Hasil untuk "Plant culture"

E. F. George

Claudia A. Espinosa-Leal, César A. Puente-Garza, S. García‐Lara

Plant tissue culture as an important tool for the continuous production of active compounds including secondary metabolites and engineered molecules. Novel methods (gene editing, abiotic stress) can improve the technique. Humans have a long history of reliance on plants for a supply of food, shelter and, most importantly, medicine. Current-day pharmaceuticals are typically based on plant-derived metabolites, with new products being discovered constantly. Nevertheless, the consistent and uniform supply of plant pharmaceuticals has often been compromised. One alternative for the production of important plant active compounds is in vitro plant tissue culture, as it assures independence from geographical conditions by eliminating the need to rely on wild plants. Plant transformation also allows the further use of plants for the production of engineered compounds, such as vaccines and multiple pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the important bioactive compounds currently produced by plant tissue culture and the fundamental methods and plants employed for their production.

O. V. Grishchenko, K. V. Kiselev, C. Rambaud et al.

Hema Chandran, M. Meena, T. Barupal et al.

Highlights • Secondary metabolites are used in pharmaceutical industries, cosmetics, dietary supplements, fragrances, flavors, dyes, etc.• Metabolic engineering is an important biological tool to produce commercially importance metabolites.• The biosynthetic pathways for production of secondary metabolites in plants are derived from the shikimate, terpenoid, and polyketide pathways.• A huge number of medicinal plants and their metabolites have been produced by in vitro techniques.

T. Pasternak, Douglas Steinmacher

Precise knowledge of all aspects controlling plant tissue culture and in vitro plant regeneration is crucial for plant biotechnologists and their correlated industry, as there is increasing demand for this scientific knowledge, resulting in more productive and resilient plants in the field. However, the development and application of cell and tissue culture techniques are usually based on empirical studies, although some data-driven models are available. Overall, the success of plant tissue culture is dependent on several factors such as available nutrients, endogenous auxin synthesis, organic compounds, and environment conditions. In this review, the most important aspects are described one by one, with some practical recommendations based on basic research in plant physiology and sharing our practical experience from over 20 years of research in this field. The main aim is to help new plant biotechnologists and increase the impact of the plant tissue culture industry worldwide.

G. C. Phillips, M. Garda

J. Rakocy, M. Masser

Y. Long, Yun Yang, G. Pan et al.

Plant regeneration occurs when plants repair or replace damaged structures based on the totipotency and pluripotency of their cells. Tissue culture is one of the most widely used regenerative technologies. Recently, a series of breakthroughs were made in the study of plant regeneration. This review summarizes two regenerative pathways in tissue culture: somatic embryogenesis and de novo organogenesis. Furthermore, we review the environmental factors influencing plant regeneration from explant sources, basal culture medium, plant growth regulators, and light/dark treatment. Additionally, we analyse the molecular mechanisms underlying two pathways. This knowledge will promote an understanding of the fundamental principles of plant regeneration from precursor cells and lay a solid foundation for applying plant micropropagation and genetic modification.

M. Hesami, A. Jones

L. Krychkovska, M. Bobro, G. Birta et al.

High-quality, naturally protected seeds prior to sowing, along with growth activation of seedlings, represent a promising approach to stabilising crop yield and quality. Enhancing plant resistance to dynamic environmental stresses, including harmful organisms, is one of the strategies for realising the biological potential of crop yields in breeding and seed production. This research aimed to experimentally evaluate a preparation based on humic substances, film formers, a nanocomposite, succinic acid, and microbiological carotene. Experiments were conducted using spring barley and wheat seeds. A seed encrustation technology employing a functional preparation was applied. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted at V. Dokuchaev Kharkiv National Agrarian University, Department of Plant Growing, over two years. The experimental design and economic efficiency assessment of the functional preparation in enhancing yield was carried out according to established methodologies. Pre-sowing seed treatment with the preparation resulted in improved field germination, synchronised seedling emergence, and increased yield. Comprehensive studies revealed that the preparation was compatible with fungicides, demonstrating a synergistic effect of their joint protective effect. Experimental results confirmed that seed incrustation with protective and stimulating formulations based on water-soluble polymers is an effective method for protecting plants from seed- and soil-borne infections while reducing the level of environmental pollution. The extended and enhanced fungicidal activity of film-forming protective and stimulating compositions was also demonstrated. Agricultural production tests indicated that the developed preparation was user-friendly, environmentally safe, and economically efficient, contributing to increased crop yields. The positive test results support practical recommendations for its application in both seed encrustation and grain crop spraying during the tillering and milky-wax ripeness phases

Tianqi Wang, Tianqi Wang, Leixin Yu et al.

