Hasil untuk "Social sciences (General)"

F. Faul, E. Erdfelder, Albert-Georg Lang et al.

R. Gonzalez

J. R. Turner, R. Baker

Systems theory has been challenged in the recent literature due to its perceived disconnection from today’s research and practice demands. Moving away from the reductionist frameworks and the complicated domain predominated by known unknowns and order, a call is being made to the social sciences to begin adopting complexity theory and newer connectionist methods that better address complexity and open social systems. Scholars and scholar-practitioners will continue to find the need to apply complexity theory as wicked problems become more prevalent in the social sciences. This paper differentiates between general systems theory (GST) and complexity theory, as well as identifies advantages for the social sciences in incorporating complexity theory as a formal theory. Complexity theory is expanded upon and identified as providing a new perspective and a new method of theorizing that can be practiced by disciplines within the social sciences. These additions could better position the social sciences to address the complexity associated with advancing technology, globalization, intricate markets, cultural change, and the myriad of challenges and opportunities to come.

Yinsheng Zhang

Consciousness is liable to not be defined in scientific research, because it is an object of study in philosophy too, which actually hinders the integration of research on a large scale. The present study attempts to define consciousness with mathematical approaches by including the common meaning of consciousness across multiple disciplines. By extracting the essential characteristics of consciousness—transitivity—a categorical model of consciousness is established. This model is used to obtain three layers of categories: objects, materials as reflex units, and consciousness per se in homomorphism. The model forms a framework that details neurons or AI parts that can be treated as variables or functional locales of the model to be joined. Consequently, consciousness is quantified algebraically, which helps in determining and evaluating consciousness with views that integrate nature and artifacts. Current consciousness theories and computation theories are analyzed to support the model.

Jian Yang

Lesley-anne Ey, Neil Tippett, Elspeth McInnes et al.

Background: Schools are often at the forefront of needing to identify and respond to harmful sexual behavior (HSB). However, there is limited understanding about what training and resources Australian teachers receive on HSB or what they need. Objective: To explore Catholic Education staff's preparedness and their training and resource needs for identifying and responding to HSB in education settings. Participants: and Setting: Seventy-four Catholic education staff answered an online survey, and a further 14 Catholic education pastoral care and leadership staff engaged in single. Method: Online survey and single interviews. Findings: Overall, participants felt most prepared to identify HSB and provide an immediate response to HSB, while they felt least prepared to respond to the parental community and to the families of children affected by HSB. Notably, teachers felt the least prepared to provide ongoing support to children affected by HSB and to respond to families and the parental community in matters concerning HSB. Participants called for training and resources to better support education staff in identifying and responding to HSB. Conclusion: This research has demonstrated that Catholic Education staff feel better prepared in identifying and responding to several elements of HSB than previous research with teachers has indicated, however they still feel inadequate in ongoing responses to children affected by HSB and in responding to parents.

Dong Lv, Rui Sun, Qiuhua Zhu et al.

As the prevalence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in the service sector continues to grow, the impact of the language style and recovery strategies utilized during service failures remains insufficiently explored. This study, grounded in the theory of social presence and dual-process theory, employed a mixed-method approach combining questionnaire surveys and event-related potential (ERP) experiments to investigate the effect of different language styles (rational vs. humorous) and recovery strategies (gratitude vs. apology) on users’ willingness to forgive during the GenAI service recovery process. It further delves into the chained mediating role of perceived sincerity and social presence in this process. The findings revealed that a humorous language style was more effective in enhancing users’ willingness to forgive compared to a rational style, primarily through the enhancement of users’ perceived sincerity and sense of social presence; recovery strategies played a moderating role in this process, with the positive impact of perceived sincerity on social presence being significantly amplified when the GenAI service adopted an apology strategy. ERP results indicated that a rational language style significantly induced a larger N2 component (cognitive conflict) in apology scenarios, while a humorous style exhibited higher amplitude in the LPP component (positive emotional evaluation). This research unveils the intricate relationships between language style, recovery strategies, and users’ willingness to forgive in the GenAI service recovery process, providing important theoretical foundations and practical guidance for designing more effective GenAI service recovery strategies, and offering new insights into developing more efficacious GenAI service recovery tactics.

Dong Lv, Rui Sun, Qiuhua Zhu et al.

