Hasil untuk "Auxiliary sciences of history"

Kamilla L. Lomborg, Carolina Cucart-Mora, Jan-Olaf Reschke et al.

In a world of drastic climatic and ecological changes, our knowledge of how the environment influenced hominin behaviour is of the utmost importance. Archaeology plays a key role in this domain, as it is the only discipline that studies empirical evidence of past societies’ responses to environmental change. Computational models generating predictions about past climatic and ecological conditions are vital for understanding the archaeological record and how these factors shaped the dispersal of hominins out of Africa and into Eurasia during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene. In this paper, various models for past reconstructions of climatic and ecological conditions and simulation techniques are presented to provide an overview of the diverse approaches, possibilities, advantages and constraints of using computational reconstructions in archaeological research. Focusing on studies of hominin dispersals out of Africa and into Eurasia during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene, this paper discusses the links between environmental factors and hominin dispersal behaviour. The use of simulation techniques to represent hominin populations, such as cellular automata or agent-based modelling, can contribute to connecting small-scale environment-induced influences on hominins to large-scale patterns, supported by ecological theories of species survival and spatial behaviour. Collectively, these approaches provide an elaborate foundation for understanding environmental influences on past hominin dispersals.

Guilherme Santos Gomes, Priscila Ribeiro Gomes, Leticia de Luna Freire

Este artigo analisa o impacto do Centro de Memória da Escola Municipal Friedenreich na prática pedagógica da instituição, destacando sua contribuição à educação patrimonial. A pesquisa adota abordagem qualitativa, com revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e observação de atividades educativas. O estudo contextualiza a resistência da escola à tentativa de remoção entre 2009 e 2013, durante os preparativos para a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016. Palavras-chave: E. M. Friedenreich; prática pedagógica; centro de memória; identidade.

Mustakimov I.A., Abzalov L.F., Gatin M.S. et al.

Research objectives: To characterize the legal status of a basqaq, daruga and shihne in the Turkic-Mongol states during the epoch of the Mongol Empire and its uluses, as well as to prove of the authentication of these offices. Authors intend to clarify the basic rights and obligations of these officers and their position in the administrative structure on a base of legal monuments, official acts, chronicles, and historical works. The first part of the article is an analysis of shihne institution. Materials and methods of research: The basic materials are historical sources including decrees of rulers, historical chronicles and political treatises as well as results of previous researches. Authors use structure functional analysis historical legal method, comparative historical and comparative legal approach, institutional analysis, critical analysis of sources and researches. Scientific novelty: It is the first attempt at research of problem of correlation of the terms “basqaq” and “daruga” and as well as their Persian analogue “shihne” on a base of legal acts on the appointment for these office. Also, it is the first Russian translation of three yarlyks on the appointment of shihne from the “Dastur al-katib fi ta‘yin al-maratib” by Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani, which are studied using an interdisciplinary approach. Results of the research: The authors find that shihne was a special officer who represented the interests of the ruler (sultan, khan, ilkhan) in the certain region. His functions included providing stability for the region while ensuring the loyalty of its population using different ways including forced and procedural methods. This office could function at the different levels of administrations – from the region (vilayet, ulus) to smaller settlements. The second, forthcoming part of the article will be devoted to the comparative analysis of the status of shihne with that of basqaq and daruga and the evolution of these offices in the Turkic-Mongol states.

Vidya Venkatesan, Aomawa L. Shields, Russell Deitrick et al.

Eccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars. The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectral energy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parameterization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, our simulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global water ice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. When no eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to their M-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally, the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increase in instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditions along a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets, as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface temperatures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instellation on circular orbits.

Mikhail G. Katz

Infinitesimals have seen ups and downs in their tumultuous history. In the 18th century, d'Alembert set the tone by describing infinitesimals as chimeras. Some adversaries of infinitesimals, including Moigno and Connes, picked up on the term. We highlight the work of Cauchy, Noël, Poisson and Riemann. We also chronicle reactions by Moigno, Lamarle and Cantor, and signal the start of a revival with Peano.

Kiwhan Song, Boyuan Chen, Max Simchowitz et al.

