Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

L. Xu, Meiting Fan, Lili Yang et al.

Abstract Green innovation has been positioned as an effective way to balance economic development and environmental governance. However, the impact of green innovation (i.e., innovation relating to the environmentally sound technologies (ESTs)) on carbon emission performance in a large developing country, such as China, has been paid little attention. This paper investigates the impact of green innovation on carbon emission performance based on a panel data set covering 218 prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2013. First, we examine whether heterogeneous green innovations have a synergistic effect on carbon emission performance using the two-way fixed effect model, instrumental variable method, and spatial econometric model. Moreover, using a causal mediation effect model, we identify four kinds of potential transmission channels of green innovation affecting carbon emission performance: energy consumption structure effect, industrial structure effect, urbanization effect, and foreign direct investment (FDI) effect. The results indicate a positive effect of green innovation and its sub-categories on carbon emission performance in China. However, a noteworthy phenomenon is that direct carbon emission-reduction innovation and green administrative innovation have a weaker effect on carbon emission performance than other kinds of green innovations. In addition, the positive effect has an evident heterogeneity in different kinds of cities. To be specific, green innovation has an evident positive impact on carbon emission performance in key cities for environmental protection, resource-based cities, non-resource-based cities, and central cities. Meanwhile, a “snowball” effect and a symbiotic effect of carbon emission performance exist in local cities and between cities, respectively. Finally, we find that green innovation significantly decreases and increases carbon emission performance through industrial structure effect and FDI effect, respectively.

Mathias Lerch, Wenxiu Du, Dorothee Beckendorff

Our understanding of the patterns of internal migration that underlie the fast urbanization in developing countries is mainly based on theory and country case studies. We test the hypothesis of a mobility transition from a comparative perspective by analyzing the evolution of different types of internal migration across the settlement hierarchy over the course of urbanization. We rely on repeated population censuses from 41 developing countries, consistent remote‐sensing definitions of urban agglomerations, and statistical modeling to integrate and ensure the comparison of the international set of migration estimates. Results confirm a declining inter‐rural migration at the beginning of urbanization alongside a rising rural exodus, which diffuses down the settlement hierarchy alongside a progressive shift from proximity to long‐distance migration. Relative to the largest city, the attractiveness of secondary urban destinations persists and tends to rise in late stages of urbanization. However, inter‐urban migration played a major role in the initiation of the mobility transition but later declined. Large shares of urban‐ward migration are diverted to the rural hinterland of cities, and the rural exodus does not level off. We provide potential explanations for these deviations from the mobility transition hypothesis, propose theoretical amendments, and discuss the implications of our findings.

Françoise Okah Efogo, Paul Awoa Awoa

This article focuses on the challenges that uncertainty poses to countries in global and regional value chains. In this perspective, it focuses specifically on African countries and enriches the results with a comparative approach. Indeed, using a gravity model for 49 African countries and all their trading partners from 1990 to 2019, the paper proposes a comparative analysis of the effects of uncertainty on global trade in value chains and on trade in value chains within Africa. The robustness of the results shows that domestic uncertainty can drive the expansion of intra-African trade in value chains, while uncertainty in the partner country hinders the flourishing of trade relationships within a value chain.

Chiara Amato, Mario Cerasoli

The article explores the revitalization of Italy's "inner areas" - —fragile territories facing challenges such as depopulation, abandonment, and a lack of essential services, primarily due to limited mobility. The enhancement of secondary and disused railways is proposed as a tool for territorial rebalancing, to be achieved through multilevel governance that integrates spatial planning, interinstitutional cooperation, and the strategic allocation of financial and economic resources. This approach aims to move beyond sectoral perspectives on infrastructure networks.  The Axis Contract is introduced as an integrated framework linking urban planning and mobility, centered on the right to mobility and the empowerment of local communities.  The article is structured into three parts: the first examines the relationship between territory, mobility, and infrastructure policies; the second analyzes the French Contrat d’axe model and its applicability in Italy; and the third presents the results of an interdisciplinary study on the reactivation of the Civitavecchia -Capranica - Orte railway line.  The findings confirm that the Axis Contract is an effective tool for integrating urban and mobility planning, addressing accessibility needs, and promoting the sustainable rebalancing of territories.