Background: With the rapid expansion of the generative AI market, conducting in-depth research on cognitive conflicts in human–computer interaction is crucial for optimizing user experience and improving the quality of interactions with AI systems. However, existing studies insufficiently explore the role of user cognitive conflicts and the explanation of stance attribution in the design of human–computer interactions. Methods: This research, grounded in mental models theory and employing an improved version of the oddball paradigm, utilizes Event-Related Spectral Perturbations (ERSP) and functional connectivity analysis to reveal how task types and stance attribution explanations in generative AI influence users’ unconscious cognitive processing mechanisms during service failures. Results: The results indicate that under design stance explanations, the ERSP and Phase Locking Value (PLV) in the theta frequency band were significantly lower for emotional task failures than mechanical task failures. In the case of emotional task failures, the ERSP and PLV in the theta frequency band induced by intentional stance explanations were significantly higher than those induced by design stance explanations. Conclusions: This study found that stance attribution explanations profoundly affect users’ mental models of AI, which determine their responses to service failure.

Guangliang Li, Chunlan Tan, Weikun Zhang et al.

China’s technical progress on emissions and vast ocean area make the study for CO2 emission reduction suitable in a marine fishery. This study uses the slack variables of SBM and the Malmquist index to analyze the CO2 emission efficiency of Trawler, Seine net, Drift net, Fixed net, and Angling, along with their efficiency values, distinguishing the impact of technological progress, scale expansion, and technological efficiency. Results show that the CO2 emission efficiency of the Angling and Seine industry is high with the development potential of the low-carbon fishery. Moreover, China’s technological progress is increasing, but the technical efficiency of CO2 emission reduction is declining. Lack of pure technical efficiency is the primary constraint of low-carbon capture fishery, making changes in efficiency show a downward trend. These results expand the research depth of the efficiency impact of technological progress and reveal that technological progress keeps increasing, but the CO2 emission reduction efficiency is decreasing. This indicates that emission reduction requires both technological growth and the technology’s capacity to reduce CO2 emissions efficiently.

Fang Huang, Honghua Hu, Han Song et al.

The proposal of China’s dual carbon strategy is not only a kind of pressure but also an opportunity for enterprises. Both upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain pay more attention to carbon emission reduction, and consumers are gradually turning to a low-carbon preference. How carbon reduction targets are allocated among supply chain members with different technical efficiency and market opportunities will directly affect supply chain performance and social welfare. Power structure is an important factor that dominates the decision-making of the supply chain, so we establish the low-carbon supply chain model under three different power structures: manufacturer-led, retailer-led, and power pairs between two parties. We study the government distribution decisions of carbon emissions reduction targets under different supply chain power structures and discuss the influence of supply chain power structures on carbon emissions reduction distribution decisions and social welfare. The study found that if the carbon emissions reduction target increases, the government will adjust the allocation strategy to increase the proportion of enterprises whose emissions cuts have less impact on market demand. The study also found that the government will allocate more emissions reduction to enterprises with higher emissions reduction efficiency, and enterprises whose emissions reductions have a greater impact on market demand. When supply chain enterprises have equal power, the supply chain will have greater social welfare and market demand, but not necessarily greater supply chain profits.

Evan Cleave, Cailin Wark, Emmanuel Kyeremeh

For cities, immigration is now considered a vital part of local economic and community development. Over the past half-century, many cities have experienced a series challenges caused by the impacts of late-stage demographic transition; the slow bleeding of skilled domestic workers to larger metropolitan areas; and the decline of traditional economic sectors. As a result, there has been a prioritization of attracting and retaining high-skilled and well-educated immigrants by local governments through locally-focused, place-based policies. Within this context, this paper examines the ways that cities in the Province of Ontario, Canada are constructing and implementing immigrant attraction, integration, and retention strategies. To achieve this goal, we identified and examined the local immigration policies of the 52 cities in Ontario, 36 of which have a formal immigration policy document. A comprehensive content analysis was conducted on these available to identify the ways that immigration is conceptualized, and the specific policies and approaches that local governments are implementing. Statistical analysis was used to determine if there was variation in policy across different types of cities. Based on this analysis, local governments are generally developing holistic, place-based policies – however, there is variation in approaches across cities of different sizes and geographies. These place-specific policies draw on local assets and advantages (i.e. existing migrant communities; local amenities and attractions; economic and education opportunities) while also work to enhance enhancing local capacity (i.e. building networks and immigration partnerships; training employers and city workers).

Farshid Danesh, Samaneh Kesht Karan, Lili Banihashemi et al.

