Hasil untuk "Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform"

سیاوش قلی پور, جلیل کریمی, حدیث السادات موسوی

این پژوهش به بررسی فرایند اسکان عشایر در مناطق لک نشین می‌پردازد. روش پژوهش توصیفی و تحلیلی است و فنون گردآوری داده بررسی اسناد و مصاحبه است. داده‌ها از طریق سازماندهی داده تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد: لک‌ها در دور قاجار کوچ رو و دارای نظام ایلی بودند. آنان در کوهستان‌های زاگرس میانی و دشت‌های اطراف، ییلاق و قشلاق می‌کردند و به‌عنوان یک نیروی اجتماعی نقش مؤثری در مناسبات سیاسی داشتند. در دوره رضاشاه اصلاحات گوناگونی مانند توسعه کشاورزی، توسعه صنعتی، توسعه راه‌ها، گسترش دیوان‌سالاری و اسکان عشایر در زاگرس میانی انجام گرفت. سهم مناطق لک نشین از این اصلاحات، احداث جاده شوسه خرم‌آباد - هرسین و اسکان عشایر بود که مورد اخیر به نحوی آمرانه و خونبار اجرا شد. این سیاست از سال ۱۳۰۲ شروع و در سال ۱۳۱۲ پایان یافت و سبب زوال شیوۀ زیست کوچ‌روی و تلف‌شدن دام‌‌ها شد. لک‌ها برای درامان‌ماندن از دست نیروهایِ ارتش، به نقاط صعب‌العبور پناه بردند و نوعی فرهنگ مقاومت را بنا نهادند. پس از شهریور ۱۳۲۰ به کوچروی بازگشتند؛ اما کم‌کم متوجه شدند دوران این شیوه از زندگی به سر آمده است. به‌طورکلی اسکان عشایر به همراه جغرافیایی کوهستانیِ مناطق لک نشین سبب «مدرنیزاسیون ناموزون» در زاگرس میانی شد. کردها و لرها در مقایسه با لک‌ها سازگاری بیشتری با شرایط جدید پیدا کردند و در دهه‌های پس از آن وضعیت به‌مراتب بهتری داشتند. از آن زمان تا کنون وضعیت توسعه‌نیافتگی مناطق لک نشین همچنان پایدار مانده است و مهم‌ترین پیامد آن مهاجرفرستی است.

Alberto Cavassa Berrío

Mahasan Offutt-Chaney

Between the 1970s and 1980s, a bipartisan group of philanthropists, educational researchers, and eventually the Ronald Reagan administration politicized the image of the strict school disciplinarian as the key to urban school turnaround. While Black communities saw Black leaders as part of a broader project of racial and economic justice, local and national networks of educational elites reduced Black urban communities’ demands for self-determination to the disciplinarian strategies of strict Black leaders. This group of actors advanced Black school leaders’ disciplinarian strategies as a substitute for structural reforms that targeted the political and economic conditions that constrained urban schools. This idea of the strict Black disciplinarian clarifies how discipline became a dominant focus of school reform after 1970. In doing so, it deepens understanding of the educationalization of social problems, clarifies how and why discipline became a dominant focus of school reform after 1970, and illuminates the consequences of the neoliberal carceral turn in urban education.

María del Carmen Meralla Cruz, Yenileidys Lorenzo Cabezas, Marta María Cruz Bravo

En el contexto cubano actual, a partir de las exigencias del desarrollo local endógeno y del entorno natural, ambiental, tecnológico, socioeconómico y legal, en el cual desarrollan su actividad las cooperativas agropecuarias, constituye una necesidad insoslayable el perfeccionamiento de los sistemas de gestión integral de riesgos y seguros, como componente imprescindible de su gestión, al permitir a estas organizaciones enfrentar con mayor efectividad los eventos a los que se exponen. En el caso concreto del municipio Consolación del Sur existen 50 estructuras de este tipo, que son clave en el desarrollo del polo productivo del municipio, por ende, en el desarrollo local sostenible. En los últimos años, estas organizaciones han tenido importantes pérdidas por diferentes sucesos, especialmente naturales y tecnológicos, que han afectado su estabilidad económico- financiera. La investigación que se presenta está dirigida a analizar las particularidades del proceso de gestión integral de riesgos y seguros en las cooperativas agropecuarias del municipio de Consolación del Sur. Para su desarrollo se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos, así como, técnicas para la recolección y procesamiento de la información, posibilitando la realización de un diagnóstico del estado actual del proceso objeto de estudio en las cooperativas agropecuarias del referido municipio, lo que permitió determinar el manejo que estas organizaciones hacen de la incertidumbre, los riesgos y el seguro, el desarrollo de herramientas apropiadas para la identificación, evaluación, reducción, mitigación y control de los riesgos que afectan el normal desarrollo de estas empresas, como actores claves para el desarrollo del municipio.

