Hasil untuk "United States local history"

Edwin Dickinson, Melody W. Young, Daniel Tanis et al.

Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) represent one of the most striking and ecomorphologically diverse avian clades, spanning more than two orders of magnitude in body size with populations occupying six continents. The worldwide diaspora of parrots is largely due to the pet trade, driven by human desire for bright, colorful, and intelligent animals as companions. Some introduced species have aptly inserted themselves into the local ecosystem and established successful breeding colonies all around the globe. Notably, the United States is home to several thriving populations of introduced species including red-masked parakeets (<i>Psittacara erythrogenys</i>), monk parakeets (<i>Myiopsitta monachus</i>), nanday conures (<i>Aratinga nenday</i>), and red-crowned amazons (<i>Amazona viridigenalis</i>). Their incredible success globally begs the question as to how these birds adapt so readily to novel environments. In this commentary, we trace parrots through evolutionary history, contextualize existent naturalized parrot populations within the contiguous United States, and provide a phylogenetic regression analysis of body mass and brain size based on success in establishing breeding populations. The propensity for a parrot species to become established appears to be phylogenetically driven. Notably, parrots in the family Cacatuidae and Neotropical <i>Pyrrhua</i> appear to be poor at establishing themselves in the United States once released. Although brain size among Psittaciformes did not show a significant impact on successful breeding in the continental United States, we propose that the success of parrots can be attributed to their charismatic nature, significant intelligence relative to other avian lineages, and behavioral flexibility.

Chaoqun Lu, Zhen Yu, Jien Zhang et al.

The atmospheric concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O) has increased by 23% since the pre‐industrial era, which substantially destructed the stratospheric ozone layer and changed the global climate. However, it remains uncertain about the reasons behind the increase and the spatiotemporal patterns of soil N2O emissions, a primary biogenic source. Here, we used an integrative land ecosystem model, Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), to quantify direct (i.e., emitted from local soil) and indirect (i.e., emissions related to local practices but occurring elsewhere) N2O emissions in the contiguous United States during 1900–2019. Newly developed geospatial data of land‐use history and crop‐specific agricultural management practices were used to force DLEM at a spatial resolution of 5 arc‐min by 5 arc‐min. The model simulation indicates that the U.S. soil N2O emissions totaled 0.97 ± 0.06 Tg N year−1 during the 2010s, with 94% and 6% from direct and indirect emissions, respectively. Hot spots of soil N2O emission are found in the US Corn Belt and Rice Belt. We find a threefold increase in total soil N2O emission in the United States since 1900, 74% of which is from agricultural soil emissions, increasing by 12 times from 0.04 Tg N year−1 in the 1900s to 0.51 Tg N year−1 in the 2010s. More than 90% of soil N2O emission increase in agricultural soils is attributed to human land‐use change and agricultural management practices, while increases in N deposition and climate warming are the dominant drivers for N2O emission increase from natural soils. Across the cropped acres, corn production stands out with a large amount of fertilizer consumption and high‐emission factors, responsible for nearly two‐thirds of direct agricultural soil N2O emission increase since 1900. Our study suggests a large N2O mitigation potential in cropland and the importance of exploring crop‐specific mitigation strategies and prioritizing management alternatives for targeted crop types.

John Aloysius Zinda, L. Williams, David L. Kay et al.

Abstract Growing flood risks raise difficult questions regarding risk perception, protective actions, and government response. Drawing on behavioral decision theory, protection motivation theory, and the protective action decision model, we examine the roles risk salience and immediacy, response efficacy, and trust in government authorities play in perceptions of flood risk and adoption of protective actions, with a focus on flood insurance. Data come from focus group discussions conducted in 2 flood-affected neighborhoods in Troy, New York, United States of America. Troy has a history of flooding, including major floods linked to Hurricane Irene in 2011. While several participants had vivid memories of past floods, overall salience of flood risk was low. While they recognized responsiveness of local government at the time of hazard events, they expressed concern about inadequate preparation for future disasters. Participants expressed concern about flood insurance, citing costs, inadequate coverage, and arduous procedures needed to file claims. They expressed distrust in the institutions surrounding flood insurance. We argue that emergency managers will need to be responsive to people's multiple concerns in order to build the awareness and trust on which effective natural hazard preparedness depends.

