Hasil untuk "Sociology (General)"

Peter L. Berger, T. Luckmann

B. Werble

E. Durkheim

Vitória Oliveira

This article explores the intersection of dark patterns — deceptive design practices that manipulate user behavior—with children’s digital experiences, examining how universal cognitive vulnerabilities intersect with context-specific susceptibilities. After reviewing scholarship on dark patterns and synthesizing fragmented empirical research on children’s encounters with manipulative design, the article applies Mathur, Mayer, and Kshirsagar’s (2021) normative framework to assess harms across individual welfare, collective welfare, regulatory objectives, and autonomy in children’s contexts. Drawing on vulnerability theory, children’s rights instruments, and childhood studies, it situates children within this taxonomy to clarify how developmental characteristics and relational dependencies shape exposure to manipulation in digital environments. Children constitute a particularly revealing analytical lens for understanding digital vulnerability: while developmental characteristics heighten their exposure to manipulation, dark patterns exploit cognitive features universally shared. By engaging both particularist and universalist accounts, the article argues that protective measures developed with children in mind may establish baseline standards addressing digital vulnerability more broadly.

Milena Tsvetkova, T. Yasseri, N. Pescetelli et al.

From fake social media accounts and generative artificial intelligence chatbots to trading algorithms and self-driving vehicles, robots, bots and algorithms are proliferating and permeating our communication channels, social interactions, economic transactions and transportation arteries. Networks of multiple interdependent and interacting humans and intelligent machines constitute complex social systems for which the collective outcomes cannot be deduced from either human or machine behaviour alone. Under this paradigm, we review recent research and identify general dynamics and patterns in situations of competition, coordination, cooperation, contagion and collective decision-making, with context-rich examples from high-frequency trading markets, a social media platform, an open collaboration community and a discussion forum. To ensure more robust and resilient human–machine communities, we require a new sociology of humans and machines. Researchers should study these communities using complex system methods; engineers should explicitly design artificial intelligence for human–machine and machine–machine interactions; and regulators should govern the ecological diversity and social co-development of humans and machines. This Perspective calls for a new sociology of humans and machines to study groups and networks comprising multiple interacting humans and algorithms, bots or robots. A deeper understanding of human–machine social systems can contribute new and valued insights for AI research, design and policy.

Eduardo Bericat

B.V. Nikolaev, N.A. Pavlova

Background. Domestic diplomacy and international legal science played a leading role in the formation of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes. It was Russia that initiated two Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907. However, this issue has not received sufficient attention from domestic and foreign researchers, the latter, however, actively studied the role of the United States, Great Britain, France and other countries in terms of the development of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes. In this regard, the study of the content and results of the Second Peace Conference and its historical significance seems relevant and scientifically significant. The purpose of the work is to identify the main directions and achievements of the Hague Peace Conference of 1907 in the context of the development of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes. Materials and methods. These objectives are achieved by analyzing the official materials of the 1907 Hague Peace Conference, official acts of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, assessments of the conference's achievements given by its participants themselves, as well as international treaties and scientific literature. Results. The work analyzes the work and results of the 1907 forum from the point of view of the development of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes. Conclu-sions. The study allows us to draw a conclusion about the special role of Russian diplomacy and international legal science in the codification of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes and the progressive development of international law in general.

Magdalena Anita Gajewska

S. Cohen, E. Cohen

Michel Waly DIOUF

Cet article examine la réutilisation des coquillages fossiles et décrit en même temps les anomalies ou les déformations observées sur les individus. La démarche adoptée repose en effet sur une combinaison de plusieurs activités allant de la recherche documentaire à l’examen du mobilier coquillier, en passant par les enquêtes ethnographiques, la prospection et les fouilles archéologiques. Nos fouilles effectuées sur le site de Balloum, près du village de Moundé (basSaloum) ont mis au jour des spécimens coquilliers déformés ou réutilisés le plus souvent en des objets de parures ou d’ustensiles. Mots-clés : ,

