Hasil untuk "Religions of the world"

Soo-Yeong Jeong , Moo-JinJeong, Jun-Ki Chung

This research aimed to explore the significance of home education within Jewish culture. This study involved existing well-documented data from online interviews with parents and children engaged in home education. The sample included families from various branches of Judaism. Data was collected through semi-structured online interviews. The research results identified the role of religious counselling in shaping children’s religious identity. Home education and religious upbringing remain vital aspects of developing children’s religious and cultural identity in Jewish families. The study determined that home education in eight Jewish families fostered a deeper understanding of religious texts and traditions, while also providing an individualised approach to the study of religion. Religious counselling is provided both formally through Torah lessons and informally through family discussions and participation in religious rituals. Home education is an effective means of transmitting religious faith and traditions in Jewish families. It provides flexibility and opportunities for deep immersion in religious learning, while simultaneously fostering strong intergenerational connections. An analysis of religious and educational documents revealed that Jewish families have a wide range of tools and resources to ensure the religious and general education of their children. To improve support for such families, it is recommended to develop specialised counselling programs and materials for parents who provide home education. The collected data confirmed the hypothesis about the positive impact of home education on the religious identity of children in Jewish families. The data also showed the importance of participation in family rituals and mentoring for the formation of religious beliefs.

Giuseppe Benagiano, K. Gemzell-Danielsson, Marwan Habiba et al.

Induced abortion has religious, moral, and cultural dimensions that place it at the center of major ethical debates. The interest of women caught in the middle of this never‐ending controversy requires that a dialogue replaces current confrontation. To promote such dialogue, we decided to write a mini‐series to review important aspects of abortion. First, we will turn to history to explore the root of the controversy, which may enable the disentangling of the complexity of the issue. In the second essay we describe how the 20th century witnessed the progressive legalization of abortion. In the third essay we will articulate how we see the possibility of a common ground between those favoring and those opposing abortion. Induced abortion has been attempted from the dawn of civilization and it is mentioned in Egyptian, Greek, and Roman writings, although the frequency of the practice and its success are not known. The world's principal religions did not view abortion favorably, but the strength of prohibition was not uniform. Within Christianity, the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches are currently totally opposed, whereas Protestant denominations are more nuanced in their disapproval. The anti‐abortion stance of Muslim countries seems to be at variance with the view of the majority of traditional scholars, who would allow abortion in the early stages of pregnancy (up to 4 months, or in the first 40 days). The Orthodox Jewish view bans abortion except when the life of the mother is at risk, whereas Reformed Judaism is more open. Hinduism is also opposed to abortion with few exceptions: severe fetal abnormalities, presence of a life‐threatening condition for the woman, in case of rape or incest. Confucianism stresses the importance of the family and reverence for life but also shows concern and compassion for the welfare of the pregnant woman; these positions are balanced when responding to the challenge of deciding about abortion.

Ben Szoller

Levente Hufnagel (ed.), Ecotheology: Sustainability and Religions of the World (London: IntechOpen, 2023), xiv + 374 pp., £139.00 (cloth), ISBN: 978-1-80355-436-5.

Moh. Ashif Fuadi, Moh. Mahbub, Nor Huda Ali et al.

This research explains the Islamic revelation in the context of the synergy between fiqh and tradition. Using qualitative methods, this research concludes that: first, the pribumization of Islam is the result of the thought of K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) by seeking harmonization between fiqh and tradition. Gus Dur referred to the compromising process of Islamization by the Walisongo in spreading Islam in Nusantara as a very effective instrument or medium in the spreading of Islam. Secondly, in the Islamic Pribumization discourse, Gus Dur used the fiqh methodology of al-'ādah muhakkamah and al-'tsābit bi al-'urf ka al-tsābit bi al-nash, which were seen as capable of paying attention to the needs present in the local culture. For example, the greeting assalamu’alaikum is interpreted in the good morning greeting only in the relationship of mu’amalah, not up to the level of worship, in the custom of marriage by carrying out the conditions of harmony, but still given space in expressing their respective cultures while not contrary to religion. Third, based on its historical flow, religious values within culture in the Pribumization of Islam substantially shifted towards the discourse of Islam Nusantara and are now transformed into one of the indicators of religious moderation, namely accommodating a local culture so that it has a relevant relationship therein.