Soil acidification adversely affects plant growth and development by decreasing the accessibility of roots to essential nutrients. Thus, it decreases crop yield. However, there has been a lack of systematic research on how soil acidification influences nutrient absorption in eggplant cultivated in greenhouse. To address this research gap, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with seven different acidity levels (4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5), achieved by adding dilute H2SO4. The findings indicated that the soil organic matter (SOM) content at pH 4.5 decreased by 49% - 50% compared to pH levels of 7.0 - 7.5. In addition, the levels of exchangeable aluminum (Al3+) and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were highest at pH 4.5, with increases of 82 -88 mg kg-1 and 1.78 - 1.82 ms cm-1, respectively, compared to pH 7.0 - 7.5. The total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP), and potassium (TK) content in the soil declined as acidity increased, reaching their lowest levels of 0.59, 0.42, and 3.79 g kg-1 at pH 4.5. Among the available nutrients, only potassium levels did not exhibit significant variation across treatments. However, the levels of macro elements in the soil consistently decreased, while the concentrations of trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn) increased with rising acidity; conversely, the levels of other trace elements (B, Mo, Mn) decreased. The amounts of exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) at pH levels of 4.5 - 5.0 dropped by 61% - 66% and 70% - 78%, respectively, compared to pH 7.5. Further analyses indicated that soil pH values between 6.0 - 4.5 reduced the nutrient absorption capacity of eggplant, with the lowest nutrient content observed at pH 4.5. Mantel analyses confirmed that soil pH significantly affects plant nutrient uptake. This research provides both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the effective management of vegetable soil in greenhouse.

O. Polivanova, V. A. Bedarev

Hyperhydricity is the most common physiological disorder in in vitro plant cultivation. It is characterized by certain anatomical, morphological, physiological, and metabolic disturbances. Hyperhydricity significantly complicates the use of cell and tissue culture in research, reduces the efficiency of clonal micropropagation and the quality of seedlings, prevents the adaptation of plants in vivo, and can lead to significant losses of plant material. This review considers the main symptoms and causes of hyperhydricity, such as oxidative stress, impaired nitrogen metabolism, and the imbalance of endogenous hormones. The main factors influencing the level of hyperhydricity of plants in vitro are the mineral and hormonal composition of a medium and cultivation conditions, in particular the aeration of cultivation vessels. Based on these factors, various approaches are proposed to eliminate hyperhydricity, such as varying the mineral and hormonal composition of the medium, the use of exogenous additives, aeration systems, and specific lighting. However, not all methods used are universal in eliminating the symptoms of hyperhydricity. Therefore, the study of hyperhydricity requires a comprehensive approach, and measures aimed at its elimination should be complex and species-specific.

Lin Ma, Chunxiao Chai, Wenna Wu et al.

A class of hydrophilic polymers known as "hydrogels" have extensive water content and three-dimensional crosslinked networks. Since the old period, they have been utilized as plant culture substrates to get around the drawbacks of hydroponics and soil. Numerous hydrogels, particularly polysaccharides with exceptional stability, high clarity, and low cost can be employed as plant substrates. Although numerous novel and functionalized hydrogels might assist in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional media and giving them more functions, the existing hydrogel-based plant growth substrates rarely benefit from the developments of gels in the previous few decades. Prospects include the development of new conduction techniques, the creation of potential new hydrogels, and the functionalization of the hydrogel as plant culture substrates.

Catarina Leal, Ales Eichmeier, Kateřina Štůsková et al.

With a reduction in available chemical treatments, there is an increased interest in biological control of grapevine trunk diseases. Few studies have investigated the impact of introducing beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere on the existing indigenous soil microbiome. In this study, we explored the effect of two biocontrol agents (BCAs), Trichoderma atroviride SC1 (Ta SC1) (Vintec; Certis Belchim) and Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 (Bs PTA-271), on the grapevine rhizosphere bacterial and fungal microbiome as well as plant defense expression using high-throughput amplicon sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Additionally, we quantified both Ta SC1 and Bs PTA-271 in the rhizosphere over time using droplet digital PCR. The fungal microbiome was more affected by factors such as soil type, BCA treatment, and sampling time compared with the bacterial microbiome. Specifically, Ta SC1 application produced negative impacts on fungal diversity, whereas application of BCAs did not affect bacterial diversity. Interestingly, the survival and establishment of both BCAs showed opposite trends depending on the soil type, indicating that the physicochemical properties of soils have a role in BCA establishment. Fungal co-occurrence networks were less complex than bacterial networks but highly impacted by Ta SC1 application. Soils treated with Ta SC1 presented more complex and stable co-occurrence networks, with a higher number of positive correlations. Induced grapevine defenses also differed according to the soil, being more affected by BCA inoculation on sandy soil. The findings of this research emphasize the complex relationships among microorganisms in the rhizosphere and highlight the significance of taking into account various factors, such as soil type, sampling time, and BCA treatment, and their influence on the structure and dynamics of microbial communities.

