silvia

Review of Concilio, C.; Fargione, D. (eds) (2021). Trees in Literatures and the Arts. HumanArboreal Perspectives in the Anthropocene. Lanham: Lexington Books, 321 pp.

Isac Alves Correia

Resumo. Através de uma pesquisa domiciliar urbana de 2017 no Seridó Potiguar (Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil), esse artigo busca entender como a intenção de mobilidade pode diferir entre os indivíduos, de acordo com suas experiências de mobilidade, o sexo e a idade. A fonte de dados compreende uma amostra probabilística em três estágios e representativa para a população urbana do Seridó Potiguar. A análise dos dados consiste em estatística descritiva e teste de diferença entre proporções. Os principais resultados mostram que os indivíduos que percorrem distâncias mais longas consideram mais a mobilidade por causa da seca que os demais grupos e maior proporção de indivíduos com intenção de se mover nos grupos etários de 20-24 e de 25-34 anos. Esse estudo contribui com a literatura ao fornecer uma análise sobre a intenção de mobilidade e os seus determinantes como o tempo de permanência fora do domicílio de residência habitual.

Avik Pal, Yingbo Ma, Viral Shah et al.

Democratization of machine learning requires architectures that automatically adapt to new problems. Neural Differential Equations (NDEs) have emerged as a popular modeling framework by removing the need for ML practitioners to choose the number of layers in a recurrent model. While we can control the computational cost by choosing the number of layers in standard architectures, in NDEs the number of neural network evaluations for a forward pass can depend on the number of steps of the adaptive ODE solver. But, can we force the NDE to learn the version with the least steps while not increasing the training cost? Current strategies to overcome slow prediction require high order automatic differentiation, leading to significantly higher training time. We describe a novel regularization method that uses the internal cost heuristics of adaptive differential equation solvers combined with discrete adjoint sensitivities to guide the training process towards learning NDEs that are easier to solve. This approach opens up the blackbox numerical analysis behind the differential equation solver's algorithm and directly uses its local error estimates and stiffness heuristics as cheap and accurate cost estimates. We incorporate our method without any change in the underlying NDE framework and show that our method extends beyond Ordinary Differential Equations to accommodate Neural Stochastic Differential Equations. We demonstrate how our approach can halve the prediction time and, unlike other methods which can increase the training time by an order of magnitude, we demonstrate similar reduction in training times. Together this showcases how the knowledge embedded within state-of-the-art equation solvers can be used to enhance machine learning.

Georges Anglade

Debarati Sarkar, Gerhard Gompper, Jens Elgeti

The motion of cells in tissues is an ubiquitous phenomenon. In particular, in monolayered cell colonies in vitro, pronounced collective behavior with swirl-like motion has been observed deep within a cell colony, while at the same time, the colony remains cohesive, with not a single cell escaping at the edge. Thus, the colony displays liquid-like properties inside, in coexistence with a cell-free "vacuum" outside. How can adhesion be strong enough to keep cells together, while at the same time not jam the system in a glassy state? What kind of minimal model can describe such a behavior? Which other signatures of activity arise from the internal fluidity? We propose a novel active Brownian particle model with attraction, in which the interaction potential has a broad minimum to give particles enough wiggling space to be collectively in the fluid state. We demonstrate that for moderate propulsion, this model can generate the fluid-vacuum coexistence described above. In addition, the combination of the fluid nature of the colony with cohesion leads to preferred orientation of the cell polarity, pointing outward, at the edge, which in turn gives rise to a tensile stress in the colony -- as observed experimentally for epithelial sheets. For stronger propulsion, collective detachment of cell clusters is predicted. Further addition of an alignment preference of cell polarity and velocity direction results in enhanced coordinated, swirl-like motion, increased tensile stress and cell-cluster detachment.

Leonardo Cavalcanti, Márcio Sérgio Batista Silveira de Oliveira, Pedro Francisco Marchioro et al.

Among the new migratory flows that arrive in Brazil, the case of the Haitian diaspora has been outstanding in the recent years. The current Brazilian crisis, characterized by the economic slowdown and worse performance of GDP since 1990, has both direct and indirect impacts on the projects of this immigrant population. The text examines part of the results of the research being carried out by the Laboratory of Studies on International Migration (LAEMI) of the University of Brasília (UnB) with support of the Research Support Foundation of the Federal District (FAP-DF) with the Federal University of Paraná. We analyze how this crisis affects Haitian immigrants, verifying the role and importance of migration networks and capitals in their responses to the current scenario of economic crisis in Brazil, specifically in the city of Curitiba - PR. In conclusion, it is stated that the strategies of the migrants seem to be structured not from the vulgar understanding of "crisis", but rather on the increasingly complex fabric of networks and capitals acquired in migratory trajectories.

Sandor Fernando Bringmann