O. Hrin

At the current stage of the development of legal science, the historical and legal research of the national system of judicial bodies and the problems of its reform is relevant. The transition of Ukraine from totalitarianism to a democratic, legal, social state contributed to the formation of a new system of judicial bodies, designed to meet the new historical conditions of social development and world standards.The problem of determining the role and place of the judiciary in the legal state, the necessary conditions for the construction of which are the affirmation of the autonomy and independence of this authority, the improvement of the existing system of relations between its bodies and other branches of government, and the optimal balancing of the mechanism of their interaction and mutual control, is gaining considerable relevance. Since the territories of modern Ukraine have been part of various state entities throughout history, the analysis of the reform of the judicial system and the judiciary in these territories is interesting and important in terms of the given problem.The article is devoted to the reform of the judicial system and judiciary of Carpathian Ukraine, which underwent a kind of evolution from autonomy to a federal system within Czechoslovakia and the declaration of independence (end of 1938 – beginning of 1939). It analyzes the process of evacuation and reformation of various judicial bodies caused by the decision of the first Vienna Arbitration (October 2, 1938) on the transfer of a large part of the territories of Czechoslovakia to Hungary, the Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus dated November 22, 1938 No 328 in terms of functioning, competence and principles of the formation of the judiciary, as well as the order of the second regional government of A. Voloshyn regarding the procedure and principles of the judiciary in the region.

T. Elbuzdukaeva, O. Shmatko, Sotsita Gaytamirova

In modern Russia, the urgent task of social development is the reform of the educational system. The problems of education, the content of textbooks, the management of educational processes and other aspects of education policy are under the close attention of the Russian leadership. The problem of public education is patriotic upbringing, civic consciousness of the younger generation. Another serious problem facing the modern school is the problem of training qualified teaching staff. These issues require scientific analysis when developing education policy, and History lessons need to be taken into account. The chosen topic is relevant, since the accumulated experience of school education during the Great Patriotic War shows that the political, social, professional management of the education system is of not only scientific, but also practical interest. This is, firstly, a study of the adaptation of school education to the extreme conditions of wartime, the activation of patriotic upbringing. Unfortunately, local wars are being waged on the territory of the former Soviet Union, having a negative impact on the education system. Therefore, the historical experience of the school education functioning during the Great Patriotic War must be adopted. Compliance with the law on universal education was accompanied by great difficulties, especially in the initial period of the war. This was explained by the fact that students at the beginning of the war had no time to study; many evacuees were on their way to their destination; teenagers en masse went to work in production. The problems of universal education at the beginning of the war intersected with the child safety issues. The country faced the task of combating homelessness and neglect. Millions of people had their homes destroyed, thousands of children lost their relatives and families.

Cristina Villegas

America’s foster care system has a noble goal—to care for children that for various reasons can no longer be cared for by their families—but years of inattention and inadequate funding have left many foster youth in a precarious state. This resource provides a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the American foster care system. Areas of coverage include the scaffolding of foster care systems in the various states (each of which operate their own unique systems through their social service agencies); conditions under which children are taken out of their families of origin and placed in foster care; the experiences of both young children and older teens in foster homes; challenges for foster children who “age out” of the system; and proposals to reform and improve foster care across the nation. Geared for students, this book contains chapters devoted to the background and history of foster care in America; the systems’s problems, controversies, and solutions; original essay contributions exploring various facets of the system; profiles of leading foster care activists and organizations; governmental data and excerpts of primary documents on the topic; and an annotated list of important books, scholarly journals, and nonprint sources for further research. It closes with a detailed chronology, glossary of terms, and subject index.

Svetlana Alexandrova

The paper analyses the potential of the online environment for obtaining empirical data. It discusses the positive and the negative aspects of their use in scientific research and attempts to highlight the challenges of using social media for empirical data collection. Facebook and its growing levels of consumption attracts research interest because it facilitates recruitment of respondents, saves considerable money, time and effort, and opens access to hard-to-reach populations and highly engaged citizens in a variety of topics. At the same time, the use of online space for empirical data collection remains problematic in terms of representativeness, accessibility and security. The article briefly describes the process of recruiting Facebook respondents to participate in an online survey - a post-election study. The analysis of the results clearly shows the outreach, based on convenience sampling, to an online sample that is characterized by high interest in political issues, active communication practices, variety of information sources used, well-established practices of civic activism and participation in elections, relatively stable party affiliation and consistency in political orientation.

