Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

як В. Андреєв, Д. Богоявленська, Наталья Анатольевна Вишнякова et al.

Philosophy of education is a branch of philosophy that determines the nature and purpose of education through thought and reasoning. It is a practical or practical concept that deals with the conditions and goals of education and the philosophical problems arising from educational theory and practice. Since this practice has many aspects in human life, its social and personal manifestations are diverse and its impact on the current situation touches on many issues such as the general context, ethics, culture and ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy and other areas of thought

V. Petříček, M. Dušek, L. Palatinus

G. Mialon, Clémentine Fourrier, Craig Swift et al.

We introduce GAIA, a benchmark for General AI Assistants that, if solved, would represent a milestone in AI research. GAIA proposes real-world questions that require a set of fundamental abilities such as reasoning, multi-modality handling, web browsing, and generally tool-use proficiency. GAIA questions are conceptually simple for humans yet challenging for most advanced AIs: we show that human respondents obtain 92\% vs. 15\% for GPT-4 equipped with plugins. This notable performance disparity contrasts with the recent trend of LLMs outperforming humans on tasks requiring professional skills in e.g. law or chemistry. GAIA's philosophy departs from the current trend in AI benchmarks suggesting to target tasks that are ever more difficult for humans. We posit that the advent of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) hinges on a system's capability to exhibit similar robustness as the average human does on such questions. Using GAIA's methodology, we devise 466 questions and their answer. We release our questions while retaining answers to 300 of them to power a leader-board available at https://huggingface.co/gaia-benchmark.

H. Radder

Practicing and studying automated experimentation may benefit from philosophical reflection on experimental science in general. This paper reviews the relevant literature and discusses central issues in the philosophy of scientific experimentation. The first two sections present brief accounts of the rise of experimental science and of its philosophical study. The next sections discuss three central issues of scientific experimentation: the scientific and philosophical significance of intervention and production, the relationship between experimental science and technology, and the interactions between experimental and theoretical work. The concluding section identifies three issues for further research: the role of computing and, more specifically, automating, in experimental research, the nature of experimentation in the social and human sciences, and the significance of normative, including ethical, problems in experimental science.

K. Vanommeslaeghe, Elizabeth Hatcher, Chayan Acharya et al.

H. Maturana, F. Varela

C. Allen, Uri Nodelman, E. Zalta

Heriberto Ramírez Luján

This paper explores how epistemic artifacts have transformed our understanding of scientific observation. It examines the historical evolution from basic instruments such as Mayan quadrants and Galileo’s telescope to today’s sophisticated electron microscopes. The study focuses on how these devices have reshaped the traditional concept of observation in the philosophy of science, particularly within the field of nanotechnology. Against the backdrop of historical figures such as Descartes, Hooke, Newton, and Leeuwenhoek, it highlights how each contributed to the development of the «microscopic artifactual tradition». The paper introduces the concept of nanoepistemology to describe how knowledge of the nano-world fundamentally depends on instrument-processed images rather than traditional direct observation. It concludes that these technological transformations have weakened the role of classical theories and have shifted the philosophy of science toward a philosophy of technology.

Сивкова Мария Юрьевна, Сенкевич Даниил Алексеевич

Флорентийская мозаика в силу высокой стоимости изготовления и трудоемкости исполнения менее распространена в монументальном искусстве по сравнению с другими техниками. Ее эстетические свойства позволяют решать очень разнообразные задачи: от монументального оформления станций метро до применения в храмовой архитектуре. В конце ХХ – начале ХХI вв. активное строительство культовых сооружений в Объединенных Арабских Эмиратах с участием художников, дизайнеров и архитекторов из Европы, Японии, США ознаменовало новый виток развития мозаичного искусства – создание крупных ансамблей объектов арабо-мусульманской архитектуры. Новаторский подход в плане композиционных решений рассматривается на примере мечети шейха Заеда, традиционный – президентского дворца Каср Аль-Ваттан. Выявлено, что флорентийская мозаика не только выполняет декоративную функцию, но и имеет идеологическое значение, поскольку в композициях, созданных в этой технике, флоральные и орнаментальные мотивы глубоко символичны и часто несут сакральный смысл. Заключается, что применение данной дорогостоящей техники в исламской архитектуре стало средством подчеркнуть статус Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов в исламском мире, а также подчеркнуть открытость страны для культурного диалога.

Matteo Colombo, Michael Cohen

The geometry of the environment can affect numerous psychological, social, and ecological processes. But its roles in social learning and the dynamics of descriptive norms remain unclear. Here we use agent-based modeling to explore how environments with different geometric shapes can influence social learning to produce variations in the extent of universally shared descriptive norms. Our simulations show that an environment with an irregular layout facilitates the emergence of multiple descriptive norms in a population, whereas an environment with a regular grid plan constrains social learning to produce a behaviorally homogeneous population.

