Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

Siyuan Liu, Wenjin Xie, Wenyu Chen et al.

Purpose: This study compares the hierarchical structure of scientific teams across countries and investigates factors associated with the observed cross-national differences. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing on 150,817 publications with author contribution statements, we focus on the 15 countries with the largest volume of scientific publications, examine cross-country variations in the proportion of tall teams, and analyze how this proportion correlates with other factors. Findings: Scientific output from East Asia is dominated by tall teams, which persist after controlling for team size, indicating that this pattern cannot be fully accounted for by the prevalence of larger teams in these countries. Cultural factors, measured by Power Distance, as well as the observed funding patterns of major basic science agencies, are associated with the dominance of tall teams in East Asia. Research limitations: This study is limited by its reliance on publications with author contribution statements, which may introduce selection bias; its focus on cultural and funding factors, while leaving other institutional contexts unexamined; and its use of a leadership concentration measure that does not capture other dimensions of hierarchy. Practical implications: Understanding cross-national differences in research team structures and their associated cultural and institutional factors can inform science policy and team management. Originality/value: This study provides a systematic cross-national comparison of team hierarchy and offers a mechanistic understanding of the dominance of tall teams in East Asia, highlighting associations with cultural and funding factors.

Yunjeong Lee, Jongho Park, Do-Young Byun et al.

The East Asia VLBI Network (EAVN) has recently enabled dual-polarization observations at $22$ and $43\,\mathrm{GHz}$. We present the first systematic verification of its polarimetric performance using EAVN observations of M87, 3C 279, 3C 273, and OJ 287, calibrated with the GPCAL pipeline and evaluated against near-contemporaneous VLBA images at comparable frequencies. Most stations show stable polarimetric leakages with amplitudes of $5$-$10\%$ over monthly timescales. While several VERA stations exhibit D-term phase variations between epochs, we attribute these to field-rotator (FR) offsets and demonstrate that phase stability is restored after applying the analytically derived FR corrections. The resulting linear-polarization morphologies and EVPAs broadly agree with the VLBA results within uncertainties; fractional polarization measured by the EAVN tends to be slightly higher near polarization peaks. Although exact one-to-one comparisons are limited by moderate frequency and epoch differences, the combined evidence indicates robust EAVN polarimetric calibration and imaging capabilities at $22$ and $43\,\mathrm{GHz}$. These results support the scientific capability of EAVN polarimetry and lay the groundwork for expanded, higher-fidelity polarimetric studies in East Asia.