Maksić-Mulalić Milica

Micro-spaces - small-scale public city spaces - represent an important element in the structure of the city, both functionally and aesthetically. Due to their small scale, their importance is often overlooked by experts and investors. The paper describes the concept of canopies at public transport stops in Belgrade, which were created in the period from 2007 to the present day. By multiplying the basic type of canopy and its variations, a recognizable element of the city image is built. By upgrading the basic project and introducing additional elements from the repertoire of modern design, such as "green" constructions, "smart" technologies, energy efficiency, etc., this form of urban space would be additionally affirmed and contribute not only to the comfort of users, the creation of the identity of the city and public city transport, but also to general interests such as safety, health and environmental protection

Monica Mcdermott, Annie Ferguson

The past 20 years have witnessed a tremendous accumulation of research in whiteness studies in general, and in the sociology of whiteness in particular. In contrast to the earliest days of research in this subfield, much recent work has moved beyond preoccupations with whiteness as a seemingly invisible, default racial category to instead consider whiteness as a complex identity and basis of structural privilege and neocolonial dominance. Predominantly autobiographical and strictly theoretical work has been augmented by sophisticated empirical studies from a variety of methodological traditions. Contemporary scholars continue to grapple with epistemological concerns and the issue of how to dismantle that which is totalizing and hegemonic. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 48 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Christopher W. Gibson

Environmental sociology is typically defined as the sociological study of societal-environmental interactions, although this definition immediately presents the perhaps insolvable problem of separating human cultures from the rest of the environment. Although the focus of the field is the relationship between society and environment in general, environmental sociologists typically place special emphasis on studying the social factors that cause environmental problems, the societal impacts of those problems, and efforts to solve the problems. In addition, considerable attention is paid to the social processes by which certain environmental conditions become socially defined as problems.

A. V. Veretyokhin

The digital advertising development features and prospects in the world and in the Russian Federation in particular have been considered. An approach to defining the advertising concept essence in the digital field has been presented. A summary of the scientific research results has made it possible to identify the industry’s growth constraints and its main development drivers, as well as define the importance and distinguishing features of modern advertising campaigns in the digital space. Based on analysis of current data from relevant organisations for the digital advertising market, an increase in growth rates has been identified overall by region and country, as well as for individual advertising segments.

Gabriel Cohn

Resumo O artigo destaca a dificuldade de se definir “fascismo”. Mesmo assim, nota como foram elaboradas concepções genéricas de fascismo, a partir das quais, variados casos podem ser confrontados. Chama igualmente a atenção para a existência de uma dimensão institucional e uma dimensão ideológica no fascismo; a primeira tendo sido enfrentada, a segunda negligenciada. Ao se confrontar o Brasil com “fascismo clássico”, indica que aqui não teríamos a criação de algo novo, mas a explicitação de traços profundamente arraigados de nossa sociedade. Nesse sentido, é sugerido que entre nós, mais do que falar propriamente em fascismo, se poderia apontar para a existência de algo como um “fascismo latente”, sempre capaz de vir à tona e, portanto, especialmente preocupante.

Raidugin Dmitry Sergeevich, Naberushkina Elmira Kamalovna, Voevodina Ekaterina Vladimirovna et al.

The article is a review of the part of the research conducted in the framework of the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research “Urban well-being of people with disabilities”. The immediate subject of the article is professional self-realization as a factor of urban well-being of a person with a disability. Well-being is understood as a subjectively constructed phenomenon, that is, through the prism of people with disabilities’ own perceptions of the sufficiency of conditions created in the urban environment for their professional self-realization and, as a consequence, for well-being in general. Professional self-realization has become one of the six factor groups that directly or indirectly influence the urban well-being of citizens with disabilities. Along with professional self-realization, the factors of urban well-being in the framework of the study were: trust in the government and involvement in management processes; the level of implementation of basic values; psychological comfort; accessibility of the spatial environment; and finally, the quality of social services. The five factor groups listed above are not discussed in the article, but the reader should have an idea of the context in which professional self-realization is studied. The study included two sub-samples, reflecting the specifics of a megalopolis (Moscow) and a regional center (Saratov).