Mingli Pang, Jieru Wang, Mingyue Zhao et al.

BackgroundDriven by the accelerated aging of the population of China, the number of older adults has increased rapidly in the country. Meanwhile, following children, migrant older adults (MOA) have emerged as a vulnerable group in the process of fast urbanization. Existed studies have illustrated the association between social support and loneliness and the relationship between sleep disturbance and loneliness; however, the underlying mechanisms and the migrant-local difference in the association between social support, sleep disturbance, and loneliness have not been identified. ObjectiveThis study aimed to clarify the migrant-local difference in the relationship between social support, sleep disturbance, and loneliness in older adults in China. MethodsMultistage cluster random sampling was used to select participants: 1205 older adults (n=613, 50.9%, MOA and n=592, 49.1%, local older adults [LOA]) were selected in Weifang City, China, in August 2021. Loneliness was assessed with the 6-item short-form University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, social support was evaluated with the Social Support Rating Scale, and sleep disturbance was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The chi-square test, t test, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were adopted to explore the migrant-local difference between social support, sleep disturbance, and loneliness among the MOA and LOA. ResultsThe mean score of loneliness was 8.58 (SD 3.03) for the MOA and 8.00 (SD 2.79) for the LOA. SEM analysis showed that social support exerts a direct negative effect on both sleep disturbance (standardized coefficient=–0.24 in the MOA and –0.20 in the LOA) and loneliness (standardized coefficient=–0.44 in the MOA and –0.40 in the LOA), while sleep disturbance generates a direct positive effect on loneliness (standardized coefficient=0.13 in the MOA and 0.22 in the LOA). ConclusionsBoth MOA and LOA have a low level of loneliness, but the MOA show higher loneliness than the LOA. There is a negative correlation between social support and loneliness as well as between social support and sleep disturbance among the MOA and LOA (MOA>LOA), while loneliness is positively associated with sleep disturbance in both populations (MOA<LOA). Measures should be taken by the government, society, and families to increase social support, decrease sleep disturbance, and further reduce the loneliness among older adults, especially the MOA.

Armand Fréjuis Akpa, Augustin Foster Chabossou

The introduction of information and communication technology (ICT) has altered the way society operates things. ICT is used in various sectors, including agriculture. It can be used in the agricultural sector to distribute pricing and encourage agricultural commodity exports. The study aims to investigate the effect of ICT on cashew nut export in Benin using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Data were collected over the period of 31 years (1990–2020) in Benin. The estimated results showed that mobile cellular telephone subscription is negatively and significantly correlated with cashew nut export in the short-run. However, in the long-run, it exhibits a positive and significant correlation. On the other hand, internet usage had no significant effect on cashew nut export in the short-run, but negatively influenced cashew nut export in the long-run. These results suggest that to increase its cashew nut export, the Beninese government should invest in technological infrastructure to improve internet access by reducing the cost of internet and increasing education that will allow farmers to better understand and use ICT.

David Oluseun Olayungbo, Aziza Zhuparova, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Faryan et al.

The relationship between oil price movements and stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic and the geopolitical crisis like the ongoing Russian-Ukraine war is yet unexplored extensively. This study therefore examines the return-correlation effects of oil prices on stock markets and their spillover effects in oil-exporting and European countries using daily closing data. After estimating the GARCH process, we employ the static and dynamic Markov Switching model that allow the relationship between oil price and stock market to switch between two regimes coined the COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war periods. The static model shows stock price returns to respond positively and significantly to oil price returns in Italy, Germany and the US during the Covid-19 period while the response is significantly positive only for US in the Russia-Ukraine war period. As regards the volatility spillover, significant spillover is found from stock to oil market for Nigeria, vice versa for Saudi Arabia and bi-directional volatility spillover found for the US, Italy and Germany during the COVID-19 period. The policy implication is that Nigeria and Saudi Arabia should prioritize financial policy and energy policy respectively while US, Italy and Germany should adopt policy coordination to stabilize oil-stock market volatility during low oil price period like the COVID-19 period.