Akhtar Sherin

South Asia, with a population of 2.078 billion people (25.29% of the global population),1 is facing challenges in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 targets, with most countries scoring around 60% on the SDG 3 index. 2  This region, accounting for a substantial share of global health issues, presents challenges that extend beyond its borders, affecting international health policies and economic stability. The region faces a dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In 2019, it accounted for nearly half of all global cases of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.3 By 2023, India (26%) and Pakistan (6.3%) were among the five countries contributing for 56% of global TB cases. 4 Similarly, NCDs, such as diabetes mellitus, stroke, and heart diseases, are highly prevalent in South Asia, with India and Pakistan among the leading contributors to the global diabetes burden. 5-7 Maternal and child health challenges also persist in South Asia, with only 46% of women receiving comprehensive maternal and neonatal health services, with Afghanistan reporting the lowest coverage at 2.8%.8 Antenatal care utilization remains low, with no significant improvement across SAARC countries from 2015 to 2030.9 The region continues to have one of the highest maternal mortality ratios, with significant disparities; for instance, the Maldives reports high antenatal care utilization (96.83%) compared to Bangladesh (47.01%).10  This analysis highlights that, despite individual country efforts to drive change, South Asia has collectively fallen short of achieving its regional health targets. The impact of COVID-19 further exacerbated the situation, emphasizing the urgency of addressing these challenges. Progress remains hindered by many factors like weak health systems, socio-economic inequities, poor governance, environmental challenges, rising disease burden, and barriers to healthcare access and quality. 11-14 Beyond these structural challenges, health progress in South Asia is further adversely affected by poor regional cooperation, driven by geopolitical disputes, religious conflicts, and deep-rooted mistrust among member nations.15,16 Ongoing military tensions between India and Pakistan, along with civil unrest in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka, have severely impacted public health initiatives and resource allocation across South Asia. Political instability and regional conflicts disrupt healthcare services by diverting resources from essential medical care, leading to reduced access and underutilization of healthcare facilities. Economic instability further burdens both patients and health systems, as poor-quality care increases out-of-pocket expenses, delays treatment, and worsens health outcomes. Strengthening health infrastructure and ensuring stability are crucial to mitigating these effects and improving healthcare indicators.17,18 The division of South Asia into two separate WHO regions—South-East Asia Region (SEAR) and Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR)—remains a major barrier to regional health collaboration. Influenced by geopolitical tensions, such as Pakistan’s placement in EMRO due to its disputes with India,19 this structure has undermined India-Pakistan health cooperation, limiting collaboration, disease control, and resource sharing. The SEAR-EMRO divide further weakened the region’s COVID-19 response; while India’s vaccine production supported SEAR countries, Pakistan and Afghanistan (EMRO) faced high-cost import dependency and limited access. Disrupted supply chains and lack of cross-border coordination led to delays and deepened disparities.20,21 A unified, regionally grounded approach could strengthen health cooperation, policy integration, and public health outcomes across South Asia. Established in 1985, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) aimed to foster economic growth, social progress, and regional collaboration, including in health. However, geopolitical tensions, particularly between India and Pakistan, have largely rendered it ineffective, with many viewing it as defunct.22 Meanwhile, China’s growing influence in South Asia’s health sector, especially through COVID-19 vaccine diplomacy, has intensified regional competition, challenging India’s "Neighbourhood First" policy.23 Pakistan’s partnership with China through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has expanded into healthcare through the China-Pakistan Health Corridor, promoting bilateral investment and infrastructure development. 24Additionally, Bangladesh and Pakistan have shown signs of diplomatic revival, 53 years after Bangladesh’s independence.25 Given these shifting dynamics, reviving SAARC has become a timely and strategic imperative. While India’s re-engagement remains cautious, there are signs of evolving perspectives amid changing geopolitical and health landscapes.26 Lessons from regional models like the European Union (EU) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which have successfully pursued collaborative public health strategies despite internal divides, demonstrate that regional cooperation is both feasible and essential.27 Given the current health crises and deep trust deficit among South Asian nations, there is an urgent need for multilateral engagement to pursue the shared goal of health for all South Asians. Countries must set aside political reservations and commit to both short- and long-term strategies, such as establishing a regional health task force, revitalizing the SAARC Development Fund for joint financing, and developing a shared resource framework to strengthen health systems collectively. International support from organizations such as the World Health Organization and UNICEF can further boost these efforts, but the region must first take ownership through self-help and coordinated action. There is also a pressing need to prioritize research on shared health challenges, a trend reflected in leading global journals like BMJ and The Lancet, which have featured special issues and articles on strengthening regional health systems in South Asia.  Health diplomacy must now take the lead—not only to improve healthcare delivery—but to serve as a bridge to peace and cooperation in the region. The active involvement of civil society, media, and public advocacy is vital to holding government’s accountable and driving meaningful change. Now is the time to act—not only for better health—but for the long-term stability and future of South Asia.

Sai Raj Kishore Perla, Aditya Vora, Sauradip Nag et al.

We introduce ASIA (Adaptive 3D Segmentation using few Image Annotations), a novel framework that enables segmentation of possibly non-semantic and non-text-describable "parts" in 3D. Our segmentation is controllable through a few user-annotated in-the-wild images, which are easier to collect than multi-view images, less demanding to annotate than 3D models, and more precise than potentially ambiguous text descriptions. Our method leverages the rich priors of text-to-image diffusion models, such as Stable Diffusion (SD), to transfer segmentations from image space to 3D, even when the annotated and target objects differ significantly in geometry or structure. During training, we optimize a text token for each segment and fine-tune our model with a novel cross-view part correspondence loss. At inference, we segment multi-view renderings of the 3D mesh, fuse the labels in UV-space via voting, refine them with our novel Noise Optimization technique, and finally map the UV-labels back onto the mesh. ASIA provides a practical and generalizable solution for both semantic and non-semantic 3D segmentation tasks, outperforming existing methods by a noticeable margin in both quantitative and qualitative evaluations.

Samuel Cahyawijaya, Holy Lovenia, Joel Ruben Antony Moniz et al.