Yeonwoo Kim, Ahyoung Lee, C. Cubbin

Background This study aims to examine the effect of time‐variant perceived neighborhood social cohesion, perceived neighborhood physical disorder, and local crime on cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence from 2006 through 2016. Methods and Results We obtained data from the Health & Retirement Study. Respondents aged ≥50 years and with no recorded history of CVD until 2006 (N=8826) were included and followed for 10 years. Cox proportional hazards models were estimated with CVD incidence as an outcome variable and time‐variant social environment factors (perceived neighborhood social cohesion, perceived neighborhood physical disorder, and local crime) as exposures, after controlling for sociodemographic factors and CVD‐related risk/protective factors. Our results showed that perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with CVD among Black respondents, but not Hispanic and White respondents. Perceived neighborhood physical disorder and local crime rates were not associated with CVD incidence across all racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions The results demonstrate that perceptions of favorable social environments need to be considered to reduce CVD risk among Black adults. Further research is needed to identify different pathways through which living in favorable social environments benefits cardiovascular health by racial and ethnic groups.

Lara A. Roman, Indigo J. Catton, E. Greenfield et al.

Municipal leaders are pursuing ambitious goals to increase urban tree canopy (UTC), but there is little understanding of the pace and socioecological drivers of UTC change. We analyzed land cover change in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (United States) from 1970–2010 to examine the impacts of post-industrial processes on UTC. We interpreted land cover classes using aerial imagery and assessed historical context using archival newspapers, agency reports, and local historical scholarship. There was a citywide UTC increase of +4.3 percentage points. Substantial UTC gains occurred in protected open spaces related to both purposeful planting and unintentional forest emergence due to lack of maintenance, with the latter phenomenon well-documented in other cities located in forested biomes. Compared to developed lands, UTC was more persistent in protected open spaces. Some neighborhoods experienced substantial UTC gains, including quasi-suburban areas and depopulated low-income communities; the latter also experienced decreasing building cover. We identified key processes that drove UTC increases, and which imposed legacies on current UTC patterns: urban renewal, urban greening initiatives, quasi-suburban developments, and (dis)investments in parks. Our study demonstrates the socioecological dynamism of intra-city land cover changes at multi-decadal time scales and the crucial role of local historical context in the interpretation of UTC change.

Ming-xu Zhang, Congcong Wang, Ru Zhang et al.

Owing to modern developments in the traditional medicine industry, more people now acknowledge the efficacy of traditional medicine. As the demand for herbal medicines gradually increases, the focus of the industry will shift to how to increase production while maintaining the high quality of raw materials and final products to promote the international trade in herbal medicines. In the long history of herbal medicine, many countries and regions have formulated relevant standards to regulate the cultivation of local herbs to ensure the safety and reliability of the products. Due to cultural and historical differences, the policies for formulating herbal cultivation standards vary greatly between regions, which hinders the international trade of herbal medicines. This paper collates the guidelines of good agricultural and collection practices of the European Union, China, World Health Organization and the United States, and makes a comprehensive comparison of its contents such as production environments, production area suitability, air, soil, and water standard regulations, inter alia. This article aims to explore the differences in good agriculture and collection practice in herbal medicine in various regions and provides a reference for the development of international guidelines for herbal quality management, which will aid with the development of herbal medicine quality standardization globally and exchange services in the trade of herbal medicines.

Amrit Nanaiah, Frederick Southwick, Venkat Chekuri et al.

# Background Rural communities in India are vulnerable to the global pandemic of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to a lack of resources and delayed access to information. To address the challenges faced by Primary Health Centers, the Karuna Trust-Lopamudra Medical Center COVID-19 High Dependency Unit (KLCHDU), a collaboration between a local hospital, a non-governmental organization, infectious disease physicians from an academic medical center in the United States, and a local citizens council, was established in May 2021. This collaboration implemented diagnostic and management COVID-19 protocols recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the National Institute of Health, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and provided basic training on recommended practices to Primary Health Center and other local healthcare workers. # Methods All local patients between 1 May 2021 through 31 July 2021 who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a rapid antigen test or polymerase chain reaction test were admitted to the KLCHDU and were included in this study. Patient demographics, medical history, hospital course, and laboratory findings were evaluated to determine the outcomes of patients treated within this unique healthcare model. # Results Eighty-three patients (54% male) qualified for inclusion during the study period. Common comorbidities included hypertension (52%), diabetes mellitus (48%), and coronary heart disease (10%). Nearly one-third of patients had received at least one dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The most frequently administered hospital medications were dexamethasone (65%), low molecular weight heparin (54%), and remdesivir (53%). The average absolute leukocyte count was 1534 cells/µL, average blood glucose was 182 mg/dL, average D-dimer was 849 ng/mL, and average NEW-2 score on admission and discharge was 4.4 and 3.2. The average duration of hospital stay was five days. Eleven (13%) patients were prescribed supplemental oxygen at discharge and one patient died from infection complications. # Conclusions Our data show a duration of inpatient hospitalization and mortality rate on the lower end of most published data. The results of our study encourage allocation of resources based on recommended protocols and the use of telehealth for collaboration and resource sharing.

