Hasil untuk "Religion (General)"

R. Stark, W. Bainbridge

Religion is alive and well in the modern world, and the social-scientific study of religion is undergoing a renaissance. For much of this century, respected social theorists predicted the death of religion as inevitable consequence of science, education, and modern economics. But they were wrong. Stark and Bainbridge set out to explain the survival of religion. Using information derived from numerous surveys, censuses, historical case studies, and ethnographic field expeditions, they chart the full sweep of contemporary religion from the traditional denominations to the most fervent cults. This wealth of information is located within a coherent theoretical framework that examines religion as a social response to human needs, both the general needs shared by all and the desires specific to those who are denied the economic rewards or prestige enjoyed by the privileged. By explaining the forms taken by religions today, Stark and Bainbridge allow us to understand its persistence in a secular age and its prospects for the future.

Heriberto Ramírez Luján

This paper explores how epistemic artifacts have transformed our understanding of scientific observation. It examines the historical evolution from basic instruments such as Mayan quadrants and Galileo’s telescope to today’s sophisticated electron microscopes. The study focuses on how these devices have reshaped the traditional concept of observation in the philosophy of science, particularly within the field of nanotechnology. Against the backdrop of historical figures such as Descartes, Hooke, Newton, and Leeuwenhoek, it highlights how each contributed to the development of the «microscopic artifactual tradition». The paper introduces the concept of nanoepistemology to describe how knowledge of the nano-world fundamentally depends on instrument-processed images rather than traditional direct observation. It concludes that these technological transformations have weakened the role of classical theories and have shifted the philosophy of science toward a philosophy of technology.

Сивкова Мария Юрьевна, Сенкевич Даниил Алексеевич

Флорентийская мозаика в силу высокой стоимости изготовления и трудоемкости исполнения менее распространена в монументальном искусстве по сравнению с другими техниками. Ее эстетические свойства позволяют решать очень разнообразные задачи: от монументального оформления станций метро до применения в храмовой архитектуре. В конце ХХ – начале ХХI вв. активное строительство культовых сооружений в Объединенных Арабских Эмиратах с участием художников, дизайнеров и архитекторов из Европы, Японии, США ознаменовало новый виток развития мозаичного искусства – создание крупных ансамблей объектов арабо-мусульманской архитектуры. Новаторский подход в плане композиционных решений рассматривается на примере мечети шейха Заеда, традиционный – президентского дворца Каср Аль-Ваттан. Выявлено, что флорентийская мозаика не только выполняет декоративную функцию, но и имеет идеологическое значение, поскольку в композициях, созданных в этой технике, флоральные и орнаментальные мотивы глубоко символичны и часто несут сакральный смысл. Заключается, что применение данной дорогостоящей техники в исламской архитектуре стало средством подчеркнуть статус Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов в исламском мире, а также подчеркнуть открытость страны для культурного диалога.

Matteo Colombo, Michael Cohen

The geometry of the environment can affect numerous psychological, social, and ecological processes. But its roles in social learning and the dynamics of descriptive norms remain unclear. Here we use agent-based modeling to explore how environments with different geometric shapes can influence social learning to produce variations in the extent of universally shared descriptive norms. Our simulations show that an environment with an irregular layout facilitates the emergence of multiple descriptive norms in a population, whereas an environment with a regular grid plan constrains social learning to produce a behaviorally homogeneous population.

Magdalena Anita Gajewska

J. Beckford

In this book James Beckford demonstrates that sociologists have much to gain from a strengthening of the connections between general theories about the changing character of modern western societies and specific studies of religion. The weakness of such connections is indeed one of the most curious features of contemporary sociology.

H. J. V. Van Buren, Jawad Syed, R. Mir

Religion has been in general neglected or even seen as a taboo subject in organizational research and management practice. This is a glaring omission in the business and society and business ethics literatures. As a source of moral norms and beliefs, religion has historically played a significant role in the vast majority of societies and continues to remain relevant in almost every society. More broadly, expectations for responsible business behavior are informed by regional, national, or indigenous cultures, which in many parts of the world are heavily influenced by religious belief systems and religious institutions. In this essay, we discuss examples of how religion has functioned as a macro social force affecting business and society, discuss some of the key questions and issues related to research in this domain, offer some observations about why religion may be problematic with regard to its effects on business, and conclude by summarizing the articles contained in the special issue.

Anna B. Bigelow

fact that religious experiences and institutions can also broaden our horizons and deepen our understanding of rights and dignity. This role of religions does not really shine within the book. Admittedly, the book’s approach replicates the general narrative that promotes the reconciliation between rights and religions; therefore, Salama and Wiener should not be blamed too much for replicating it. The imbalance between rights and religions makes the volume only partially useful, however; it can serve environments where religions could learn from human rights, but it is probably of little use where a certain understanding of human dignity and rights obliterates or is even hostile to religions and to religious freedom. The latter scenario is nowadays all but hypothetical.

