Hasil untuk "International relations"

Lisa Dellmuth, Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Suanne Mistel Segovia-Tzompa

Abstract There is a lively debate about the legitimacy of the international climate regime, as represented by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the quality of non-state actor participation in the regime. This commentary examines perceptions of involved non-state actors from 2021–2022 regarding their participation and regime legitimacy. The findings reveal no legitimacy crisis for the adaptation and mitigation regimes, but the surveyed NSAs are divided in their legitimacy beliefs. NSAs also express significant disappointment about their opportunities for participation.

Ван Хэюн, Д.В. Татаринов

The 21st century is the “era of international organizations”. the SCO is facing a realistic dilemma of “insufficient rule orientation”, “imperfect international law system” and “uneven level of rule of law among its members”. International law has its own structural dilemma of uncertainty, which lies in structure, language and doctrine, and overturns the existing international law system. Within the framework of the SCO, the traditional normal way can’t quickly and effectively establish legislation. The argumentative paradigm is rooted in the “intersubjectivity” of the international community, reshaping the effectiveness and source scope of international law, and using this paradigm can quickly and effectively build a set of international law system for SCO. This paradigm needs value guidance in line with universal rationality. The “community with a shared future for mankind” proposed by the Chairman Xi Jinping is expected to achieve the multi-dimensional goals of common prosperity, universal security, openness and win-win results, equality and inclusiveness, and joint construction, which can provide a value orientation for the development of SCO international law. This paper focuses on the SCO, tries to elaborate the problems faced by the SCO from the perspective of international law, and puts forward the research paradigm of improving the construction of SCO international law and the value orientation of “community with a shared future for mankind” on the basis of its system, in order to further clarify the direction of efforts to build the SCO legal system. Under the guidance of the theory of community with a shared future for mankind, the SCO’s practice of argumentative international law can improve the legal system construction within the organization on the basis of maintaining regional peace, and then contribute to the SCO’s participation in world governance and the promotion of the rise of Asia. Keywords: norms, indeterminacy, argumentalism, community with a shared future, SCO

Consejo Editorial ISRI

N. M. Panova, O. V. Merkulova, A. D. Lodygin et al.

The relevance of obtaining functional feed additives enriched with components of animal or plant origin is justified. The effect of a protein-carbohydrate Supplement and protein hydrolysates obtained from skimmed milk and soy milk on the cultivation of Lb. bifidum in subsurface whey was studied. A new generation of feed additives technology has been developed.

Marat Kappasov

Introduction. The article, based on the “Materials on the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Land Use Collected and Developed by the Statistical Parties of the Turgai-Ural Resettlement Region”, examines the crafts of the nomads of the Lbischensky, Uralsky, Turgai, Irgiz, Temir uyezds in the early 20th century. Temir, Lbishchensky and Ural uyezds belonged to the Ural region, Turgai and Irgiz uyezds to the Turgai region. Methods and materials. Using the mathematical method, the method of comparative analysis and content analysis, the author shows how much income per person came from crafts in the studied uyezds and proves that crafts were only additional industries and could not compete with nomadic cattle breeding. The article examines the crafts that brought the greatest income. Farmhands, transportation, groundhog hunting, fishing, etc., were well-known crafts; the Muslim spiritual cult and its servants was an unusual craft. Analysis. Our article shows that the studied uyezds had their own craft specializations. For example, a significant number of nomads in Lbischensky uyezd were engaged in transportation, in Turgai uyezd in hunting groundhogs, in Irgiz uyezd in hunting and fishing. Results. At the end of the article, the author concludes that the majority of nomads were primarily engaged in crafts as farmhands due to their poverty.