Lauren Roper, M. A. Hall, Amanda Cohn

Qianwen Zhang, Tongyin Li, Qiushuang Wang et al.

The United States (U.S.) consumed over 80 billion servings of tea, approximately 3.8 billion gallons, in the year of 2018. With the vast majority of tea demand being met by importation, the United States became the third largest tea importer worldwide after Russia and Pakistan. As demand for domestically produced tea increases and growers expressing increasing interest in growing and producing tea, tea production became an emerging industry in the United States. Compared to major tea producing countries with centuries of growing history, tea production in the United States is limited and requires research support in many aspect of tea production including selecting suitable cultivars adapted to local climatic conditions. This study evaluated nine tea cultivars, including ‘BL1,’ ‘BL2,’ ‘Black Sea,’ ‘Christine’s Choice,’ ‘Dave’s Fave,’ ‘Large Leaf,’ ‘Small Leaf,’ ‘Sochi,’ and ‘var. assamica,’ for plant growth, leaf morphological characteristics, cold tolerance, and leaf biochemical compositions when grown in Mississippi United States with a subtropical climate. The nine tested cultivars had varying plant growth indices (PGI) and varying degrees of cold tolerance to freezing temperatures in winter, but resumed healthy growth the following spring. ‘BL2’ showed the highest PGI of 104.53 cm by February 2019, which might be helpful toward suppressing weed and early establishment of tea plantation. The nine cultivars also showed varying leaf characteristics in terms of leaf length, width, area, fresh and dry weights, and new shoot weight. There existed a diversity in leaf biochemical composition including soluble solids, carbohydrates, total polyphenols (TP), free amino acids (AA), L-theanine and caffeine among the nine cultivars and among different harvesting seasons of spring, summer, and fall within a certain cultivar. The nine cultivars in this study generally grow well in local environment. All tea samples collected from nine cultivars and three seasons were considered suitable for green tea processing with low TP/AA ratios ranging from 1.72 to 3.71 in this study.

M. White, Frances Babcock, N. Hayes et al.

C. Dai, M. Vazifeh, Chen-Hsiang Yeang et al.

The population of the United States is shaped by centuries of migration, isolation, growth, and admixture between ancestors of global origins. Here, we assemble a comprehensive view of recent population history by studying the ancestry and population structure of over 32,000 individuals in the US using genetic, ancestral birth origin, and geographic data from the National Geographic Genographic Project. We identify migration routes and barriers that reflect historical demographic events. We also uncover the spatial patterns of relatedness in subpopulations through the combination of haplotype clustering, ancestral birth origin analysis, and local ancestry inference. Examples of these patterns include substantial substructure and heterogeneity in Hispanics/Latinos, isolation-by-distance in African Americans, elevated levels of relatedness and homozygosity in Asian immigrants, and fine-scale structure in European descents. Taken together, our results provide detailed insights into the genetic structure and demographic history of the diverse US population.

Shivika Trivedi, Charnetta L. Williams, Elizabeth A Torrone et al.

OBJECTIVE To describe recent syphilis trends among pregnant women and to evaluate the prevalence of reported high-risk behaviors in this population. METHODS We analyzed U.S. national case report data for 2012-2016 to assess trends among pregnant women with all stages of syphilis. Risk behavior data collected through case interviews during routine local health department investigation of syphilis cases were used to evaluate the number of pregnant women with syphilis reporting these behaviors. RESULTS During 2012-2016, the number of syphilis cases among pregnant women increased 61%, from 1,561 to 2,508, and this increase was observed across all races and ethnicities, all women aged 15-45 years, and all U.S. regions. Of 15 queried risk factors, including high-risk sexual behaviors and drug use, 49% of pregnant women with syphilis did not report any in the past year. The most commonly reported risk behaviors were a history of a sexually transmitted disease (43%) and more than one sex partner in the past year (30%). CONCLUSION Syphilis cases among pregnant women increased from 2012 to 2016, and in half, no traditional behavioral risk factors were reported. Efforts to reduce syphilis among pregnant women should involve increasing health care provider awareness of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' recommendations, which include screening all pregnant women for syphilis at the first prenatal visit and rescreening high-risk women during the third trimester and at delivery. Health care providers should also consider local syphilis prevalence in addition to individual reported risk factors when deciding whether to repeat screening.