Southeast Asia (SEA) is a region of extraordinary linguistic and cultural diversity, yet it remains significantly underrepresented in vision-language (VL) research. This often results in artificial intelligence (AI) models that fail to capture SEA cultural nuances. To fill this gap, we present SEA-VL, an open-source initiative dedicated to developing high-quality, culturally relevant data for SEA languages. By involving contributors from SEA countries, SEA-VL aims to ensure better cultural relevance and diversity, fostering greater inclusivity of underrepresented languages in VL research. Beyond crowdsourcing, our initiative goes one step further in the exploration of the automatic collection of culturally relevant images through crawling and image generation. First, we find that image crawling achieves approximately ~85% cultural relevance while being more cost- and time-efficient than crowdsourcing. Second, despite the substantial progress in generative vision models, synthetic images remain unreliable in accurately reflecting SEA cultures. The generated images often fail to reflect the nuanced traditions and cultural contexts of the region. Collectively, we gather 1.28M SEA culturally-relevant images, more than 50 times larger than other existing datasets. Through SEA-VL, we aim to bridge the representation gap in SEA, fostering the development of more inclusive AI systems that authentically represent diverse cultures across SEA.

Wei Meng

This study constructs a fully data-driven and reproducible Southeast Asia Influence Index (SAII v3) to reduce bias from expert scoring and subjective weighting while mapping hierarchical power structures across the eleven ASEAN nations. We aggregate authoritative open-source indicators across four dimensions (economic, military, diplomatic, socio-technological) and apply a three-tiered standardization chain quantile-Box-Cox-min-max to mitigate outliers and skewness. Weights are obtained through equal-weight integration of Entropy Weighting Method (EWM), CRITIC, and PCA. Robustness is assessed via Kendall's tau, +/-20% weight perturbation, and 10,000 bootstrap iterations, with additional checks including +/-10% dimensional sensitivity and V2-V3 bump chart comparisons. Results show integrated weights: Economy 35-40%, Military 20-25%, Diplomacy about 20%, Socio-Technology about 15%. The regional landscape exhibits a one-strong, two-medium, three-stable, and multiple-weak pattern: Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia lead, while Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam form a mid-tier competitive band. V2 and V3 rankings are highly consistent (Kendall's tau = 0.818), though small mid-tier reorderings appear (Thailand and the Philippines rise, Vietnam falls), indicating that v3 is more sensitive to structural equilibrium. ASEAN-11 average sensitivity highlights military and socio-technological dimensions as having the largest marginal effects (+/-0.002). In conclusion, SAII v3 delivers algorithmic weighting and auditable reproducibility, reveals multidimensional drivers of influence in Southeast Asia, and provides actionable quantitative evidence for resource allocation and policy prioritization by regional governments and external partners.

Pak Shen Choong, Nurisya Mohd Shah, Yung Szen Yap

Amid the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology 2025 (IYQ 2025), a significant portion of global funding has been dedicated to various quantum initiatives, with over 30 countries announcing their respective quantum strategies. Within the Southeast Asia context, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines have launched their respective quantum strategies and roadmaps. Meanwhile, six out of eleven Southeast Asia countries have expressed interest in formulating a regional quantum ecosystem to pursue a set of common goals. Quantum technologies, though still in their infancy within the second quantum revolution, have advanced rapidly in recent years. Due to their dual-use nature, quantum technologies are considered emerging and disruptive, often raising concerns from the cybersecurity perspective. While several discussions regarding Malaysia's quantum initiative and strategy are ongoing, it is vital to broaden the conversation and position Malaysia within the regional ecosystem. This paper provides an overview of Malaysia's quantum landscape and a summary of the regional initiatives since the establishment of Southeast Asia Quantum Network. We then analyse Malaysia's strengths in quantum research and provide four recommendations to strengthen the regional ecosystem.

Anika Rahman, Mst. Taskia Khatun

This study analyzes and predicts air pollution in Asia, focusing on PM 2.5 levels from 2018 to 2023 across five regions: Central, East, South, Southeast, and West Asia. South Asia emerged as the most polluted region, with Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan consistently having the highest PM 2.5 levels and death rates, especially in Nepal, Pakistan, and India. East Asia showed the lowest pollution levels. K-means clustering categorized countries into high, moderate, and low pollution groups. The ARIMA model effectively predicted 2023 PM 2.5 levels (MAE: 3.99, MSE: 33.80, RMSE: 5.81, R: 0.86). The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to address severe pollution and health risks in South Asia.

Chaoqun Liu, Mahani Aljunied, Guizhen Chen et al.