Nicolas Addor, Marcos Viana Costódio

A pesquisa pretende analisar a estrutura jurídico-administrativa da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES e sua relevância para a regulação da pós-graduação stricto sensu brasileira, buscando, assim, demonstrar que a entidade possui, de fato, a condição de agência reguladora. Para isso, é necessário abordar três pontos, utilizando, para tanto, metodologia dedutiva, com fontes bibliográficas e documentais relacionados à entidade: O primeiro ponto busca descrever e contextualizar a formação da fundação CAPES, bem como relatar as atividades administrativas que exerce sobre a pós-graduação. No segundo ponto, aborda-se sobre o processo histórico de surgimento das agências reguladoras, analisando também os objetivos e atribuições a elas incumbidas. Por fim, no terceiro ponto, expôs-se, de maneira crítica, considerações sobre a condição da CAPES como agência reguladora. Dessa maneira, compreende-se que uma fundação pública, quando atende uma função típica do Estado, não é, apesar do que formalmente a lei que a instituiu afirma, uma fundação, mas sim, ao contrário, uma autarquia, o que possibilita compará-la com uma agência reguladora. Conclui, assim, que em razão dos extensos poderes que a CAPES exerce sobre os programas de pós-graduação, a sua natureza autárquica e por regular uma atividade econômica, em sentido amplo, considera-se que ela é na realidade uma agência reguladora da pós-graduação brasileira.  Além disso, dado o esvaziamento terminológico da noção de agência, a condição diferenciada dos dirigentes não é um fator relevante para a categorização de um ente da administração indireta como agência.

Puguh Toko Arisanto, Tiffany Setyo Pratiwi

Issues of LGBT boomed in Malawi in 2009 after an arrest of homosexual couple who held a wedding party. The criminalization was based on the Malawi’s Penal Code. In 2010, Malawian government also added an article on the Penal Code to criminalize lesbians. However, after the succession of Malawi President in 2012, the successor president, Joyce Banda suspended the policy criminalizing LGBT to await a review of the Parliament. Amid the suspension, under a different President, on April 2015 Malawi passed an LGBT Act of criminalization through Marriage, Divorce and Family Relations Act. The authors note that there had been an inconsistency of the Malawi government in applying policy criminalizing LGBT. The government implemented the policy of criminalization towards LGBT based on Malawi Penal Code, suspended it in 2012, and then 2015 re-issued policy criminalizing LGBT through certain act. This article explores the roles of conflicting interest groups between religious leaders (RLs) and domestic NGOs followed by politics “stick and carrot” on foreign aid of donor states in Malawi. These variables are subjects to analysis that affect the inconsistency of Malawi government to implement policy criminalizing LGBT. Keywords: Criminalizing LGBT, Penal Code, Inconsistency, Conflicting Interest Groups, Stick and Carrot   Abstrak Isu LGBT mulai menggelegar di Malawi pada tahun 2009 pasca penangkapan pasangan homoseks yang tertangkap mengadakan pernikahan. Kriminalisasi didasarkan pada pasal-pasal di KUHP Malawi. Tahun 2010, pemerintah Malawi juga menambah pasal di KUHP untuk menkriminalisasi lesbian. Namun pasca bergantinya Presiden tahun 2012, Presiden pengganti, Joyce Banda menangguhkan kebijakan kriminalisasi pelaku LGBT untuk menunggu review dari Parlemen. Ditengah pengangguhan, tahun 2015, di bawah Presiden yang berbeda, Malawi mengeluarkan UU kriminalisasi pelaku LGBT melalui Marriage, Divorce and Family Relations Act. Penulis melihat bahwa terjadi inkonsistensi pemerintah Malawi dalam menerapkan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT. Pemerintah Malawi menerapkan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT berdasarkan KUHP Malawi, tahun 2012 menangguhkannya, dan kemudian 2015 kembali mengeluarkan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT melalui UU. Artikel ini hendak memaparkan peran kelompok kepentingan yang saling bertentangan (conflicting interest groups) antara religious leaders (RLs) dan NGOs domestik beserta politik “stick and carrot” dalam bantuan luar negeri negara-negara pedonor di Malawi. Variabel-variabel tersebut menjadi pokok analisis yang mempengaruhi inkonsistensi penerapan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT di Malawi. Kata Kunci : Kriminalisasi LGBT, KUHP Malawi, Inkonsistensi, Conflicting Interest Groups, Stick and Carrot

Shkura Iryna

Aim/purpose – The aim of the paper is to examine the regional peculiarities of development of socially responsible investment markets based on the main trends in the global socially responsible investment (SRI).