Classifier-free guidance (CFG) is a key technique for improving conditional generation in diffusion models, enabling more accurate control while enhancing sample quality. It is natural to extend this technique to video diffusion, which generates video conditioned on a variable number of context frames, collectively referred to as history. However, we find two key challenges to guiding with variable-length history: architectures that only support fixed-size conditioning, and the empirical observation that CFG-style history dropout performs poorly. To address this, we propose the Diffusion Forcing Transformer (DFoT), a video diffusion architecture and theoretically grounded training objective that jointly enable conditioning on a flexible number of history frames. We then introduce History Guidance, a family of guidance methods uniquely enabled by DFoT. We show that its simplest form, vanilla history guidance, already significantly improves video generation quality and temporal consistency. A more advanced method, history guidance across time and frequency further enhances motion dynamics, enables compositional generalization to out-of-distribution history, and can stably roll out extremely long videos. Project website: https://boyuan.space/history-guidance

K. Mieliekiestsev

This article examines the role of auxiliary sciences of history in recording, documenting, and verifying the architectural heritage of cities in Donetsk Oblast amid the full-scale war of Moscow against Ukraine. It analyzes methods from historical geography, toponymy, heritage studies, photodocumentation, and source criticism, which allow the reconstruction of information on destroyed, transformed, or under-researched sites and counteract disinformation practices employed by occupying authorities. Using the examples of Kostiantynivka and the Kalmius district, the study highlights differences in data accessibility and the impact of digital resources on forming a comprehensive picture of the region’s cultural heritage. The article addresses the loss of authentic sites, transformations of memorial and sacred architecture, and challenges posed by outdated state registries, emphasizing the importance of independent documentation. The creation of a digital register of lost and preserved architectural sites in Donetsk region provides a platform for restoring local historical memory, supporting restoration initiatives, and countering information warfare methods. The research demonstrates that integrating auxiliary sciences of history with modern digital tools has both national and international significance, offering methodological approaches for cultural heritage preservation in conflict zones and serving as a model for the protection and restoration of historical environments globally.

E.V. Pchelov

The article reveals a number of aspects of research in the field of auxiliary historical disciplines by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor R.A. Simonov (1929–2023). The author shows that the scientist has demonstrated the unpro- ductiveness of highly specialized knowledge when it is aimed at absolute self- sufficiency and isolation from other, even related sciences. Only the interaction of various auxiliary historical disciplines is relevant – chronology and metro- logy, paleography and emblematics, numismatics and heraldry, etc.

Andy Gale, S. Batenburg, R. Coccioni et al.

1 School of the Environment, Geography and Geological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO13QL UK; *Corresponding author, E-mail:andy.gale@port.ac.uk 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD UK 3 Departament de Dinamica de la Terra i de l’Ocea, Facultat di Ciences de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 4 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Campus Scientifico “E. Mattei”, 61029 Urbino, Italy 5 Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02–089 Warszawa, Poland 6 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy 7 Geological Survey of Canada, 1500–605 Robson Street, Vancouver, BC V6B 5J3 Canada 8 Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma–machi, Kanazawa 920–1192, Japan 9 SNSB Jura Museum, Eichstatt, Germany 10 Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK 11 Department of Earth Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13AN, UK 12 Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30–059 Krakow, Poland 13 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX13PW, UK 14 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark 15 Institute of Geosciences, Goethe–University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 16 Department of Geology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, A–1090, Austria now at: Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Geologia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” di Chieti–Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy

Xin Wu

The sacred landscape of Central Asia consisted of various religions and ritual practices that grew out of local traditions. The latest archaeological excavations of the Iron Age cultic structures in Central Asia reveal a diverse array of ritual and religious practices during the Achaemenid period. Textual and artefactual evidence confirms the coexistence of various belief systems in Bactria and Sogdia, with the Achaemenid form of Zoroastrianism (or Mazdeism) among the practiced religions. The deity of the Amu Darya/Oxus River held widespread reverence. The Achaemenid dominion over Central Asia left a lasting impact on the region’s sacred landscape, achieved not through direct imperial interference but through providing material support to the local religious institutions. Many traditions observed during the Achaemenid period endured over time, remaining fully operational throughout the subsequent Hellenistic era.

Leonid I. Gurvits

Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry is a radio astronomy technique distinguished by a record-high angular resolution reaching single-digit microseconds of arc. The paper provides a brief account of the history of developments of this technique over the period 1960s-2020s.

Andrii Voshchepynets, Oleksiy Agapitov, Lynn Wilson et al.