Juan Antonio Carrasco-Bahamonde

Existe consenso en torno a que la disciplina sociológica brindó un marco para comprender las relaciones entre los sistemas educativos y los contextos sociales más amplios en que se emplazan. No obstante, los retratos que ha esbozado aquella tradición en torno a la escuela, adquieren significados contrastantes. Las perspectivas que explora este articulo surgen como una respuesta a la obsolescencia de los modelos determinísticos del cambio educativo y su dificultad para explicar aquellos procesos de cambio que tienen lugar en la escuela. El presente artículo ofrece una reflexión teórica en torno a la cuestión de la diversidad sociocultural, a partir de la distinción entre los órdenes instrumental y expresivo en la escuela, delimitando la diversidad como un ámbito problemático y brindando herramientas conceptuales a partir de las aportaciones de Durkheim y Bernstein. El abordaje propuesto está anclado a la distinción entre los modelos de relaciones integrativas basadas en la solidaridad orgánica y mecánica, presentando un esfuerzo sistemático de teorización en torno al ámbito de prácticas educativas. Finalmente, se concluye que las políticas educativas se enfrentan a un dilema entre la exigencia de rendimientos especializados y un conjunto de competencias, valores y creencias basales en el contexto de sociedades que se complejizan y diversifican aceleradamente y aspiran a una coexistencia entre las dinámicas de cambio tecnológico y profundización democrática.

Phillip Cam

While the Community of Inquiry centres on a form of discussion that is meant to improve the ability of students to think, only a fraction of the thinking that occurs in a discussion makes its appearance in speech. We therefore need to consider students’ mental acts in addition to their speech acts to understand how the Community of Inquiry is meant to function. This paper explores the connections between speech acts and mental acts in the Community of Inquiry and the broader classifications of these acts of thought. It also considers the role of teacherly interventions in promoting appropriate acts of thought and the ways in which teachers can improve students’ metacognitive awareness of them.

Yalin Mo, Junyu Zhao, T. Tang

Jamie D. Aten, Wendy Smith, E. B. Davis et al.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the existing empirical psychology of religion/spirituality (R/S) and disaster research and offer a prospectus for future research. METHOD Searches were conducted in PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Medline databases, and through personal communication with study authors covering a period from 1975 (from the earliest identified study meeting our criteria) to 2015. Studies that took an empirical approach to studying the impact of disasters on R/S phenomena, as well as the relationship between R/S phenomena, cognition, behavior, and well-being in disaster contexts were included. RESULTS A total of 51 articles met the inclusion criteria. We organized the empirical findings under five main categories, which emerged from sorting studies by their primary R/S focus: (a) general religiousness, (b) God representations, (c) religious appraisals, (d) R/S meaning making, and (e) religious coping. On the whole, R/S appears to generally lead to positive outcomes among disaster survivors. Results suggest positive benefits of R/S comes more from how one engages faith and access to resources via R/S communities. CONCLUSIONS This review revealed several emerging patterns regarding what is known as well as existing gaps in the literature, including the need for more rigorous methodological designs and ongoing systematic programs of study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

R. Gearing, Dana Alonzo

Mei-Chung Chang, Po-Fei Chen, Ting-Hsuan Lee et al.

Background: Healthcare workers in the front line of diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at great risk of both infection and developing mental health symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the following: (1) whether healthcare workers in general hospitals experience higher mental distress than those in psychiatric hospitals; (2) the role played by religion and alexithymic trait in influencing the mental health condition and perceived level of happiness of healthcare workers amidst the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic; and (3) factors that influence the resilience of healthcare workers at 6 weeks' follow-up. Methods: Four-hundred and fifty-eight healthcare workers were recruited from general and psychiatric hospitals, and 419 were followed-up after 6 weeks. All participants filled out the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, five-item Brief-Symptom Rating Scale, and the Chinese Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Results: Under the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, 12.3% of frontline healthcare workers in general hospitals reported having mental distress and perceived lower social adaptation status compared with those working in psychiatric hospitals. Christians/Catholics perceived better psychological well-being, and Buddhists/Taoists were less likely to experience mental distress. The results at 6 weeks of follow-up showed that the perceived lower social adaptation status of general hospital healthcare workers was temporary and improved with time. Christian/Catholic religion and time had independent positive effects on psychological well-being; however, the interaction of Christian/Catholic religion and time had a negative effect. Conclusions: Collectivism and individualism in the cultural context are discussed with regard to alexithymic trait and Buddhist/Taoist and Christian/Catholic religious faiths. Early identification of mental distress and interventions should be implemented to ensure a healthy and robust clinical workforce for the treatment and control of the COVID-19 pandemic.