Dorothea Hilhorst

Abstract Humanitarian aid has long been dominated by a classical, Dunantist paradigm that was based on the ethics of the humanitarian principles and centred on international humanitarian United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations. While in previous decades alternative paradigms and humanitarianisms evolved, this classical paradigm remained the central narrative of humanitarianism. In recent years, however, this paradigm has been paralleled by a resilience paradigm that is focused on local people and institutions as the first responders to crises. Whereas classical humanitarianism is rooted in the notion of exceptionalism, resilience humanitarianism starts from the idea of crisis as the new normality. This paper discusses the two paradigms and the incongruent images they evoke about crises, local institutions and the recipients of aid. The article puts forward the case for studying the ways in which these contrasting aid paradigms shape practices, dealing with the importance of discourse, the social life of policy, the multiplicity of interests, the power relations and the crucial importance of understanding the lifeworld and agency of aid workers and crisis-affected communities. The article demonstrates how the stories that humanitarians tell about themselves are based on highly selective views of reality and do not include the role they themselves play in the reordering and representation of realities in humanitarian crises.

Latif Pınar, Hülya Demirağ

Devletler arasında sürdürülen diplomatik münasebetler uluslararası sistem içerisinde yer alan aktörlerin üzerinde anlaşmış oldukları protokol kuralları çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmektedir. İfade edilen münasebetlerin protokol kuralları çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmesi, ikili ilişkilerin seyrine etki edebilecek problemlerin ortaya çıkmasına engel olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte kamusal alanda yapılan iş ve eylemler, bir kısmı yazılı halde bulunan bir kısmı ise öteden beri süregelen geleneklere dayalı olan protokol kurallarına bağlı olarak yürütülmektedir. Söz konusu iş ve eylemlerin protokol kurallarına bağlı olarak yürütülmesi, disiplinin hüküm sürdüğü bir çalışma ortamı oluşturmasının yanı sıra, çalışanların daha rahat, daha huzurlu, daha mutlu ve daha verimli bir şekilde görevlerini ifa etmelerini sağlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla gerek diplomatik münasebetlerin gerçekleştirilmesinde gerekse kamusal faaliyetlerin yerine getirilmesinde protokol kurallarına uygun tutum ve davranışlar sergilemek mutlak bir zorunluluktur. Ancak Türkiye'de protokol kuralları icap ettiği kadar bilinmemekte ve bu sebepten ötürü dile getirilen zorunluluğa yeterince riayet edilememektedir. Bu durum Türkiye'de kamu kurum ve kuruluşları tarafından sunulan hizmetlerin yerine getirilmesi ve diplomatik ilişkilerin yürütülmesi sırasında önemli aksaklıkların meydana gelmesine neden olmaktadır. Nitekim Türkiye'de kamusal iş ve eylemlerle diplomatik münasebetlerin gerçekleştirilmesine ilişkin süreçler ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelendiğinde, protokol kurallarının uygulanmamasından ya da yanlış uygulanmasından kaynaklanan ciddi sorunlarla karşılaşıldığı çok açık bir biçimde görülmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışma, Türkiye'de protokol kuralları eğitimine daha fazla önem verilmesi gerektiğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Editoria Meridiano 47

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Colle Said

Education is a matter of life and life (life is education and education is life). The whole process of life and human life is a process of education. That’s the reason why the first paragraph in Qur’an is paragraph on education dropped the first five verses of surah al-‘Alaq. The paradigm of education in the perspective of surah al-‘Alaq verse 1-5, aims to develop basic human potential, so that he can become a caliph in the earth. Education can play a humanitarian role as a caliph on earth, is education that refers to a conceptual foundation, namely education based on two fundamental teachings of the Muslim beliefs and morals are as hinted in surah al-‘Alaq verses 1-5. Through education pattern-based beliefs or morals, human being smart, have the provision of living a life in dignity, peaceful, responsible, confident and not easily manipulated.

Rodolfo Ilário da Silva

Resenha do livro " A Conferência de Viena e a internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos".