We present the results of processing the effects of the powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A captured by the charged particle detectors (electrostatic analyzers and solid-state detectors) onboard spacecraft at different points in the heliosphere on October 9, 2022. To follow the GRB221009A propagation through the heliosphere we used the electron and proton flux measurements from solar missions Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A; Earth magnetosphere and the solar wind missions THEMIS and Wind; meteorological satellites POES15, POES19, MetOp3; and MAVEN - a NASA mission orbiting Mars. GRB221009A had a structure of four bursts: less intense Pulse 1 - the triggering impulse - was detected by gamma-ray observatories at 131659 UT (near the Earth); the most intense Pulses 2 and 3 were detected on board all the spacecraft from the list, and Pulse 4 detected in more than 500 s after Pulse 1. Due to their different scientific objectives, the spacecraft, which data was used in this study, were separated by more than 1 AU (Solar Orbiter and MAVEN). This enabled tracking GRB221009A as it was propagating across the heliosphere. STEREO-A was the first to register Pulse 2 and 3 of the GRB, almost 100 seconds before their detection by spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth. MAVEN detected GRB221009A Pulses 2, 3, and 4 at the orbit of Mars about 237 seconds after their detection near Earth. By processing the time delays observed we show that the source location of the GRB221009A was at RA 288.5 degrees, Dec 18.5 degrees (J2000) with an error cone of 2 degrees

Ryan M. McGranaghan

This review examines complexity science in Heliophysics, describing it not as a discipline, but as a paradigm. In the context of Heliophysics, complexity science is the study of a star, interplanetary environment, magnetosphere, upper and terrestrial atmospheres, and planetary surface as interacting subsystems. Complexity science studies entities in a system (e.g., electrons in an atom, planets in a solar system, individuals in a society) and their interactions, and is the nature of what emerges from these interactions. It is a paradigm that employs systems approaches and is inherently multi- and cross-scale. Heliophysics processes span at least 15 orders of magnitude in space and another 15 in time, and its reaches go well beyond our own solar system and Earth's space environment to touch planetary, exoplanetary, and astrophysical domains. It is an uncommon domain within which to explore complexity science. This review article excavates the lived and living history of complexity science in Heliophysics. It identifies five dimensions of complexity science. It then proceeds in three epochal parts: 1) A pivotal year in the Complexity Heliophysics paradigm: 1996; 2) The transitional years that established foundations of the paradigm (1996-2010); and 3) The emergent literature largely beyond 2010. The history reveals a grand challenge that confronts most physical sciences to understand the research intersection between fundamental science (e.g., complexity science) and applied science (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning). A risk science framework is suggested as a way of formulating the challenges in a way that the two converge. The intention is to provide inspiration and guide future research. It will be instructive to Heliophysics researchers, but also to any reader interested in or hoping to advance the frontier of systems and complexity science.

Osimjon T. Mirmukhamedov, B.P. Ashrapov

The article dwells on the issue concerned with semantical peculiarities and level of usage of nominal compound verbs with non-active auxiliary verbs on the example of a nominal archaic component in the historical writing entitled as “Ta`rikhi Bayhaqi”. There is noted a large considerable number of nominal compound verbs used as auxiliary verbs in terms of their original meanings. It is worth mentioning that such kinds of verbs were used as nominal components consisting of the following items: nominal base of certain simple nominal verbs; nominal base of a number of causative forms; verbs formed from on base of the present tense of verbs by dint of suffixes; adjectives and verb adjectives, etc. Adducing the result of the analysis concerned with the theme explored one can come to the conclusion that the number of non-active auxiliary verbs is not less in terms of their usage. Some of them were active in verb-building appertaining to the Middle Persian language, but they lost this peculiarity in the new period of Tajik language development.

J. Aleksić

This study is a part of a doctoral research project entitled Life and Work of Milorad Ekmečić (1928-2015), during which we realized that this distinguished Yugoslavian and Serbian historian in the late stage of his scientific career had shown particular interest in the problems of modern methodology of history. Studying his methodological work, which was very significant in the sense of quality if not volume, we came to the conclusion that he managed to achieve considerable results in that field, applying particular multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach. With his intellectual calmness, but also with experiential concern, he observed the world around him and the new problems faced by historiography at the turn of the century. He detected them on several levels: matter of periodization of contemporary history; philosophy and the sense of history after finalization of the Cold War conflict; the consumer society as a syntagm for contemporary history; the lack of auxiliary historical sciences which would study reports of contemporary media; the alteration of the nature of historical sources; the need to strengthen the outer and inner criticism; and the censorship and auto-censorship phenomena. In this context, he tried to offer authentical answers to numerous challenges of contemporary methodology and open new horizons for further research of this demanding scientific matter.