Petr Kolychev

The article deals with the idea of the city as the independent actor in the “Crepuscule” film. The author states that: 1) the screening time, showing the city 2) the city has an impact to the other actors, when it interacts with them, giving its reactions, 3) there are city close-ups in the film, when the whole screen shows the city, 4) these city-only close-ups are based on the narrative of the film, 5) symmetry (similarity) of images of the main characters achieved by using the same means of their presentation. The city is the quintessence of culture. The culture has been researched with the help of the activity concept, so the idea of aggressiveness of culture is important. The culture is hostile to the part of spiritual life, which is not connected to the material consumption sphere. This spiritual side of the personality has another way for the implementation in the city. This way is livoli.

Mubbasher Hassan, Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Sajjad

The present age is again reflecting the conditions of the sixth century AD. The Prophet of Islam, peace and blessings be upon him, created a historic and unprecedented revolution. And human history is a witness that the best time of all times is when the Muslim Ummah follows its great Prophet, the Prophet of Mercy and spending days and nights in it. As time passed by, the Muslim Ummah began to suffer from negligence in following its beloved Prophet (peace be upon him), due to which every coming time began to present a severe situation. The most important social problems that are being faced today are corruption, lack of trust in Allah. Lack of Trust and turning away from following the Prophet (PBUH), usury, proselytizing, intellectual, practical, and moral decline and terrorism, deterioration of family system, bad culture, bad peace and bad order, restlessness and mental pressure, materialism etc. are important. In every era, the thinkers had the pain of the Ummah, made efforts to reform it. Sheikh e Silsila Naqshbandiyya Owaisiya and Ameer Tanzeem Al-Ikhwan, Maulana Muhammad Akram Awan (R.A), is one of the great thinkers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries who offered their services in every field of life. In this Article, solution of such Problems in the light of the thoughts of Maulana Muhammad Akram Awan are discussed.

Fan He, Yongnan Zhu, Shan Jiang

Abstract This chapter systematically reviews the development history of water resources management in China at different historical stages. The current mode of water resources management in China, its achievements and main problems are emphatically analyzed. This chapter also analyzes the main challenges facing the current and future water resources security, integrating the background of China’s national conditions, water conditions, economic and social development, and puts forward the reform and innovation direction of China’s future comprehensive water resources management.

Liu Ying, Xie Xiaolei, Zhao Yonghua

Article history Received: 30 September 2020 Revised: 6 October 2020 Accepted: 9 October 2020 Published Online: 16 October 2020 Based on the current problems in the teaching of “Tuina Manipulation” course in our school, and the requirements of ideological and political teaching reform in the background of the new era, on the basis of consulting related literature and experience of actual teaching conditions, exploring the integration of ideological and political education elements into massage An effective way of teaching courses, put forward the ideas of Tuina ideological and political teaching reform. Ultimately, it will achieve the goal of “integrated” teaching of basic tuina courses, professional skills practice, moral quality improvement, comprehensive quality training, and training a group of high-quality and high-level Chinese medicine talents that meet the needs of social development.

Tuomas Laine-Frigren

Over recent years, there has been a growing academic interest in the history of psychological disciplines and mental health in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe. This article explores psychological sciences and social planning in post-Stalinist Hungary after 1956. The focus is on the psychology of work as a socially- and historically-situated discourse. The article demonstrates how psychologists started to promote their expertise to reform the practices of management and to “humanize” the conditions of work. They suggested practical remedies for everyday problems of worker motivation and social adjustment and introduced concepts from social psychology to improve the state of interpersonal relations at the workplace. The study argues that the workplace was a particular context in which a post-Stalinist reassessment of the government's ideology was acted out. To elaborate this more fully, both published texts and archival materials are analyzed in the framework of the governmentality thesis, as developed by Nikolas Rose. In this context, the concept of the “human factor” crystallized different but reconcilable interests between psychology experts and party politicians.