Seyed Mehdi Taheri

The Indian subcontinent is considered one of the five ancient civilizations in the world and the inheritor of a magnificent and diverse culture. India, as the largest country in this subcontinent, is considered the seventh largest country in the world. Due to its strategic importance, this region has always been favored by people from other parts of the world. Regarding the relationship of other nations, races and religions with the people of the Indian subcontinent, they were able to influence the life and culture of the region. One of the distinctive features of this region is the existence of different religions and religious sects, among which Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam are the most important religions of the region. The mentioned religions have many sects in the region, and one of the important Islamic sects is Sufism, which has established a positive interaction with other religions by becoming indigenous in the subcontinent and peacefully coexisting. In this article, after discussing the potentials and capacities of the subcontinent region, the author tries to investigate issues such as the importance of peaceful coexistence in Islam, interring in Islam and Sufism to the subcontinent, different sects of Sufism and its peaceful coexistence with other religions. In this regard, the author believes that Sufism was able to influence Hindu seekers through familiarity with philosophical works, the type of worldview and interaction with mystics and also through the peaceful coexistence emphasized by Islam. By taking advantage of good morals, decent behavior and the call to philanthropy derived from Islam, not only did they gain great influence among the common people, but beyond that, throughout history, they were able to attract the devotion of kings and gain a lot of power in the courts of some rulers of India.

Vjollca DIBRA, Fatlum JASHARI

A lot of authors come to us in the history of the world literature, whose works have placed women as their main characters. Without pretending to do typology of such works, how could I not remember Shehrazad of Arab tales 1001 nights, Safo of sensitive lyrics of Lesbosit Emma Bovary of Gustave Flaubert, Ana Karenina of L. N. Tolstoy, Nana of Emile Zola, Geishas of Jasunari Kawabata and up to those who, although they were not the main characters, they turned into symbols as Penelope of Homer's Odyssey, Desdemona, Lady Macbeth and Juliet of W. Shakespeare. If you follow even further towards the genesis of female character - a woman, according to the biblical theme, appears in the form of Eve - Hava, out of the rib of Adam - the innocent "fault" of the loss of Eden. This "curse" accompanies him everywhere through ages, countries, nations, races and religions. In a sociological sense, the female character even becomes an emanation of a social order, of the matriarchy period, and in that aspect no longer feels inferior to its status in the history of mankind. Different non- governmental organizations and organizations for the protection of women's rights and freedoms or gender equality, whether legally recognized by the legal mechanisms of individual states, or whether within the framework of the UN, supported by International Convention on Human Rights and Freedoms, are just a correctional effort of the chauvinist male tendencies and of the political oligarchy of corruption in various parts of the world.

K. Lehkykh

The article analyzes the influence of world religions on the awareness of the need to consider the principle of truth in the process of making Court decisions as a relevant scientific issue, the solution of which will allow establishing ideological grounds for the implementation of moral principles through justice. The author analyzes specific religious norms of the pre-state period, Christian beliefs, Judaism, norms of Muslim law, Buddhism. Taking into account the review, conclusions regarding the influence of world religions on the awareness of the need consider the principle of truth in the process of making Court decisions are formulated. Religions are the ideological basis for the implementation of moral principles through justice, based on the socio-ethical and cultural systems of their dissemination. Common to all religious dogmas is the need to protect against the basic violations embodied in the commandment; the definition of “evil” by specific religions and the cultivation of its eradication, both by the person himself or herself and through the bodies endowed with the right to administer justice. Religion also obliges a person to obey and take for granted what is unfair and wrong for an individual, promises rewards for suffering in another life, imposes duties for past sins, or promises to punish those responsible for injustice with “bad karma” in the future. The very semantics of the concepts of justice are contextually distinctive in different religious, historical, and socio-cultural systems. The etymological origin of the concept of “justice” is much more complex for a cohesive conceptualization and is derived from such meanings as coercion, fear, violence, and necessity. Justice in the context of asserting justice can be considered in various categories, notably it must be an unbiased assessment of circumstances based on the “truth” on the basis of equality of the parties, and as our research demonstrates – as a tool for creating safe and harmonious environment for the existence of society. Justice is deemed to be a certain standard of established truth, cultivated by religious norms that are partly beneficial to the authorities. Accordingly, we can define the relativity of the concepts of “just” or “unfair”, since they can be considered both through the Aristotelian suum cuique (to each his own), and through the principle of equality and impartiality, as well as a means of influencing society to ensure its security and (or) the interests of the authorities.