Federica Bianchi, Rossella Moscarelli

The conquest of new public spaces is one of the main options in processes of urban regeneration. It seems essential in contemporary cities, since our life occurs more and more indoors and in private contexts, reducing the role of public and outdoor activities. Among cultural-based urban regeneration projects that operate within those spaces waiting for an improvement of the existing public functions, schools can play a particularly prominent role, as well spread and symbolic institutions with an educational mission for young people. From this perspective, the paper discusses how school squares, namely the urban areas close to the entrance of schools, can be designed and regenerated to produce a real public space where the city meets the school and vice versa. The paper presents a methodology to classify different typologies of school squares, based on an extensive analysis on over 600 school squares, located in the provinces of Milan, Turin and Varese. On the basis of such classification, some guidelines are discussed in order to propose a strategy to redesign these symbolic spaces and to conquer them as public areas.

P. Fan, Z. Ouyang, D. D. Nguyen et al.

Abstract We used the experiences of Vietnam following the economic reform, known as Doimoi, to study urbanization, economic development, and environmental and social changes in transitional economies at multi-scales. The country underwent rapid urban land expansion, as indicated by the increase in the mean value of nighttime light data from −1.4 in 1992 to 4.4 in 2012. The urban population grew at a faster annual rate following Doimoi (1986–2015) compared to the pre-Doimoi period (1960–1985). At the inter-city level, cities with populations more than 1 million experienced more rapid growth of built-up land intensity and population size compared to the national average. At the intra-city level, conversion from farmland contributed significantly to built-up land in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City from 1990 to 2010. As indicated by PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations, urban environments in large cities deteriorated; yet poverty was alleviated, as measured by populations falling under the poverty line and the proportion of the urban population living in slums. Coupled dynamics of urbanization, economic development, and environmental and social changes were modeled and the main findings are: (1) economic development strongly influenced urbanization and (2) urbanization and economic development contributed to environmental deterioration while promoting the social conditions. How urban land expansion was facilitated by local institutional interventions such as frequent changes of administrative boundaries, master plans, and policies is also discussed. Our study highlighted a multi-scale and multi-dimensional perspective, the independent and coupled relationships between economic development, urbanization, and environmental/social changes, and a hybrid approach of examining the influences of the institutional intervention and the market mechanism on urbanization in transitional economies.

P. Iamtrakul, A. Padon, J. Klaylee

The metropolis of Bangkok is characterized as a primate city because of its role as the capital of Thailand. Its suburbanization spreads to five surrounding provinces. Compared to other provinces in Thailand, it has highly concentrated urban development, without disparity between urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the travel volume in Bangkok and its surrounding areas is the highest in the country, with the majority related to private vehicle usage. This is why Bangkok is ranked as the world’s most congested city. To solve this problem and sustain the urbanization of the capital, it is necessary to understand the urban development patterns in Bangkok and their associated factors in measuring the accessibility of transportation. This research applied factor analysis and cluster analysis to characterize the different district contexts of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, by selecting the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) as the capital city area and Pathum Thani Province as a suburbanized area. Consequently, their transport accessibility could be represented by the level of accessibility in terms of the inequalities in the existing transportation system. Furthermore, by clustering the districts according to their economic and social factors, the causes of these inequalities could be identified by spatializing and geographically highlighting them. These findings should be integrated into the urban planning and development policies to overcome urban development challenges and create a city with more accessible and affordable public transport opportunities.

Michael Tuffour

This study assessed how urban farmers survive land scarcity challenges in the midst of rapid urbanization in a developing country such as Ghana. As land scarcity becomes more pronounced in urban areas, farmers struggle to find a place to farm within the urban space but the numerous opportunities that come with farming within the city still inspires them to find spare lands and open spaces in the city to farm. Therefore, the study examined the factors that influence urban farmers’ mobility with respect to farmland in the midst of intense land scarcity. Reponses from 251 farmers were analyzed with both Tobit and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Land situation factors such as land ownership type, land scarcity challenges, and size of land were found to be associated with farmers’ mobility. Farm characteristics such as level of market benefits, intensity of vegetable production, and level of technology were also associated with farmers’ mobility within the city. Personal characteristics such as age, level of education, level of farmer engagement, and marital status also played a role. This implies urban farming sustainability requires conscious government efforts to include urban agriculture in its spatial planning decisions since there are numerous opportunities for farming within the city.