Editorial board members (EBMs) of journals play a pivotal role in authentic international scientific journals. Editorial Board Interlocking (EBI) phenomenon reflects the effectiveness and importance of the scholarly journal's editorial boards in various scientific fields. The primary purpose of this paper is to conduct a Social Network Analysis (SNA) of EBI phenomena from the perspective of astronomy and astrophysics journals. The present study is applied research based on EBI, SNA, and the descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population of this study consists of the editorial board members of all journals of astronomy and astrophysics indexed in the JCR and official journal websites. There are 1597 job positions in 67 astronomy and astrophysics journals occupied by the 1394 scholars. Data analysis shows EBI for 95 scholars and 79 organizations. "Aleksei A. Starobinsky" from Russia and the Russian Academy of Sciences, "Daniel J. Scheeres" from the United States, and the University of Colorado Boulder have the highest EBI contributions in five journals. "Daniel J. Scheeres," with a centrality of 39, has the highest degree of centrality measurement among the EBMs. The presence of more than five times as many men as women indicates that astronomy and astrophysics journals are considered "masculine" by the editorial board. The EBI phenomenon is observed in astronomy and astrophysics journals due to the limited number of peop le eligible for the editorial board. Due to EBI, a limited number of famous scholars are made macro-policies such as publishing the articles, referees selections, and the reviewing process. Astronomy and astrophysics journals have "elite" academic networks. Gender inequality exists among EBMs, and the majority of them are male. Accordingly, these journals are "men's journals."

Soonil Hong, Byoungwook Park, Chandran Balamurugan et al.

Efforts to commercialize organic solar cells (OSCs) by developing roll-to-roll compatible modules have encountered challenges in optimizing printing processes to attain laboratory-level performance in fully printable OSC architectures. In this study, we present efficient OSC modules fabricated solely through printing methods. We systematically evaluated the impact of processing solvents on the morphology of crucial layers, such as the hole transport, photoactive, and electron transport layers, applied using the doctor blade coating method, with a particular focus on processability. Notably, deposition of charge transport layer using printing techniques is still a challenging task, mainly due to the hydrophobic characteristic of the organic photoactive layer. To overcome this issue, we investigated the solvent effect of a well-studied cathode interlayer, bathocuproine (BCP). We were able to form a uniform thin BCP film (∼10 nm) on a non-fullerene based organic photoactive layer using the doctor bladed coating method. Our results showed that the use of volatile alcohols in the BCP processing required a delicate balance between wettability and vaporization, which contrasted with the results for spin-coated films. These findings provide important insights into improving the efficiency of printing techniques for depositing charge transport layers. The fully printed OSC modules, featuring uniform and continuous BCP layer formation, achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency of 10.8% with a total area of 10.0 cm2 and a geometrical fill factor of 86.5%.

Jun Du, Mingyang Pei, Bin Jia et al.

Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) technology enables the charging of electric vehicles (EVs) en route without the need for stopping on long-distance trips. Based on DWC technology, a dynamic wireless charging system (DWCS) concept is proposed to determine the number of DWC lanes and their locations and lengths considering varying battery charging rates. A two-stage approach is proposed to design the optimal DWCS. First, we propose a mixed-integer model with nonlinear constraints to determine the locations and lengths of the charging lanes. This model is further reformulated as a mixed-integer linear problem to make it suitable to solve with off-the-shelf commercial solvers (e.g., Gurobi). Next, we propose a method to obtain an approximately optimal solution for the number of lanes. Then, a numerical example from a freeway in Guangdong Province, China, is investigated to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model and its effectiveness in reducing the construction costs.

Radios Simanjuntak, Radios Simanjuntak, Novri Wangka et al.

Talaga Paca Village has natural tourism potential such as lake, cave, forest and biodiversity. The existing of the natural wealth is inversely proportional to the economic welfare of the people who have a poverty rate of 75%. The community has not received the economic benefits from the beautiful nature around them. In 2019, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry gave an approval for the management of a state forest area of ​​865 ha during 35 years to Talaga Paca Village as part of the Social Forestry program. The Community Service (CS) Team of Halmahera University identified the main problem of the community was the inability to manage the tourism potential. The purpose of this CS is to implement the management of Talaga Paca ecotourism by the community so that they could receive the economic benefits for their welfare. The CS took place from April to October 2022. Through the collaboration of the parties, the CS has succeeded in improving the management of ecotourism by the community. At the moment, there have been tourist visits from within and outside the country so that the community has begun to receive economic benefits from ecotourism.