We introduce SeaLLMs-Audio, the first large audio-language model (LALM) tailored for multiple Southeast Asian (SEA) languages-Indonesian (id), Thai (th), and Vietnamese (vi)-alongside English (en) and Chinese (zh). Trained on a large-scale audio corpus, SeaLLMs-Audio exhibits strong performance across diverse audio-centric tasks, spanning fine-grained audio understanding and voice-based interaction. Its key features include: 1) Multilingual: the model primarily supports 5 languages, namely Indonesian, Thai, Vietnamese, English, and Chinese; 2) Multimodal: the model accepts flexible input modalities, including audio only, text only, as well as audio with text; 3) Multi-task: the model supports a wide range of tasks, including audio analysis tasks such as Audio Captioning, Automatic Speech Recognition, Speech-to-Text Translation, Speech Emotion Recognition, Speech Question Answering, and Speech Summarization. It also enables voice-based dialogue, including answering factual, mathematical, and general knowledge queries. As a significant step towards advancing audio LLMs in Southeast Asia, we expect SeaLLMs-Audio to benefit both the regional research community and industry. To automate LALM evaluation for Southeast Asia, we introduce SeaBench-Audio, a benchmark spanning multiple tasks. Experiments show that SeaLLMs-Audio achieves competitive performance compared with other LALMs on SEA languages.

Jun Cui

This study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technology on cross-border trade using a qualitative content analysis approach. By synthesizing existing empirical studies, we aim to quantify the overall effect of AI on trade flows and identify the key moderating and mediating variables. Besides, our results show that AI adoption significantly increases trade volumes in Southeast Asia. Likewise, these effects are stronger in regions with advanced technological infrastructure and favorable regulatory frameworks. In addition, Trade firm size partially mediates the relationship between AI technology and trade performance. Furthermore, this study draws on several key theoretical frameworks that provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms through which AI technology is affecting cross-border trade in Southeast Asia. The primary theories used in this research include the technology, organization, and environment (TOE) framework, the diffuse innovation (DOI) theory, Dynamic Capabilities Theory, Comparative Advantage Theory, Network theory, Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), the resource-based view, and the institution theory. Consequently, this study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the role of AI in international trade and highlighting the importance of contextual factors in maximizing the benefits of AI. Thus, our findings underscore the need for favorable policies and robust infrastructure to facilitate AI-driven trade growth. A discussion of limitations and future research directions will also be part of the report in Southeast Asia Trade.

Benyamin Sihombing, R. Bhatia, Rahul Srivastava et al.

Summary Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) inflicts significant mortality, morbidity and economic loss in the 11 countries in the WHO South-East Asia Region (SEAR). With technical assistance and advocacy from WHO, all countries have developed their respective National Action Plans on AMR that are aligned with the Global Action Plan. Historically, the WHO Regional Office has been proactive in advocacy at the highest political level. The past decade has seen an enhancement of the country’s capacity to combat AMR through national efforts catalyzed and supported through several WHO initiatives at all levels—global, regional and country levels. Several countries including Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand have observed a worrying trend of increasing drug resistance, despite heightened awareness and actions. Recent AMR data generated by the countries are indicative of fragmented progress. Lack of technical capacity, financial resources, weak regulatory apparatus, slow behavioural changes at all levels of the antimicrobial stewardship landscape and the COVID-19 pandemic have prevented the effective application of several interventions to minimize the impact of AMR.

Jian Liu, J. Cohen, Qin He et al.

Rapid urbanization and broad use of biomass burning have led to important changes in NOx [sum of nitrogen dioxide and nitrous oxide] emissions across South, Southeast, and East Asia, frequently occurring on day-to-day time scales and over areas not identified by existing emissions databases. Here we compute NOx emissions using remotely sensed NO2 [nitrogen dioxide] and a model-free mass-conserving inverse method, resulting respectively in 61 kt d−1 and 40 kt d−1 from biomass burning in Northern and Southern Continental Southeast Asia, and 14.3 kt d−1 and 3.7 kt d−1 from urbanization in China and Eastern South Asia, a net increase more than double existing inventories. Three observationally based physical constraints consistent with theory are found which current chemical transport models cannot match: more NO2 per unit of NOx emissions, longer and more variable in-situ lifetime, and longer-range transport. This result provides quantitative support for mitigation efforts targeting specific events, processes, or geographies. Quantifying daily NOx emissions from a comprehensive range of sources indicates that half of emissions are omitted from existing inventories over South, Southeast and East Asia, suggests an analysis combining remotely sensed nitrogen dioxide and a model-free mass-conserving inverse method.