Livia O Loureiro, Mark D Engstrom, Burton K Lim

Although many processes of diversification have been described to explain variation of morphological traits within clades that have obvious differentiation among taxa, not much is known about these patterns in complexes of cryptic species. Molossus is a genus of bats that is mainly Neotropical, occurring from the southeastern United States to southern Argentina, including the Caribbean islands. Molossus comprises some groups of species that are morphologically similar but phylogenetically divergent, and other groups of species that are genetically similar but morphologically distinct. This contrast allows investigation of unequal trait diversification and the evolution of morphological and behavioural characters. In this study, we assessed the role of phylogenetic history in a genus of bat with three cryptic species complexes, and evaluated if morphology and behavior are evolving concertedly. The Genotype by Sequence genomic approach was used to build a species-level phylogenetic tree for Molossus and to estimate the ancestral states of morphological and echolocation call characters. We measured the correlation of phylogenetic distances to morphological and echolocation distances, and tested the relationship between morphology and behavior when the effect of phylogeny is removed. Morphology evolved via a mosaic of convergence and stasis, whereas call design was influenced exclusively through local adaptation and convergent evolution. Furthermore, the frequency of echolocation calls is negatively correlated with the size of the bat, but other characters do not seem to be evolving in concert. We hypothesize that slight variation in both morphology and behaviour among species of the genus might result from niche specialization, and that traits evolve to avoid competition for resources in similar environments.

Michael T. Nettles

Since the founding of Harvard College, colleges and universities have used many types of examinations to serve multiple purposes. In the early days of student assessment, the process was straightforward. Each institution developed and administered its own unique examination to its own students to monitor their progress and to prospective students who applied for admission. Large-scale standardized tests emerged in the twentieth century in part to relieve the burden placed upon high schools of having to prepare students to meet the examination requirements of each institution to which a student applied. Up to that point, local communities of tutors and teachers were attempting to prepare students to succeed on each higher education institution’s unique examination. Large-scale standardized tests have enjoyed more than a century of popularity and growth, and they have helped higher education institutions to solve problems in admissions and placement, and to measure learning outcomes. Over time, they have also become controversial, especially pertaining to race and class. This article is a historical view of educational testing in U.S. higher education, linking its development with past and present societal challenges related to civil rights laws, prominent higher education policies, and the long struggle of African American people in the United States.

M. Vinovskis

This article provides a brief history of K–12 education testing in the United States from colonial America to the present. In early America, students were examined orally. After the mid-nineteenth century, written tests replaced oral presentations. In the late nineteenth century, graded schools gradually replaced the single-teacher, one-room schools. In the beginning of the twentieth century, standardized intelligence tests were increasingly used to categorize and promote students. State departments of education have played a larger role in local school funding and policies in the past hundred years. Since the 1960s, the federal government has expanded its involvement in national education while also promoting the role of states. During the past three decades, the federal government and states increased the use of high-stakes national testing with initiatives such as America 2000, Goals 2000, No Child Left Behind, and Every Student Succeeds.

Sara E. Culhane

and to experience more directly the religious tissue of the Bible lands there captured. Lindsey concludes her book by pointing out how the creation and diffusion of inexpensive handheld cameras marked a big turning point in the relationship between Americans and their ‘communion of shadows’, changing forever the cultural modes of dealing with them which characterised the nineteenth century (and which are the main object of her study). The monograph offers a new, distinctive and innovative way of looking at both nineteenth century’s vernacular photography and American religious practices. Its position in the field is a strong and incisive one, although influenced by the theoretical approaches of scholars such as Julie Byrne, Leonard Primiano and Marion Bowman. The chapters follow an order which is both chronological and conceptual, and the precise introduction helps the readers to better grasp the following complex content. This is most definitely an academic work, accessible to scholars from other disciplines, but probably not so immediately straightforward for a non-academic readership.