Beatriz Garcia-Ortega, Javier Galan-Cubillo, Blanca de-Miguel-Molina

This paper assesses whether and to which extent the COVID-19 pandemic, which represents a scenario of high moral intensity, is influencing the moral reasoning of top CEOs (chief executive officers) in the paradigmatic case of the automotive industry and how this moral reasoning relates to their CSR response to the crisis and their CSR plans in the long run. To this end, we took the CEO letters before and after the pandemic outbreak of the top 15 automotive companies, and applied Weber’s method to conduct a moral reasoning categorization, along with an examination of their CSR approach and initiatives. The results show a predominant moral paralysis among these CEOs, where positive reactions addressed are philanthropic in nature and more likely to be a transient response to the crisis, rather than a sustained long-term improvement of their CSR rooted in a significant moral approach enhancement. Furthermore, CEOs at the lowest stages of moral reasoning, primarily focused on their own business and immediate stakeholders, are less likely to highlight these philanthropic initiatives. The outcome evidences the convenience of addressing CSR from the lens of moral reasoning, and it further draws the attention of the scientific community, companies and their top management, stakeholders, and society to the relevance of investigating and considering the moral reasoning of top management in large corporations and its implications.

B. Scott

This publication meets a long-felt need to show the relevance of cybernetics for the social sciences (including psychology, sociology, and anthropology). User-friendly descriptions of the core concepts of cybernetics are provided, with examples of how they can be used in the social sciences. It is explained how cybernetics functions as a transdiscipline that unifies other disciplines and a metadiscipline that provides insights about how other disciplines function. An account of how cybernetics emerged as a distinct field is provided, following interdisciplinary meetings in the 1940s, convened to explore feedback and circular causality in biological and social systems. How encountering cybernetics transformed the author’s thinking and his understanding of life in general, is also recounted.

Arif TUNCAL, Suat USLU, Erdal DURSUN

Covid-19, which was defined as a result of research conducted in a group of patients developing respiratory symptoms in late December 2019 in Wuhan province of China, spread to other countries in a very short time by infecting from people to people. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the “International Public Health Emergency” due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Travel restrictions have been imposed by countries to prevent the pandemic. With these restrictions, air traffic has come to a halt, only health, humanitarian, military, repatriation and cargo flights have been carried out. Due to the Covid-19, more than 6 million traffic losses occurred in the European air traffic network. There were 0.2 million flight losses in the 9/11 attacks and 0.8 million flight losses in the great financial crisis. It is not known how long the recovery will take to reach traffic data in 2019. In this study, the impact of Covid-19 on the European and Turkey air traffic networks in 2020 was analyzed compared to the 2019 data. Within the scope of forecasts published by aviation authorities, assessments regarding the recovery process are also included. It is predicted that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the air traffic networks will not be compensated for a long time in line with current data and predictions for the pandemic.

Abdulkadir Kose, Haeyoung Lee, Chuan Heng Foh et al.

It is envisaged that 5G can enable many vehicular use cases that require high capacity, ultra-low latency and high reliability. To support this, 5G proposes the use of dense small cells technology as well as and highly directional mmWave systems deployment, among many other new advanced communication technologies, to boost the network capacity, reduce latency and provide high reliability. In such systems, enabling vehicular communication, where the nodes are highly mobile, requires robust mobility management techniques to minimise signalling cost and interruptions during frequent handovers. This presents a major challenge that communication system engineers need to address to realise the promise of 5G systems for V2X and similar applications. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent progresses in the development of handover and beam management techniques in 5G communication systems. We conduct a critical appraisal of current research on beam level and cell level mobility management in 5G mmWave networks considering the ultra-reliable and low-latency communication requirements within the context of V2X applications. We also provide an insight into the open challenges and the emerging trends as well as the possible evolution beyond the horizon of 5G.

Armenia Androniceanu, Doina-Mihaela Marton

The Covid-19 pandemic generated a global crisis involving most countries in the world. State governments worldwide were forced to take appropriate measures impacting different fields. The Romanian government and other local public authorities developed special measures to curb the spread of the SARS-COV-2 virus in Romania in general and in Bucharest, the country’s capital. The purpose of our research was to identify the social and psychological impact of the governmental measures on the citizens of Bucharest. The research was conducted between 28 November and 25 December 2020, but refers to the measures taken by the government and local authorities from the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic to date. The sample, representative for Bucharest, included 421 citizens living in Bucharest, aged between 19 and 40 years. The data were collected using an online questionnaire. Other methods used to analyse the results and verify the hypothesis included the multiple regression model and some applications in Excel. The results confirmed that governmental measures had a strong social and psychological impact on citizens, changing their social behaviour and causing psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Our research results can help the Romanian authorities avoid problems among the population and adapt their measures to better meet the population’s psychosocial needs in time of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, which is far from over.