Govindjee Govindjee

In August 1958, the late Robert (Bob) Emerson (19031959; see Rabinowitch, 1959) delivered a very important (i.e., of high significance) historical lecture where he presented his speculations concerning the synergistic role of light absorbed by accessory pigments (e.g., chlorophyll b, phycobilins, and fucoxanthol) and chlorophyll a in diverse groups of algae. It was published in the November 1958 News Bulletin of the Phycological Society of America, and is reproduced below (Emerson and Chalmers, 1958; note that his coauthor, Ruth Chalmers, was his highly talented technical assistant). Emerson had three brief abstracts on this topic, all presented at the annual meetings of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences (Emerson, Chalmers, Cederstrand, and Brody, 1956; Emerson, 1957; Emerson, 1958), and his key (highly recognized) paper on the synergistic effect of light absorbed in chlorophyll b on photosynthesis by light absorbed in chlorophyll a in the green alga Chlorella was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Emerson, Chalmers and Cederstrand, 1957).

Corinne Porte

Ram Sagar

The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), a premier autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has a legacy of about seven decades with contributions made in the field of observational sciences namely atmospheric and astrophysics. The Survey of India used a location at ARIES, determined with an accuracy of better than 10 meters on a world datum through institute participation in a global network of Earth artificial satellites imaging during late 1950. Taking advantage of its high-altitude location, ARIES, for the first time, provided valuable input for climate change studies by long term characterization of physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in the central Himalayan regions. In astrophysical sciences, the institute has contributed precise and sometime unique observations of the celestial bodies leading to a number of discoveries. With the installation of the 3.6 meter Devasthal optical telescope in the year 2015, India became the only Asian country to join those few nations of the world who are hosting 4 meter class optical telescopes. This telescope, having advantage of geographical location, is well-suited for multi-wavelength observations and for sub-arc-second resolution imaging of the celestial objects including follow-up of the GMRT, AstroSat and gravitational-wave sources.

Александр Владимирович Логинов, М.А. Щекочихина

В статье рассматривается возникновение метода критики источников в Раннее Новое время. Поскольку возникновение критики грамот было вызвано необходимостью определять юридическую подлинность документов, она испытала сильнейшее влияние права. Делается вывод о влиянии норм Corpus Iuris Civilis на дискуссии об определении подлинности документов в трактатах юристов и учёных-эрудитов, занимавшихся определением подлинности грамот как исторических источников. The article focuses on the emergence of the method of historical criticism in the Early Modern Age. Since the emergence of criticism was caused by the need to determine authenticity of documents, it experienced the strongest influence of law. The article concludes about the influence of the Corpus Iuris Civilis norms on the discussions regarding the determination of the authenticity of documents in the treatises of lawyers and scholars, who were specifically engaged in determining the authenticity of letters as historical sources.

R. Platonov

The article is devoted to the 100th anniversary of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPhRAS), held in 2021. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of IPhRAS's contribution to the study of Aristotle's ethics within the framework of domestic Aristotelian studies, to note the main works of IPhRAS employees in this field. The material of the article is aimed not only at summing up the results to a significant date, but can be used as an auxiliary reference point in the domestic research literature by all those interested in the ethics of Aristotle. The article examines the articles and monographs of IPhRAS employees, makes brief descriptions of the most significant ideas expressed in them, analyzes the general process of development of Aristotle's ethics research in IPhRAS. The result of the conducted research is the identification of two directions in the study of Aristotle's ethics by IPhRAS employees – philosophical-theoretical and historical-philosophical. Within the framework of the first direction, two types are also distinguished: those aimed at the theoretical reconstruction of Aristotle's teaching on morality itself and those that turn to Aristotle's works in search of modern significant concepts. The second direction is represented by translation work, structural and comparative analysis of Aristotle's texts in order to reproduce them as accurately as possible and clarify individual concepts and statements. The main conclusion of the study is the statement that IPhRAS has not yet developed a holistic school in the approach to the study of Aristotle's ethics, and also that the two discovered areas of research are being implemented separately from each other. However, in both directions, researchers proceed largely from the analysis of the philosophical language of the Stagirite, which makes not only historical and philosophical works significant for philosophical and theoretical ones, but also vice versa. Also, despite a relatively short history, the study of Aristotle's ethics at IPhRAS has a systematic nature, all generations of employees are involved in it, which promises its further successful development.