Hamzeh Ali Islaminasab, Hamid Moridian

SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: The emergent spiritualities have a special and new look at man and his relationship with the Almighty God, leading to humanism in some cases. Deepak Chopra believes man has a lot of ability due to his mind and he can know God without the need for divine religions. He can also behave like God and participate in the creation of the Universe with the Almighty God and control the material world and the universe. On the other hand, Mulla Sadra considers all human abilities to be related to his Nafs (soul), which can possess abilities and dominate existence if connected to God Almighty.METHOD & FINDING: This article is a critical research answering the question of what the position of humans in the universe is. The findings of the research show that Chopra imagined that divine religions were created to nurture and develop human abilities, especially the physical type; While the purpose of divine religions is the spiritual evolution of man.CONCLUSION: Using the qualitative method in the analysis of Chopra's writings based on Mulla Sadra's views, we can draw the following conclusion: Although man is composed of two domains, Nafs (soul) and the body, his most important domain is his soul, for which, although man has abilities, his abilities are due to his connection to the Almighty God.

Aleksey I. Belkin, Eugenie V. Mochalov

Introduction. The practical significance of the anthropological concept of the sacred books of world religions is outlined. Four issues are identified, due to which the system of ideas of a concept of a person is reflected in the sacred text, and which are relevant in modern society. Materials and Methods. The object and subject of research are determined, and the main sources on which the research is based are indicated. The main methods are textological, historical hermeneutics, descriptive and comparative historical analysis. Results. The objects of analysis in relation to the Buddhist concept of man are the categories of “samadhi”, “insight”, the doctrine of the five virtues developing in the process of meditation, the doctrine of the essence of the five skandhas. It is shown the influence of these categories on the specifics of solving the main ideological problem – the attitude of a person to the world. In considering the biblical concept of man, the concept of “life” is defined as the key one. The subject of the analysis was the inconsistency of man’s position in the world. It is also shown the importance of ethical teaching for the study of contradictory human nature and determination of the purpose of man. When analyzing the views on the problem of man contained in the Koran, the significance of the idea of human creation and the key importance of the idea of obedience to Allah in understanding the way of life and the system of ethical norms and principles are shown. Discussion and Conclusion. The difference in approaches to the interpretation of the problem of a person in the Tripitaka, the Bible and the Koran is reflected. In Buddhism, the development of supra-natural “subtle principles” through the practice of meditation leading a person to nirvana comes to the fore. In the Christian concept, the fundamental is the idea of the dualism of human existence and the salvation of the soul. Islam develops the concept of initial unconditional obedience to Allah. It is shown the ratio of key categories and ideas related to understanding a person in Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. The attention is drawn to the scope of application of the research results.

Ruslan Ruslan, Muhammad A. Burga, Muli U. Noer

Indonesia has the biggest Muslim population globally, and one of the Islamic beliefs among people of this nation is tarekat, which is sometimes considered as a heretic. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the meaning of diction tarekat according to the Qur’an and its implications for the Buginese community, one of the oldest ethnicities in Indonesia. This is a conceptual and empirical research with the purposive sampling method used to determine the informants from several tarekat leaders and congregations. Data were collected through documentation, observation and interviews and analysed using Miles and Huberman’s qualitative analysis technique. This process consists of data reduction, display and drawing conclusions. The study results showed that, firstly, the word tarekat in the Qur’an indicates the meaning of inner journey and the methods and ways of thinking, acting and behaving. Secondly, to the Buginese community, it implies a spiritual path to a higher level of appreciation towards their God. Thirdly, the meaning of the diction tarekat in the Qur’an has implications for its understanding, which can be seen in the practice of dhikr, spiritual behaviour and the way of life of those implementing these heretics. Contribution: This article enriched the religious belief among Muslims, which scholars rarely uncover. Adherents of Islam in Indonesia have a social and political responsibility regarding religious tolerance within and outside other religions. This proves that Muslims contribute to world peace in Middle-East and South-Eastern Asia.