M. Saud, Asia Ashfaq, Ansar Abbas et al.

The Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) originated in China at the end of 2019, the virus festered there for four months before spreading globally. Impacting the developed and developing world including Indonesia. It has transformed social, economic and political practices social life, everyday habits and government policies, with multi-dimensional consequences on human life. The present study endeavours to explore the relationship between religiosity, social capital, and psychological well-being of the general public, particularly in terms of coping with the pandemic. In addition to this, the study aims to highlight the importance of public awareness regarding social distancing, use of religion as a coping mechanism, and living a healthy lifestyle during pandemic. For knowing the perception of the masses, an online survey by using a self-administered questionnaire was carried out among coronavirus patients, the general public, social media activists, students, and professionals across Indonesia. The findings indicate that the pandemic has altered the lifestyle of the masses in different ways and that people have varied perceptions towards this virus regarding its spread and preventive measures. The study also reveals that, social capital (β = .418, p < .001), psychological well-being (β = .343, p < .001), and religious coping (β = .145, p <. 01) have a significant amount of the variance of coronavirus situational stress (F = 69.77, p < .001, R2 = 0.485). Lastly, the study suggests that, adopting preventative measures, standard operating procedures that are sustainable and healthy forms of coping with the pandemic will be equally as important as medical care in order to contain and eventually eradicate the virus.

Kosolapova, Larisa Alexandrovna, Myasnikova, Diana Igorevna

Introduction. The conducted research is aimed at identifying the methodological foundations, content, methods and mechanisms for organizing the patriotic education in adolescents and "Z generation" youth. The article defines the essential characteristics of the education processes and creation of juvenile media, and substantiates the possibility and potential of integrating these processes. Theoretical analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the development and theoretical justification of the Model of organizing the patriotic education in the “Generation Z” youth with the involvement of the juvnile media resource, which includes methodological, target-oriented, activity and result blocks, and which is based on a combination of humanistic, personal, activity, and integrative approaches to the process of educating adolescents, allowing to ensure the integrity and functionality of the Model. The mechanism of education is the pedagogical support of the value-semantic self-determination of a young person at each stage of a young media journalist work on media material. In the process of creating media material, a chain of upbringing methods is used (according to Z. I. Vasilyeva): goal-setting – informational and educational – evaluative. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the possibility of using the potential of juvenile media in the process of patriotic education in generation Z teenagers is substantiated: the purpose, the main mechanism, the content and methods of the upbringing process, the structure and indicators of the result of the patriotic upbringing of adolescents and the "Generation Z" youth with the involvement of the juvenile media resource.

Despina Oikonomou, Artemis Alexiadou

Voice syncretism is widely attested crosslinguistically. In this paper, we discuss three different types of Voice syncretism, under which the same morpheme participates in different configurations. We provide an approach under which the same Voice head can convey different interpretations depending on the environment it appears in, thus building on the notion of allosemy. We show that, in all cases under investigation, allosemy is closely associated with the existence of idiosyncratic patterns. By contrast, we notice that allosemy and idiosyncrasy are not present in analytic passive and causative constructions across different languages. We argue that the distinguishing feature between the two types of constructions is whether the passive and the causative interpretation comes from the Voice head, thus forming a single domain with the vP or whether passive and causative semantics are realized by distinct heads above the Voice layer, thus forming two distinct domains.

M. Balboni, T. Balboni

This chapter notes two general approaches, the substantive and functional, in how spirituality and religion may be conceptualized. A functional understanding is less focused on the specific content that comprises religion, such as the superhuman or the gods, and instead concentrates on the ultimate concern or greatest love of said religion. Within this functional approach, spirituality and religion are closely related but not identical. Spirituality refers to the immaterial connection between the lover and the object chiefly loved. Religion concerns the external structures that support and enable an ultimate concern or greatest love. Both conceptual approaches hold scholarly legitimacy, but functional understandings, unlike substantive definitions, open innovative ways within an increasingly pluralistic society to interpret the relationship of spirituality and religion within medicine, so that traditional “religious,” “spiritual but not religious,” and deeply “secular” persons may uncover shared values and common ground in the care of the sick.

Daniel Nilsson DeHanas, Marat S. Shterin

The seemingly unstoppable rise of populism has caught observers by surprise. Donald Trump’s US election victory, the Brexit referendum in Britain, and President Erdoğan’s emboldened power in Turkey are just three of the many cases in which populism has radically altered the tenor of contemporary politics. In these three examples, religion seems to have played a significant role, yet is often overlooked. In this special issue, we aim to provide a corrective to the general neglect of religion in academic work on populism. The contributors to this special issue shed light on roles of religion in the three populist cases already mentioned as well as in an array of other examples of populist discourse and action, stretching from Germany to Kyrgyzstan. In this brief introductory piece, we draw on key existing works and the case studies included in this issue to suggest useful ways of approaching the intersections of religion and populism.

Landon Schnabel

Gender gaps in religiosity are among the most consistent findings in the social sciences. The literature, however, has typically under-emphasized gender theory, paid insufficient attention to variation across different contexts, and failed to consider styles of religious expression. This study draws on gender theory, brings religion and political attitudes research into dialogue, and explores potential gender differences in religious dogmatism (e.g., religious absolutism, exclusivity, and intolerance). Using U.S. data from the Baylor Religion Survey and cross-national data from the International Social Survey Programme, I demonstrate that women are generally more religious, but less dogmatic. As expected based on gender theory, however, the patterns I uncover are not universal and vary by societal context (i.e., Christian vs. non-Christian nations). I argue that religion appears to be a gendered sphere like any other in which we express our gendered selves, and that gender gaps in religion are the result not of essential differences, but of context-specific gender regimes, religion regimes, and the simultaneous "doing" of both gender and religion.