M. Kabir, Tapos Kormoker, M. Islam et al.

Riaz ul Hissan, Liaqat Ali Waseem, M. Khurshid et al.

It is estimated that 50% of the world's population is living on only 2% of land area. Population scientists also believe that the urban population will increase from 80% to 90% by 2030 which is why urban growth is a significant problem in the developing world. Rapid urbanization has created many problems like haphazard development, disturbance in the ecological system, shortage of shelter and food polluted environment, lack of basic facilities, and traffic congestion. Besides traffic jams, traffic flow is also the major reason for different types of pollution like noise pollution and air pollution, which is a cause of health problems. Pakistan being a developing country experiences the same problems because of rapid urbanization. Faisalabad is the third largest city (according to the rank-size rule) and is famous for the agro cottage and textile industry. It covered the 313.21km2 area. Traffic congestion is a significant problem in Pakistan’s cities because of their unplanned infrastructure and explosive population growth. Faisalabad is the first planned city of the subcontinent. With time, Faisalabad’s infrastructure faced many changes due to uncontrolled urbanization. Road transport increased by 3% yearly due to the usage of personal automobiles. In the usage of personal vehicles, the share of motorcycles is 89 % while the share of cars is 50 %. Rapid urbanization is a severe threat to the city environment. Traffic congestion has become the problem of the day.  This menace increased over time due to the slow development of roads and insufficient infrastructure as compared to rapid urbanization.

B. Q. Nguyen, T. Tran, Maria Grodzka-Łukaszewska et al.

In the present day, the acceleration of urban surface heat impacts resulting from urbanization and industrialization is critical for citizens and municipal governments in developing-country cities. The previous key findings have indicated the association between urban surface heat and the following areas: forests, mixed agricultural land, built-up area, and water bodies. This study was motivated by a lack of knowledge regarding the variation of temperature, evaporation, and humidity in Central Vietnam’s major region. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and Landsat image analysis were employed to determine the trend and statistical significance of the variables across the 42-year study period for Da Nang city and Quang Nam province. Our results show that Da Nang city has a consistent trend with a high correlation between temperature, evaporation, and relative humidity, whereas Quang Nam province showed an inverse relationship between temperature and relative humidity since the beginning of the regional urbanization. The maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures have increased by at least 0.29 °C in Quang Nam province and 0.71 °C in Da Nang city since 2000. Between 1979 and 2021, the frequency of days with temperatures exceeding 35°C has increased by two and seven days during the past decade at the meteorological stations in Da Nang and Tam Ky, respectively. The temperature in Da Nang city varied from 31.80°C to 32.82°C with high temperatures concentrated in urbanized regions with less coverage of small trees, plants, and water bodies. Thus, the results of this study will serve as a scientific basis for decision-makers and regional officials for land-use management and to increase community awareness of sustainable planning, particularly in Da Nang city and Quang Nam province in Central Vietnam.

Muhammad Azam Khan, Niaz Ali, Himayatullah Khan et al.

Purpose This study aims to explore empirically the impact of various factors/determinants on housing prices at the country level as well as in Lahore, the most populous metropolitan city of the most populous province Punjab, Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach This study uses monthly data ranging from 2013M1 to 2020M1 on variables used in the study. Based on the stationarity results, the method of robust least square is used as an estimation technique. The validity of initial results is also authenticated by canonical cointegration regression. Findings The empirical result reveals that all included variables significantly affect housing prices both at country level as well as in Lahore. This study found negative impact of regressor age, real exchange rate and urbanization on housing prices, whereas the positive impact of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, foreign remittances, broad money and real interest rate on housing prices in the case of Pakistan was found. On the other hand, results unveiled the negative impact of regressor age (proportion of population aged between 15 and 64), real exchange rate and urbanization on housing prices, whereas the positive impact of GDP per capita, foreign remittances, broad money and real interest rate on housing prices in Lahore metropolitan city was unveiled. Originality/value Based on the extant literature survey, this is a more holistic study of its kind that uncovers the macroeconomic determinants by considering the demand side, supply side and demographic factors of escalated housing prices in Pakistan, so that proper policies can be adopted to keep the housing sector stable. Empirical findings are helpful to acquire an enhanced understanding of how the housing price is determined and form a base for government to tackle the housing affordability problem.