Leszek ELAK

The article presents the Islamic State as a source of terrorist threats. In the eyes of ISIS fighters, the Western world is tantamount to moral corruption, and the lack of any values. By its actions, ISIS aims at pushing the followers of other religions out of the areas defined in the prophecies in the name of cleansing the world from evil. The author analyzes the activity of Islamic extremists in the context of the great wave of migration to Europe from the Middle East region. This phenomenon influenced changes in the international security environment, especially in the European Union countries. The author shows how ISIS, using ideology, pushes Islamic fundamentalists to prepare terrorist attacks. Combating such threats poses major challenges for anti-terrorist services.

Rina Krismiati Gani, Marlina Setiawati Mahajudin, Budi Kristianto

Background: Depression is a common cause of poor health throughout the world. Genotype factors and cultural environment will interact to influence the psychodynamics of a person's behaviour in expressing depression. Aim: This paper aims to describe the influence of cultural factors on a person's psychodynamics and clinical appearance of depression. Methods: PubMed were searched using the following keyword: (culture) AND (expression of depression OR expression OR clinical appearance) AND (psychodynamic) AND (psychometrics) using the journal publication filter for the 2014-2020 issue. We also used textbooks published in the last 10 years and were related to writing themes. Review: Every individual has "internal" and "external" views within him, which are influenced by the culture in which he grows and develops. These views, along with beliefs, religions, and gender differences can influence the type and severity of depression as well as variations in clinical appearance. In addition, most of the existing psychometrics developed in Europe and the United States, so there are some items that are not appropriate when applied in different cultures. In Indonesia there is an Indonesian Depression Checklist that has been adapted to Indonesian culture to detect depression. Physicians must avoid stereotyping members of certain cultural groups while respecting the importance of cultural influences. Summary: Psychodynamics and culture will influence behaviour in response to distress, resulting in clinical vary features of depression across cultures. Health care workers must have the cultural competence to sharpen their analytical power and avoid misdiagnosis of depression. Keywords: culture, depression, expression, psychodynamics, psychometrics.

Mookgo Solomon Kgatle, Mokone Bruno Lephoto

There are undoubtedly differences between Roman Catholic and African Pentecostalism such as doctrinal issues and salvific conceptualisations. Besides non-Catholics, specifically Pentecostal churches have always been perceived as non-churches and lacking the real salvation by Roman Catholics. Thus, Roman Catholics have looked at Pentecostals with the eye of suspicion regardless of ecumenical efforts made to bring the two together. Similarly, Pentecostals have perceived Catholics as carrying a non-transformative doctrine, lacking the Spirit, and leaning towards political institutions and systems. Hence, the relationship between these two movements has been perceived as irreconcilable and incompatible with some leaders giving up on ecumenical engagements. However, a literature review on the relationship between Roman Catholic and African Pentecostalism reveals some similarities between the two movements through the ecumenical dialogue model. In other words, as much as the two movements do not see eye to eye, they have commonalities such as the use of sacramentals, common foundational beliefs, and salvation through Jesus. These similarities can be used as a starting point toward ecumenism and helping the two movements to move towards unity.

Kalie Chambless

K. Denton

One of the central tropes of recent imaginings of Taiwan identity is Taiwan’s interconnectedness with the world. This assertion of Taiwan’s place in the world is critically important in a “nation” that is not recognized as such by most of the world. This chapter explores two museums—the Museum of World Religions (世界宗教博物館‎) and the Southern Branch of the National Palace Museum (國立故宮博物院南部院區‎)—that explicitly adopt a global perspective, expressing Taiwan’s simultaneous desire to be integrated with the world and to matter to that world, even if only on religious and cultural levels.

Ihsan ur Rasheed, Dr Aman ullah

ABSTRACT The civilized and the cultured world today is facing a difficult time with the economy. Regardless of its success, every nation seems to be confused regarding this matter. The poor are increasing in their poverty and the rich are increasing in their wealth. Especially during this time of the pandemic (COVID-19), throughout the world you see poverty and economic depression becoming normalized. Furthermore, today’s leaders promise their people that they will make sure that not a single person will be deprived of receiving the necessary provisions. However, with the unequal distribution of wealth, the conditions that are coming forth are not worth talking about. The benefactor of every creation-be it a Muslim or Non-Muslim, a human being or or an animal, an Arab or a non-Arab, our beloved Prophet ﷺ has shown us the correct example of economy and also how to apply it in the world fourteen hundred years ago in such a way where no other example can match his example until the day of resurrection. Other religions and systems have directed mankind in one of two ways: either leading them to stay hungry and in poverty and promising them that this way is the epitome of monasticism thus bringing bright attention to monasticism, or luring them into saving money continuously after earning it. However, Islam is one of the only religions that motivates people to spend money on others more then hoarding it. This is to a point where hoarding money and being stingy with it is both a crime and blameworthy in Islam. Islam also cultivates such a desire in the people’s hearts where Muslims spending money in the path of Allah ﷻ consider it a means of success for themselves. The following lines will bring forth a discussion of general guardianship and serving the creation in Islam as well as other Abrahamic religions through the lens of a thoroughly researched and comparative paper.