Olga S. Chikrizova

The relevance of the study of Islamist terrorism is due to its destructive impact on national and global security, as well as on the dialogue between Western and Eastern, particularly Muslim, nations since the early 2000s. Islamist terrorism reinforces entrenched prejudices against Islam and Muslims, leading to their demonization and the subsequent prevention of constructive interaction between communities professing different religions, thus hindering the establishment of relations based on mutual trust. This study examines the number of terrorist attacks committed by Islamist groups and their victims between 2000 and 2020, and tests the methodology for scoring their terrorist activities. Based on the Global Terrorism Database and the author’s sample of 155 groups broadcasting Islamist ideology, three stages of the development of Islamist terrorism were identified, a direct proportional relationship between the number of terrorist attacks and the number of victims was proven, and the geography of Islamist terrorist activity was analyzed. Methodologically, this study combines the analysis of terrorism as both a political phenomenon and a religious manifestation, and Islamist terrorist groups themselves are seen as political projects masquerading as religiously motivated communities. In contrast to the destabilization of Iraq, which along with Afghanistan became another platform for training terrorists, the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, had little impact on Islamist terrorism. Quantitative analysis revealed that the Middle East and North Africa was mistakenly perceived as the “epicenter” of Islamist terrorism in 2000-2020, as Southeast Asia was the leader in terrorist attacks in 2000, while South Asia occupied 1st place in 2003, 2005-2013, and 2018-2020. It has been confirmed that instability at the local and national levels serves as a fertile ground for Islamist terrorism. The possibilities and limitations of the proposed methodology are outlined, and the prospects for its further application in scientific studies of Islamist terrorism are described.

Vinogradov I.S., Mamakhatov T.M.

In recent years, the drug situation in China has generally stabilized, and according to official Chinese statistics, the number of drug addicts is reducing. However, China remains one of the key sources of synthetic drugs and precursors to other countries. The spread of narcotic drugs (synthetic opioids, cannabinoids, methamphetamine and others) threatens all countries. An important factor is that the Chinese government is able to control the large number of pharmaceutical manufacturers in the country , thus making it difficult for new types and modifications of drugs and psychoactive substances to appear on the market. In recent years, the PRC leadership has taken a number of effective steps to combat the uncontrolled production and distribution of illegal drugs, in particular, the state tightens control and regulation of the production of synthetic psychoactive drugs. China has strict laws against drug trafficking, which also serve as an effective deterrent against the distribution and consumption of illicit substances. Due to these measures, the international drug business is forced to move laboratories for the production of synthetic drugs from China to other nearby countries such as Myanmar and India. The situation with the international drug trade in the modern world requires concerted action at the interstate level. The interaction between law enforcement agencies of the SCO (the Shanghai Cooperation Organization) member states is a good example of cooperation in this area. One of the priorities of this organization is the fight against drug crime. At this stage, it is necessary to further deepen cooperation between the law enforcement agencies of the SCO countries to identify established drug trafficking channels, fight against drug trafficking in the dark web and prevent the emergence of analogues to various psychotropic substances prohibited by law.

Lance Calvin Lim Gamboa, Mark Lee

Work on bias in pretrained language models (PLMs) focuses on bias evaluation and mitigation and fails to tackle the question of bias attribution and explainability. We propose a novel metric, the $\textit{bias attribution score}$, which draws from information theory to measure token-level contributions to biased behavior in PLMs. We then demonstrate the utility of this metric by applying it on multilingual PLMs, including models from Southeast Asia which have not yet been thoroughly examined in bias evaluation literature. Our results confirm the presence of sexist and homophobic bias in Southeast Asian PLMs. Interpretability and semantic analyses also reveal that PLM bias is strongly induced by words relating to crime, intimate relationships, and helping among other discursive categories, suggesting that these are topics where PLMs strongly reproduce bias from pretraining data and where PLMs should be used with more caution.

Hina Malik, Randhir Singh, S. Kaur et al.

Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging global threat to public health. The resistant bacteria in food animals can be transferred to humans through the food chain. Limited information on antimicrobial usage and resistance in food animals is available in Southeast Asia due to inadequate monitoring or surveillance systems. A literature review was conducted on antimicrobial use and resistance in food animal production in Southeast Asia for the period 2011-2020, to assess the scope and extent of antibiotic use and resistance. The countries included in the study were Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Timor-Leste. The information was categorised by country, production type and findings regarding antibiotic use and resistance. A total of 108 publications were included in the review. Results showed widespread use of critically and highly important antibiotics in livestock, poultry and aquacultured fish and their products. To curb the growing threat of antibiotic resistance, Southeast Asian countries need to strengthen surveillance and regulatory controls of antimicrobial use in food animal production through "One Health" approach.