Dawisson Belém Lopes, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta de Faria

Tradicionalmente relegada ao segundo plano das disputas eleitorais, a política externa começou a figurar, nas últimas duas décadas, como elemento importante do temário de candidatos à Presidência da República no Brasil. Se, em meados dos anos 1980, ouvia-se de um ilustre congressista brasileiro, em tom de galhofa, que “o Itamaraty só dá voto no Burundi”,4 agora a história parece outra. A hipótese que trazemos à voga neste ensaio é a seguinte: a política externa ganhou saliência na medida em que o eleitor médio passou a fazer conexão direta entre os resultados alcançados pelo governante incumbente nas relações exteriores do país e a sua sensação de bem-estar pessoal. Vai ficando mais nítida, ademais, a diferenciação normativa, também no campo das relações exteriores, entre os dois partidos políticos com projetos e recursos para conquistar o Executivo federal brasileiro – o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) e o Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB). O presente texto está assim estruturado: na sequência imediata, faremos rápida visita à literatura acadêmica, de modo a apresentar, ainda que sumariamente, o estado da arte; na segunda parte, resgataremos, brevemente, a cronologia das disputas eleitorais sob a Nova República, enfatizando momentos e tópicos de política externa que abasteceram as discussões; mais ao fim do capítulo, proporemos reflexão sobre a eleição presidencial de 2014, buscando entender os motivos que levaram a candidata Dilma Rousseff a menosprezar, em sua campanha à reeleição, as matérias de política externa e seguir, aparentemente, uma direção oposta à que se poderia predizer, dados o fluxo histórico recente e as possibilidades evidentes de exploração política do legado diplomático de Lula da Silva.

Stuart Gordon

Whilst the protection of civilians (POC) in conflict has been a recurring feature of the humanitarian discourse the same has not been true in military doctrines, where the protection of civilians has long been cast in terms of arms bearers upholding their responsibilities under international humanitarian law (IHL). However, opportunities for and pressures on military actors to develop more specific capacities and approaches in this field have grown: partly as a response to the changing nature, location and scope of conflict, particularly the increasing proportion of internal conflicts fought by irregular armed groups in urban environments. It is also a response to the scale and complexity of protection challenges in the Balkans, Rwanda, Darfur and Libya - each of which has clearly demonstrated that threats to civilians are complex and dynamic and that no single international actor is capable of mitigating them without significant support from other institutions (O’Callaghan and Pantuliano, 2007). Despite the enormous growth in opportunities for interaction between militaries and humanitarians there is only a very limited literature on their interaction over protection issues and evaluations of the emerging doctrines. Consequently this article charts the growth in military policies towards POC in the UN, UK, NATO and a range of other states as well as drawing attention to the challenges that still remain in operationalising responses.

Alfonso Ybarra Bores

Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution process that every day is taking more relevance. The cases of couples and mixed marriages breaking-up are increasing, and in such cases international family mediation is shown as the proper mechanism to solve the disputes. Directive 2008/52/EC of 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters, whose transposition deadline ended last 21 May 2011, has meant a great improvement as an instrument with specific responses to cross-border family disputes. Unfortunately nowadays the transposition of the Directive into Spanish Law has not yet been taken place.

A. H. Saidov

The long-lasting stay of the world known literature classic Ch. Aitmatov abroad (1989-2008) still remains an understudied period of his biography. Meanwhile, thought in addition to his literary work, Chinghiz Aitmatov served as ambassador; his almost 20-year long diplomatic career is scarcely investigated. The article attempts to disclose some details of Aitmatov’s diplomatic work.

Katrin Bromber

Review of the monograph: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-515-09161-9, 359 pages. Besprechung der Monographie: Holger Stoecker: Afrikawissenschaften in Berlin von 1919 bis 1945. Zur Geschichte und Topographie eines wissenschaftlichen Netzwerkes, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-515-09161-9, 359 Seiten.

Francis Vallat, Eduardo L. Suárez

Дашцэвэл С

English title: Tradition of Mongolian Philosophy in the XIII century