Shem Unger, Caleb Hickman

Trout fishing is one of the primary recreational activities in the southern Appalachians, with large amounts of fish stocked on a regular basis. However, very little is known regarding the fate of hatchery reared carcasses not captured by anglers, representing a likely important ecological resource to local communities. We tested the efficacy of underwater video to characterize short term decomposition and consumption by aquatic scavengers of native brook and non-native rainbow trout, Salvelinus fontinalis and Oncorhychus mykiss. This study took place on the Cherokee Qualla Boundary in North Carolina, a location with one of the highest riverine stocked trout densities in the eastern United States. During May 2017, 10 waterproof cameras were deployed for 1-hour intervals on each carcass twice daily for a period of 5 days. We observed that 75.3% of recorded video contained river chub, Nocomis micropogon, with only 24.7% visited by crayfish, with a maximum of 9 and a mean of 1.93 for N. micropogon. Half of the carcasses were removed within 2 days. Based on natural history evidence and some trail cameras, we believe that otters were removing carcasses. Otters showed no preference for either trout species. Underwater video allowed us to characterize initial decomposition within stream diurnal scavengers in a short period using a visual, non-destructive low-cost method. Future studies should monitor large mammalian scavengers to further elucidate the role of fish stocking on aquatic communities.

Catherine E. Burnette

Although violence against Indigenous women is a global human rights and social justice issue, it must be examined within the local context. This article focuses on Indigenous women’s experiences with intimate partner violence (IPV). These women reside in an Indigenous community in the United States that is traditionally matrilineal. The article explores how the power and status of women have been constrained to the extent that many women now experience epidemic rates of IPV. Through the use of the theoretical framework of Paulo Freire, this critical ethnography examined how IPV is situated within a broader context of historical oppression, filling a gap in the literature with respect to understanding Indigenous women’s experiences of IPV in the United States by understanding IPV from the voices of women themselves and connecting IPV experiences to a framework of historical oppression. As part of a critical ethnography, reconstructive analysis of 29 life history interviews with Indigenous women revealed an intergenerational cycle of violence, dehumanizing tactics, and women breaking free from violent relationships. The importance of social work practitioners and researchers examining the challenges experienced by Indigenous peoples within the broader historical context of historical oppression, as well as implementing policies that enable greater self-determination for Indigenous peoples are highlighted.

Rachel K. Gittman, Christopher J. Baillie, Katie K. Arkema et al.

Coastal ecosystems are under pressure from a vast array of anthropogenic stressors, including development and climate change, resulting in significant habitat losses globally. Conservation policies are often implemented with the intent of reducing habitat loss. However, losses already incurred will require restoration if ecosystem functions and services are to be recovered. The United States has a long history of wetland loss and recognizes that averting loss requires a multi-pronged approach including mitigation for regulated activities and non-mitigation (voluntary herein) restoration. The 1989 “No Net Loss” (NNL) policy stated the Federal government's intent that losses of wetlands would be offset by at least as many gains of wetlands. However, coastal wetlands losses result from both regulated and non-regulated activities. We examined the effectiveness of Federally funded, voluntary restoration efforts in helping avert losses of coastal wetlands by assessing: (1) What are the current and past trends in coastal wetland change in the U.S.?; and (2) How much and where are voluntary restoration efforts occurring? First, we calculated palustrine and estuarine wetland change in U.S. coastal shoreline counties using data from NOAA's Coastal Change Analysis Program, which integrates both types of potential losses and gains. We then synthesized available data on Federally funded, voluntary restoration of coastal wetlands. We found that from 1996 to 2010, the U.S. lost 139,552 acres (~565 km2) of estuarine wetlands (2.5% of 1996 area) and 336,922 acres (~1,363 km2) of palustrine wetlands (1.4%). From 2006 to 2015, restoration of 145,442 acres (~589 km2) of estuarine wetlands and 154,772 acres (~626 km2) of palustrine wetlands occurred. Further, wetland losses and restoration were not always geographically aligned, resulting in local and regional “winners” and “losers.” While these restoration efforts have been considerable, restoration and mitigation collectively have not been able to keep pace with wetland losses; thus, reversing this trend will likely require greater investment in coastal habitat conservation and restoration efforts. We further conclude that “area restored,” the most prevalent metric used to assess progress, is inadequate, as it does not necessarily equate to restoration of functions. Assessing the effectiveness of wetland restoration not just in the U.S., but globally, will require allocation of sufficient funding for long-term monitoring of restored wetland functions, as well as implementation of standardized methods for monitoring data collection, synthesis, interpretation, and application.

Martin L. Johnson