I. A. Sebastian, D. Gandhi, P. N. Sylaja et al.

Summary The Southeast Asia Region (SEAR) accounts for nearly 50% of the developing world's stroke burden. With various commonalities across its countries concerning health services, user awareness, and healthcare-seeking behavior, SEAR still presents profound diversities in stroke-related services across the continuum of care. This review highlights the numerous systems and challenges in access to stroke care, acute stroke care services, and health care systems, including rehabilitation. The paper has also attempted to compile information on the availability of stroke specialized centers, Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) ready centers, Endovascular therapy (EVT) ready centers, rehabilitation centers, and workforce against a backdrop of each country's population. Lastly, the efforts of WHO (SEARO)-CMCL (World Health Organization-South East Asia region, Christian Medical College & Hospital Ludhiana) collaboration towards improving stroke services and capacity among the SEAR have been described.

Nurul Syuhada Mohd Rosnu, D. K. Singh, A. F. Mat Ludin et al.

South-East Asia (SEA) is the home of the largest number of the world’s older population. In this scoping review, we aimed to map the existing enablers and barriers of accessing healthcare services among older adults in SEA countries. Articles that were published from January 2001 until November 2021 were searched in four data sources (PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO Host and The Cochrane Library). Studies pertaining to the factors which assist or obstruct older Southeast Asian adults from assessing healthcare services were chosen for this scoping review. First, two reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of articles in the data sources. After identifying appropriate articles, the reviewers read them. Data extracted by one reviewer were verified by the other reviewer. The findings were then classified according to Penchansky and Thomas’s five domains of access. A total of 19 studies were included in the final scoping review. Accessibility and acceptability were the two factors most often identified as enablers or barriers to older adults from accessing healthcare. Other often mentioned factors were finances, transportation and social/family support. Older adults living in rural areas were especially impacted by these factors. To promote healthy ageing, optimum healthcare and wellbeing among older adults in Southeast Asia, it is extremely important to consider accessibility and acceptability when planning healthcare services.

Bohao Li, Kai Liu, Ming Wang et al.

Abstract The increase in record‐breaking extreme events caused by climate change poses a threat to human health and well‐being. Understanding the future impacts of such events on global populations can provide decision‐making support for policies aiming to mitigate climate change. Here, we investigated the population exposure to eight climate extreme indices and drivers of exposure trajectories based on National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 and population projection data under four shared socioeconomic pathway scenarios at a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°. The results show that by the mid‐twenty‐first century, most regions worldwide, especially Africa and South America, will continue to experience record‐breaking temperatures and compound drought and heatwaves (CDHWs). Regarding population exposure, under SSP3‐7.0 in the late twenty‐first century, the mean value of the multimodel median expected annual exposure (EAE) of all extreme temperature indices and CDHW reaches 8.12 billion persons per year. Population exposure hotspots will be concentrated in Central Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, mostly in developing countries, where 55.01%–87.42% of the EAE is found. The drivers of exposure trajectories are spatially heterogeneous. The increase in record‐breaking probability contributes more than population growth to EAE growth in most regions of the world except Central Asia, the Middle East, and most of Africa. These findings reveal the future trajectories of record‐breaking probabilities and population exposures for climate extremes, which can inform understanding of the intersections between climate change and population change and future risk management.

Zimeng Song, Sangzi Ze, Chunxiang Liu et al.

IntroductionThe genetic structure of species is shaped by natural (e.g., terrain, climate) and non-natural (e.g., human activities) factors. Geographical isolation and natural barriers are important causes of genetic structure formation of species. Here, we explored this issue in bamboo grasshopper, Ceracris kiangsu, which is an important pest that feeds on bamboo in East and Southeastern Asia.MethodsBased on 186 newly sequenced and 286 previously sequenced mitochondrial COI fragments, and 8 nuclear microsatellite loci, we examined the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of C. kiangsu.ResultsThe degree of genetic differentiation among populations was also high, and Mantel test showed that it was significantly correlated with geographical distance. Principal coordinate analysis and STRUCTURE results revealed two genetically different groups, a South China (S-China) Group and a Southeast Asia (SE-Asia) Group. Climate variables partly explained the population genetic structure. The demographic history and ABC showed that the S-China Group experienced population expansion, whereas the SE-Asia Group was consistently stable.DiscussionOur study demonstrates an obvious population structure maintained in this migratory insect and reveals the potential effect of past climatic change, geographical isolation, and ecological factors on the evolution of their genetic structure.