Hasil untuk "Political Science"

P. Hall, Rosemary C R Taylor

E. Ostrom

Extensive empirical evidence and theoretical developments in multiple disciplines stimulate a need to expand the range of rational choice models to be used as a foundation for the study of social dilemmas and collective action. After an introduction to the problem of overcoming social dilemmas through collective action, the remainder of this article is divided into six sections. The first briefly reviews the theoretical predictions of currently accepted rational choice theory related to social dilemmas. The second section summarizes the challenges to the sole reliance on a complete model of rationality presented by extensive experimental research. In the third section, I discuss two major empirical findings that begin to show how individuals achieve results that are “better than rational” by building conditions where reciprocity, reputation, and trust can help to overcome the strong temptations of short-run self-interest. The fourth section raises the possibility of developing second-generation models of rationality, the fifth section develops an initial theoretical scenario, and the final section concludes by examining the implications of placing reciprocity, reputation, and trust at the core of an empirically tested, behavioral theory of collective action.

Steven R. Brown

Gary King, James Honaker, Anne Joseph O'Connell et al.

Michelle L. Dion, J. Sumner, S. Mitchell

Accumulated evidence identifies discernible gender gaps across many dimensions of professional academic careers including salaries, publication rates, journal placement, career progress, and academic service. Recent work in political science also reveals gender gaps in citations, with articles written by men citing work by other male scholars more often than work by female scholars. This study estimates the gender gap in citations across political science subfields and across methodological subfields within political science, sociology, and economics. The research design captures variance across research areas in terms of the underlying distribution of female scholars. We expect that subfields within political science and social science disciplines with more women will have smaller gender citation gaps, a reduction of the “Matthew effect” where men’s research is viewed as the most central and important in a field. However, gender citation gaps may persist if a “Matilda effect” occurs whereby women’s research is viewed as less important or their ideas are attributed to male scholars, even as a field becomes more diverse. Analysing all articles published from 2007–2016 in several journals, we find that female scholars are significantly more likely than mixed gender or male author teams to cite research by their female peers, but that these citation rates vary depending on the overall distribution of women in their field. More gender diverse subfields and disciplines produce smaller gender citation gaps, consistent with a reduction in the “Matthew effect”. However, we also observe undercitation of work by women, even in journals that publish mostly female authors. While improvements in gender diversity in academia increase the visibility and impact of scholarly work by women, implicit biases in citation practices in the social sciences persist.

Joe Soss, Vesla M. Weaver

J. Wilkerson, Andreu Casas

Joanna Wyszkowska-Kuna

The aim of this article is to assess the competitiveness and specialisation of Polish knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) export during the years 2004–2022. The product mapping method is used, which is based on the values of two indicators, i.e.: the normalised revealed comparative advantage index (NRCA) and the trade balance index (TBI). The study contributes to the academic literature by: (1) identifying the leading exported KIBS as well as KIBS with the potential to gain comparative advantage in Polish exports; (2) examining export competitiveness and specialisation in very narrow KIBS categories for the entire period of Poland's participation in European Single Market; (3) comparing the competitiveness and export specialisation of the KIBS sector in Poland in the EU and non-EU markets. The empirical results demonstrate that some of the KIBS industries in Poland have improved their competitiveness during the period of EU membership, but rather in exports outside the EU than to the EU. This may be due to strong competition in EU market and the fact that distance does not play a significant role in trade in services, especially in case of KIBS delivered online (e.g. computer services). Poland has developed a regional specialisation in the export of accountancy services, which is proved by the highest values of both indicators for this category, compared to other KIBS categories in Poland and compared to other EU countries. On the other hand, computer services appeared to be the leading exported product from the KIBS sector, but only outside the EU. Unfortunately, despite the upward trends, the importance of the leading exported KIBS in Polish exports is still small, especially in EU market. Therefore, it is necessary to take further actions aimed at strengthening the competitiveness of the KIBS sector in Poland, and the support for investments in human capital, digital transformation and R&D is crucial.

Lisa Dellmuth, Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Suanne Mistel Segovia-Tzompa

Abstract There is a lively debate about the legitimacy of the international climate regime, as represented by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the quality of non-state actor participation in the regime. This commentary examines perceptions of involved non-state actors from 2021–2022 regarding their participation and regime legitimacy. The findings reveal no legitimacy crisis for the adaptation and mitigation regimes, but the surveyed NSAs are divided in their legitimacy beliefs. NSAs also express significant disappointment about their opportunities for participation.

Lincan Li, Jiaqi Li, Catherine Chen et al.