Hamid Chalid, Arief Ainul Yaqin

Same sex marriage is currently an international and controversial issue. The issues drive people from around the world, with different culture, religion, and countries into a dividing debate: is same-sex marriage needs to be legalized or banned? The debates brought some countries in different stances, some legalize, some ban and criminalize, and some without clear or specific rules in banning or legalizing it. Due to the differences found between countries, this research aims to provide answer and conclusion to this crucial question: is same-sex marriage is a universal human rights, in which countries should recognize and legalize it? The results of this study show that same-sex marriage is not a phenomenon or a right that can be accepted and recognized in all countries, cultural settings, and religions. Therefore same-sex marriage does not fulfill the requirements to be said as a universal human right which absolutely must be recognized, accepted, and fulfilled by all countries (without exceptional) in the world. Therefore, the policy to legalize or prohibit same-sex marriage is entirely an open legal policy which can be freely chosen by each sovereign state. There is no obligation under international law to legalize or prohibit that matter because it is not a universal human rights and moral standard which can be enforced recognition and fulfillment in every country.

T. Barrie

In Architecture of the World’s Major Religions: An Essay on Themes, Differences, and Similarities, religious architecture is presented and explained in ways that challenge predominant presumptions regarding its aesthetic, formal, spatial, and scenographic elements. Two positions frame its narrative: religious architecture is an amalgam of aesthetic, social, political, cultural, economic, and doctrinal elements; and these elements are materialized in often very different ways in the world’s principal religions. Central to the essay’s theoretical approaches is the communicative and discursive agency of religious architecture, and the multisensory and ritual spaces it provides to create and deliver content. Subsequently, mythical and scriptural foundations, and symbols of ecclesiastical and political power are of equal interest to formal organizations of thresholds, paths, courts, and centers, and celestial and geometric alignments. Moreover, it is equally concerned with the aesthetic—visual and material cultures and the transcendent realms they were designed to evoke, as it is with the kinesthetic—the dynamic and multisensory experience of place and the tangible experiences of the body’s interactions with architecture.

Hermen Kroesbergen

We do not need ‘the earth’ as the space for encounter and cooperation between world religions in the way Moltmann suggests. Firstly, this fails to do justice to the contemporary situation concerning religious diversity: people from different religions have no problem in working together either for promoting ecological goals or for fighting them together. Within religions, there are often greater divergences between eco-friendly and anti-ecological adherents of that same religion. Secondly, Moltmann’s proposal misguidedly confuses boundaries of beliefs and boundaries of grammar concerning religious diversity. Paying attention to religions as grammar provides a more accurate picture of the reality concerning world religions from an ecological perspective. In the final section of this article, I present some suggestions on moving forward in the debate about ecology from within this new perspective. We need to keep in mind that it is not religions but people who have opinions about ecology. The dialogue that needs to take place is not a high-level bureaucratic one between officials of different religions but one between people. In this grassroots-level discussion, it is important to listen to the other person rather than to consider him or her as a representative of his or her religion. We should not allow people to claim an entire religion for their position, dismissing others as revisionists. Religions are grammars that can express both eco-friendly and anti-ecological messages. Contribution: This article contributes to an in-depth understanding of religious diversity; it proves the usefulness of the distinction between grammar and beliefs in the study of religion and demonstrates this using the case of ecotheology as an example.

Michael Bryan Pattiasina

This paper discussed about the life situation of plurality of religion in Ambon in 1803-1854 and its correlation with postmodern era. The method of this paper is historiography method that give accentuation in Indonesian perspective, because the archive, which much focused on western perspective, had written by the colonial. Since ±1800, The Dutch East Indies Government imposed a freedom of religion. The zendeling, however, did not obey the rules, so they maintained the local Christian community and tried influencing other religion to become a Christian. The world that has already changed, see the Christianization as an effort to destroy the life among religious