Maryan Lemoine

Une étude concernant les « manières de faire » des acteurs dans et autour de l’Ecole, fait apparaître le rôle pivot de plusieurs femmes qui, sur un territoire de Nouvelle Calédonie, contribuent à enrayer des processus de décrochage scolaire.Au-delà de leurs fonctions d’enseignantes ou de cadres éducatives, l’étude montre comment, en tant que femmes et « mamans », reconnues et attendues comme telles, dans l’école et dans les tribus, elles parviennent à interpeler directement les familles et à mobiliser les parents sans que l’organisation sociale tribale ni le règlement de l’établissement n’imposent leurs normes et modalités ordinaires.Ce faisant, par leurs engagements singuliers elles permettent à ces deux mondes de s’articuler et de mieux accompagner les jeunes dans et hors de l’école.

Janine, Schemmer

Marina Svensson

Photography has always been a powerful tool to depict the lives of workers in China. Whereas during the Mao period political control over image production created a visual hegemony that glorified socialism and class struggle, more recent digital developments have enabled ordinary Chinese citizens and workers to document their lives and circulate these images online. Visualising Labour and Labourscapes in China From Propaganda to Socially Engaged Photography What can photography bring to our understanding of labour in China? This question needs to be addressed taking into account the role and possibilities of photography more generally, its development over time, and the history and special conditions of China. After 1949, political control over image production in China created a visual hegemony that glorified socialism and class struggle, while rendering social problems, inequalities, and injustices invisible. However, like in so many other fields, the reform period has enabled a growing and diverse group of people to challenge earlier prescribed visual aesthetics and ideological control. Photographers today experiment with new ways of documenting Chinese society, and also address hitherto invisible issues as well as new problems. Economic and social reforms have created new types of workers, for instance migrant workers, more precarious labour conditions, for example in factories in the South and in private mines, and new forms of marginalisation and exploitation, such as illegal work within the sex industry. These socioeconomic developments have drawn the attention of domestic and foreign photographers alike, such as Edward Burtynsky, working on Chinese topics like the steel and coal industries, manufacturing, shipyards, recycling, and the Three Gorges Dam, and Sim Chi Yin, working on issues such as gold miners and migrant workers (Estrin 2015). Digital photography, the Internet, social media platforms, and the expansion of smartphones, not only have provided professional photographers with new possibilities, but they also have enabled ordinary Chinese citizens and workers to document their lives and circulate these images online. Today a wide range of photography tackling social problems and labour conditions can be seen on the Internet, in art spaces, as well as on social media platforms. If, as the filmmaker Wim Wenders (quoted in Levi Strauss 2003, 1) argues, ‘the most political decision you make is where you direct people’s eyes,’ China indeed has gone through a visual revolution challenging the

Donal J. Malone

Maduakolam Ireh

Feng Wu, Y-Ling Chi

With the explosive economic growth and social development, China’s regulatory system of occupational health and safety now faces more and more challenges. This article reviews the history of regulatory system of occupational health and safety in China, as well as the current reform of this regulatory system in the country. Comprehensive, a range of laws, regulations and standards that promulgated by Chinese government, duties and responsibilities of the regulatory departments are described. Problems of current regulatory system, the ongoing adjustments and changes for modifying and improving regulatory system are discussed. The aim of reform and the incentives to drive forward more health and safety conditions in workplaces are also outlined.

E. Egorov, M. Nikiforov

The article defines the particularities, social and economic problems of rural areas and the results of the agrarian reform in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Special consideration is focused by the authors on the necessity of sociocultural rearrangement of the north rural areas. Their development is significantly affected by the extremal natural and climatic conditions of the far north and also commercial transformations of social and economic relations. In terms of history, the experience and results of separation of cattle houses from living yurts in the 1930s are summarized. One of the most important social and economic problems appeared in the process of commercial agrarian reform is the preferential development of individual gardens and farms (home) and peasant agriculture. Their livestock houses and other household outbuildings are generally disposed on the smallholdings of the rural sector that means the farm and cow yards are combined. As a result, socio-cultural contexts and sanitary bioenvironmental conditions of people’s life in such villages essentially went downhill. That is why for makeover of rural areas, it is for the first time suggested by the authors as high priority measures to separate the cow yard from the living area. It is the essential factor of creation of the close-together arrangement of rural-type settlements and major contraction of extension of electricity mains, water lines, and other service lines, ultimately, retrenchment of material inputs and financial expenses for the fundamental rearrangement of Yakut rural areas. The organization of a cooperative cow yard with a cattle house and other constructions three-five kilometers away from the rural-type settlement is recommended for that purpose. The phased implementation of this very important social and economic action requires the development and adoption of a state-run program with principal federal, national, and municipal financing. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s4p365