Changyeon Lee, Jaekyung Lee, Sungjin Park

Over the past half century, the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) has experienced rapid urbanization. Urban development and population growth within the SMA have caused various problems, such as a lack of affordable housing, traffic congestion, and socioeconomic inequality between the SMA and the rest of the country. As a solution, growth control was adopted, but it resulted in increasing housing prices within Seoul. In late 2018, skyrocketing housing prices forced Seoul’s government to abandon its growth-control policy and announce large-scale “new-town” projects planned outside of the city’s urban growth boundary. The primary purpose of this research is to predict future urbanization dynamics by utilizing the long short-term memory (LSTM)–based prediction model. The secondary purpose is to identify the influential driving factors in urbanization that can help policy makers develop evidence-based, informed strategies. To predict future urbanization’s spatial patterns in the SMA, LSTM models have been estimated under two scenarios: (A) assuming that current urbanization trends and contributing factors will remain consistent in the future and (B) considering new development plans’ impacts. A comparison of the modeling results indicates that the government-driven new-town projects will help urbanize 55.8% more land by 2030. The variable influence analysis also reveals that strong growth-control measures may be necessary for areas with higher employment and homeownership rates to control rapid urbanization. However, housing supply and economic growth–related policies in Seoul’s suburbs would help attract the city’s population to the outskirts. The LSTM-based model yields an accurate and reliable spatial prediction in the form of visual maps, and its graphic results will assist policy makers greatly in developing effective strategies for smart urban growth management.

S. Tripathi

Federica Gaglione, David Ania Ayiine-Etigo

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is a continuous update about emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility, and environment, thanks to a collection of short scientific papers written by young researchers. The Review Notes are made up of five parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of the TeMA Journal. In particular: the Town Planning International Rules and Legislation. Section aims at presenting the latest updates in the territorial and urban legislative sphere. The current challenges that today's cities have to face, from climate change to environmental and social ones, have led to urban planning being accompanied by the mobility system from a sustainable point of view. In turn, sustainable mobility constitutes that important link in the chain of development of cities. In this direction, the contribution explores in the first part how the scientific community is addressing the issue of sustainable mobility and what the new paradigms are, however, in the second part it focuses on the urban policies issued by the Italian government.

Zakaria Bziker

Cryptocurrency is a new economy of transacting value whose use case is undeniable. Its only requirement is to be human, and it is borderless. In Morocco, cryptocurrency is erasing borders and gaining popularity. However, the general public opinion on this new innovation is unclear. This study aims to elucidate the popularity of this technology in the Kingdom by means of a small survey. The present study also investigates areas related to cryptocurrency, such as people’s trust in banks. The results from the survey are contrasted with other countries to obtain a global perspective regarding Morocco’s placement in the cryptocurrency adoption spectrum. The results also suggest that Morocco has the potential to adopt this technology. Notably, 9% of the sample population claim that they have owned, or still own, some sort of cryptocurrency. However, the country faces legal obstructions and financial restrictions that impede the progress of cryptocurrency adoption.

Sebastian Dederichs, Peter Dannenberg

Nicht erst seit der Covid-19-Pandemie nimmt der Online-Lebensmitteleinzelhandel in Deutschland zu und bringt neue, teilweise hybride, Betriebsformen und Vertriebsmodelle hervor. Hiermit gehen bisher kaum untersuchte räumliche Veränderungen der einzelnen Wertschöpfungsschritte einher, beispielsweise in den Bereichen vorgelagerte Logistik, Filialstruktur und Warenübergabe. Anhand von drei ausgewählten Fallbeispielen (Picnic, Wochenmarkt24 und Rewe) wurden neuere Betriebsformen und deren räumliche Logistik- und Vertriebsstrukturen identifiziert und unterschiedliche Standortfaktoren aufgeführt. Diese beinhalten neben den typischen Faktoren der Standortwahl für Distributionslager (Nähe zu Kunden, Arbeitskräften und Lieferanten) auch spezifische betriebsformen- und vertriebsmodellabhängige Faktoren, wie eine stärkere Verkürzung der ,letzten Meile‘, eine Mindest- oder Maximalverdichtung von Haushalten im Einzugsgebiet oder die Nähe zu einer (landwirtschaftlichen) Erzeugerstruktur.