Magdalena Anita Gajewska

Juan Antonio Carrasco-Bahamonde

Existe consenso en torno a que la disciplina sociológica brindó un marco para comprender las relaciones entre los sistemas educativos y los contextos sociales más amplios en que se emplazan. No obstante, los retratos que ha esbozado aquella tradición en torno a la escuela, adquieren significados contrastantes. Las perspectivas que explora este articulo surgen como una respuesta a la obsolescencia de los modelos determinísticos del cambio educativo y su dificultad para explicar aquellos procesos de cambio que tienen lugar en la escuela. El presente artículo ofrece una reflexión teórica en torno a la cuestión de la diversidad sociocultural, a partir de la distinción entre los órdenes instrumental y expresivo en la escuela, delimitando la diversidad como un ámbito problemático y brindando herramientas conceptuales a partir de las aportaciones de Durkheim y Bernstein. El abordaje propuesto está anclado a la distinción entre los modelos de relaciones integrativas basadas en la solidaridad orgánica y mecánica, presentando un esfuerzo sistemático de teorización en torno al ámbito de prácticas educativas. Finalmente, se concluye que las políticas educativas se enfrentan a un dilema entre la exigencia de rendimientos especializados y un conjunto de competencias, valores y creencias basales en el contexto de sociedades que se complejizan y diversifican aceleradamente y aspiran a una coexistencia entre las dinámicas de cambio tecnológico y profundización democrática.

Phillip Cam

While the Community of Inquiry centres on a form of discussion that is meant to improve the ability of students to think, only a fraction of the thinking that occurs in a discussion makes its appearance in speech. We therefore need to consider students’ mental acts in addition to their speech acts to understand how the Community of Inquiry is meant to function. This paper explores the connections between speech acts and mental acts in the Community of Inquiry and the broader classifications of these acts of thought. It also considers the role of teacherly interventions in promoting appropriate acts of thought and the ways in which teachers can improve students’ metacognitive awareness of them.

Kosolapova, Larisa Alexandrovna, Myasnikova, Diana Igorevna

Introduction. The conducted research is aimed at identifying the methodological foundations, content, methods and mechanisms for organizing the patriotic education in adolescents and "Z generation" youth. The article defines the essential characteristics of the education processes and creation of juvenile media, and substantiates the possibility and potential of integrating these processes. Theoretical analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the development and theoretical justification of the Model of organizing the patriotic education in the “Generation Z” youth with the involvement of the juvnile media resource, which includes methodological, target-oriented, activity and result blocks, and which is based on a combination of humanistic, personal, activity, and integrative approaches to the process of educating adolescents, allowing to ensure the integrity and functionality of the Model. The mechanism of education is the pedagogical support of the value-semantic self-determination of a young person at each stage of a young media journalist work on media material. In the process of creating media material, a chain of upbringing methods is used (according to Z. I. Vasilyeva): goal-setting – informational and educational – evaluative. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the possibility of using the potential of juvenile media in the process of patriotic education in generation Z teenagers is substantiated: the purpose, the main mechanism, the content and methods of the upbringing process, the structure and indicators of the result of the patriotic upbringing of adolescents and the "Generation Z" youth with the involvement of the juvenile media resource.

Despina Oikonomou, Artemis Alexiadou

Voice syncretism is widely attested crosslinguistically. In this paper, we discuss three different types of Voice syncretism, under which the same morpheme participates in different configurations. We provide an approach under which the same Voice head can convey different interpretations depending on the environment it appears in, thus building on the notion of allosemy. We show that, in all cases under investigation, allosemy is closely associated with the existence of idiosyncratic patterns. By contrast, we notice that allosemy and idiosyncrasy are not present in analytic passive and causative constructions across different languages. We argue that the distinguishing feature between the two types of constructions is whether the passive and the causative interpretation comes from the Voice head, thus forming a single domain with the vP or whether passive and causative semantics are realized by distinct heads above the Voice layer, thus forming two distinct domains.

Raidugin Dmitry Sergeevich, Naberushkina Elmira Kamalovna, Voevodina Ekaterina Vladimirovna et al.

The article is a review of the part of the research conducted in the framework of the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research “Urban well-being of people with disabilities”. The immediate subject of the article is professional self-realization as a factor of urban well-being of a person with a disability. Well-being is understood as a subjectively constructed phenomenon, that is, through the prism of people with disabilities’ own perceptions of the sufficiency of conditions created in the urban environment for their professional self-realization and, as a consequence, for well-being in general. Professional self-realization has become one of the six factor groups that directly or indirectly influence the urban well-being of citizens with disabilities. Along with professional self-realization, the factors of urban well-being in the framework of the study were: trust in the government and involvement in management processes; the level of implementation of basic values; psychological comfort; accessibility of the spatial environment; and finally, the quality of social services. The five factor groups listed above are not discussed in the article, but the reader should have an idea of the context in which professional self-realization is studied. The study included two sub-samples, reflecting the specifics of a megalopolis (Moscow) and a regional center (Saratov).

W. Cynarski

David Cunning

A review of Deborah Boyle's recent book The Well-Ordered Universe: The Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2017).

Urbano Valero SJ

La Compañía de Jesús ha estado empeñada en la acomodación del régimen original de pobreza religiosa a las nuevas circunstancias históricas a través de nuevas estructuras. Este tema se trató especialmente  en las Congregaciones Generales 31 y 32. Se expone en este estudio la génesis de esta reforma y sus líneas esenciales examinando el grado y modo de su coherencia con el espíritu y régimen original de la pobreza de la Compañía. El tema consiste en un esfuerzo en expresar un mismo espíritu en normas parcialmente distintas de las originales. Se trata de hacer servir siempre las normas al espíritu que se pretende encarnar. Las conclusiones de esta acomodación apuntan a vivir en la práctica en circunstancias históricas y socioculturales muy distintas de las primitivas, la exigencia nuclear de la pobreza de los orígenes.

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