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted in political science tasks such as election prediction, sentiment analysis, policy impact assessment, and misinformation detection. Meanwhile, the need to systematically understand how LLMs can further revolutionize the field also becomes urgent. In this work, we--a multidisciplinary team of researchers spanning computer science and political science--present the first principled framework termed Political-LLM to advance the comprehensive understanding of integrating LLMs into computational political science. Specifically, we first introduce a fundamental taxonomy classifying the existing explorations into two perspectives: political science and computational methodologies. In particular, from the political science perspective, we highlight the role of LLMs in automating predictive and generative tasks, simulating behavior dynamics, and improving causal inference through tools like counterfactual generation; from a computational perspective, we introduce advancements in data preparation, fine-tuning, and evaluation methods for LLMs that are tailored to political contexts. We identify key challenges and future directions, emphasizing the development of domain-specific datasets, addressing issues of bias and fairness, incorporating human expertise, and redefining evaluation criteria to align with the unique requirements of computational political science. Political-LLM seeks to serve as a guidebook for researchers to foster an informed, ethical, and impactful use of Artificial Intelligence in political science. Our online resource is available at: http://political-llm.org/.

Sophia Hunger, F. Paxton

Abstract Although attention to populism is ever-increasing, the concept remains contested. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of populism research and identifies tendencies to a conflation of host ideologies and populism in political science through a two-step analysis. First, we conduct a quantitative review of 884 abstracts from 2004 to 2018 using text-as-data methods. We show that scholars sit at “separate tables,” divided by geographical foci, methods, and host ideologies. Next, our qualitative analysis of 50 articles finds a common conflation of populism with other ideologies, resulting in the analytical neglect of the former. We, therefore, urge researchers to properly distinguish populism from “what it travels with” and engage more strongly with the dynamic interlinkages between thin and thick ideologies.

J. Lynch

The public's health is intimately linked to politics and policy. But political science has yet to make a major contribution to understanding the political economy of health (as distinct from medical care). In order to advance understanding of the drivers of health in an era of emerging infectious disease and global pandemics, more political scientists must begin to do what we are uniquely well situated to do: analyze in a contextualized way the pathways and mechanisms through which power configurations cause illness and inequity. This article reviews key findings from recent literature about the policy, political, and structural contributors to population health and health equity and sketches what a political economy of health more deeply rooted in political science could look like. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 26 is June 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

D. Teele, K. Thelen

Mitchell Linegar, Rafal Kocielnik, R. M. Alvarez

Large Language Models (LLMs) are a type of artificial intelligence that uses information from very large datasets to model the use of language and generate content. While LLMs like GPT-3 have been used widely in many applications, the recent public release of OpenAI's ChatGPT has opened more debate about the potential uses and abuses of LLMs. In this paper, we provide a brief introduction to LLMs and discuss their potential application in political science and political methodology. We use two examples of LLMs from our recent research to illustrate how LLMs open new areas of research. We conclude with a discussion of how researchers can use LLMs in their work, and issues that researchers need to be aware of regarding using LLMs in political science and political methodology.

Michel Waly DIOUF

Cet article examine la réutilisation des coquillages fossiles et décrit en même temps les anomalies ou les déformations observées sur les individus. La démarche adoptée repose en effet sur une combinaison de plusieurs activités allant de la recherche documentaire à l’examen du mobilier coquillier, en passant par les enquêtes ethnographiques, la prospection et les fouilles archéologiques. Nos fouilles effectuées sur le site de Balloum, près du village de Moundé (basSaloum) ont mis au jour des spécimens coquilliers déformés ou réutilisés le plus souvent en des objets de parures ou d’ustensiles. Mots-clés : ,

Zoe Nemerever, Melissa Rogers

Abstract Recent accounts of American politics focus heavily on urban–rural gaps in political behavior. Rural politics research is growing but may be stymied by difficulties defining and measuring which Americans qualify as “rural.” We discuss theoretical and empirical challenges to studying rurality. Much existing research has been inattentive to conceptualization and measurement of rural geography. We focus on improving estimation of different notions of rurality and provide a new dataset on urban–rural measurement of U.S. state legislative districts. We scrutinize construct validity and measurement in two studies of rural politics. First, we replicate Flavin and Franko (2020, Political Behavior, 845–864) to demonstrate empirical results may be sensitive to measurement of rural residents. Second, we use Mummolo and Nall’s (2017, The Journal of Politics, 45–59) survey data to show rural self-identification is not well-captured with objective, place-based classifications, suggesting a rethinking of theoretical and empirical accounts of rural identity. We conclude with strategies for operationalizing rurality using readily available tools.

Consejo Editorial ISRI

J. Rosenberg

Keith McNeal