Nagorniak K. M.

The paper presents findings of a survey into values of different generations conducted by Academy DTEK jointly with hh.ua|grc During two months of 2019 we polled 2,182 visitors of the Ukrainian Job portal hh.ua|grc (both job seekers and employers), followers of the survey organizers’ pages in social networks (Facebook and Telegram) aged between 15 and 72. The purpose of the study was to find out the central values of young people and older generations of Ukraine. To study the values of generations, the author used Shalom Schwartz’s method of ten fundamental individual values. The method was applied to three different generations. The findings of the poll enabled us to answer questions regarding values and job values of generations X, Y, and Z. What are the similarities and differences of generations, what motivates them at work, and which supervisor is more comfortable for them to work with. The outcome of this survey is a data-oriented database for Ukrainian businesses and the state and public sectors. As the survey shows, the youth upholds values related to individualistic preferences and openness to change: young people strive for new ideas, adventures, and risks and want to be creative and go their own way. The older generation holds values associated with the preservation of traditions and customs, conformity (following rules and norms), and security. Representatives of different generations need different things from their potential supervisors. For instance, Generation Z feels it is essential to be able to ask their supervisor any questions they like, even if they may sound “ridiculous”, and be treated as equals by their supervisor. For Generation Y, their supervisor must discuss professional development issues with them: their goals and expectations concerning career advancement. For Generation X, the supervisor must trust them and build a climate of mutual support and collaboration in the team.

A. В. Khodykin

The article carries out an analysis of the competitiveness of the Russian space industry in the international space services market according to the following indicators: the volume of budget of national space organizations, the volume of the commercial space exploration market, the number of space launches, positions in manned cosmonautics, production of spacecrafts, deep space exploration, staffing of the space industry and international integration in the space sphere. The paper conducts a SWOT-analysis of the Russian space industry. Its main strengths are: leading positions in manned cosmonautics, leading positions in the number of space launches per year, and extensive experience in space exploration. The greatest concern is caused by: the lack of development of space robotics, insufficient programs for the development of deep space, financial problems and the private sector of Russian cosmonautics, which is in its infancy. The author substantiates the necessity of reforming the Russian space industry.

Barney G. Glaser

It may sometimes be said that one of the most difficult parts of doing research is to get started. The making of choices and commitments to a research problem seem less secured and structured when doing descriptive research in quantitative or qualitative research. This occurs because the research problem is chosen beforehand and therefore forces the data, thus the yield may be small or nothing since the problem, in fact, may not be relevant. A “thought up” problem may sound juicy, but the preconception leads nowhere.

Roberto Sánchez-Cabrero, Óscar Costa-Román, Francisco Javier Pericacho-Gómez et al.

This study describes the social and demographic profile of the first generation of users of marketed virtual reality (VR) viewers in Spain and, subsequently, it assesses the interest in its use as a learning tool. For that purpose, an online questionnaire created ad hoc was administered to a sample of 117 participants. The relationship between twelve variables was analysed comparing means through the Snedecor's F distribution and the contingency tables through the Chi-squared test and Somers' D. Among other issues, it was concluded that the virtual reality user profile at present corresponds to a person older than 36, mainly men, with higher education and having acquired their viewer no longer than one year ago. Concerning the interests of virtual reality users as a learning tool, only a few of them currently use virtual reality for this aim, but they mainly show an interest in using the virtual reality as a learning method and they feel optimism regarding the future use of this technology as a learning tool. However, this is not the case among users of video game consoles (PSVR), who are mainly men not interested in their use as a learning tool at present. Finally, it can be stated that current use as a learning tool among teachers and students is occasional and preferably via smartphones.