A. Soumare, A. Diedhiou, N. Arora et al.

Plant growth promoting microbes (PGPMs) play major roles in diverse ecosystems, including atmospheric nitrogen fixation, water uptake, solubilization, and transport of minerals from the soil to the plant. Different PGPMs are proposed as biofertilizers, biostimulants, and/or biocontrol agents to improve plant growth and productivity and thereby to contribute to agricultural sustainability and food security. However, little information exists regarding the use of PGPMs in micropropagation such as the in vitro plant tissue culture. This review presents an overview of the importance of PGPMs and their potential application in plant micropropagation. Our analysis, based on published articles, reveals that the process of in vitro classical tissue culture techniques, under strictly aseptic conditions, deserves to be reviewed to allow vitroplants to benefit from the positive effect of PGPMs. Furthermore, exploiting the potential benefits of PGPMs will lead to lessen the cost production of vitroplants during micropropagation process and will make the technique of plant tissue culture more efficient. The last part of the review will indicate where research is needed in the future.

Asha Humbal, Bhawana Pathak

B. Rakesh, W. N. Sudheer, Praveen Nagella

Gerema Amente, Emiru Chimdessa

Browning is one of the severe problems in plant tissue culture that hampers successful in vitro propagation of plants especially woody and perennial plants. In order to control the browning problem, different efforts has been made in vitro such as presoaking of explants in antioxidant solution, incorporation of antioxidants into medium, culturing in the dark period and frequent subculturing of explants. Presoaking of explants in antioxidant solutions like polyvinylpyrolidone (PvP) and ascorbic acid (AC) is one of the most frequently used. Incorporation of antioxidants such as 0.2-0.5g/l PvP and 15-250mg/l ascorbic acid into MS medium is commonly used to control browning in different plants and explants followed by activated charcoal, citric acid, MES and AIP. Moreover, frequent sub culturing and incubation of explants in the dark period is the other alternative. This review article includes the study of previous and current research achievements in a comprehensive way on the different methods to control browning problem in plant tissue culture and suggests further optimization for successful control of browning when using the same or different crops as well explants.

Zhiming Feng, Zhiming Feng, Mingyou Li et al.

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), is one of the most destructive diseases threatening rice production worldwide. Development of resistant cultivars using broad-spectrum resistance (R) genes with high breeding value is the most effective and economical approach to control this disease. In this study, the breeding potential of Pigm gene in geng/japonica rice breeding practice in Jiangsu province was comprehensively evaluated. Through backcross and marker-assisted selection (MAS), Pigm was introduced into two geng rice cultivars (Wuyungeng 32/WYG32 and Huageng 8/HG8). In each genetic background, five advanced backcross lines with Pigm (ABLs) and the same genotypes as the respective recurrent parent in the other 13 known R gene loci were developed. Compared with the corresponding recurrent parent, all these ABLs exhibited stronger resistance in seedling inoculation assay using 184 isolates collected from rice growing regions of the lower region of the Yangtze River. With respect to panicle blast resistance, all ABLs reached a high resistance level to blast disease in tests conducted in three consecutive years with the inoculation of seven mixed conidial suspensions collected from different regions of Jiangsu province. In natural field nursery assays, the ABLs showed significantly higher resistance than the recurrent parents. No common change on importantly morphological traits and yield-associated components was found among the ABLs, demonstrating the introduction of Pigm had no tightly linked undesirable effect on rice economically important traits and its associated grain weight reduction effect could be probably offset by others grain weight genes or at least in the background of the aforementioned two varieties. Notably, one rice line with Pigm, designated as Yangnonggeng 3091, had been authorized as a new variety in Jiangsu province in 2021, showing excellent performance on both grain yield and quality, as well as the blast resistance. Together, these results suggest that the Pigm gene has a high breeding value in developing rice varieties with durable and broad-spectrum resistance to blast disease.

Yaqing Pan, Peng Kang, Min Tan et al.

When plants are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses, the root system responds actively by secreting different types and amounts of bioactive compounds, while affects the structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial community. Therefore, understanding plant–soil-microbial interactions, especially the strength of microbial interactions, mediated by root exudates is essential. A short-term experiment was conducted under drought and salt stress to investigate the interaction between root exudates and Nitraria tangutorum rhizosphere bacterial communities. We found that drought and salt stress increased rhizosphere soil pH (9.32 and 20.6%) and electrical conductivity (1.38 and 11 times), respectively, while decreased organic matter (27.48 and 31.38%), total carbon (34.55 and 29.95%), and total phosphorus (20 and 28.57%) content of N. tangutorum rhizosphere soil. Organic acids, growth hormones, and sugars were the main differential metabolites of N. tangutorum under drought and salt stress. Salt stress further changed the N. tangutorum rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure, markedly decreasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidota as r-strategist while increasing that of Alphaproteobacteria as k-strategists. The co-occurrence network analysis showed that drought and salt stress reduced the connectivity and complexity of the rhizosphere bacterial network. Soil physicochemical properties and root exudates in combination with salt stress affect bacterial strategies and interactions. Our study revealed the mechanism of plant–soil-microbial interactions under the influence of root exudates and provided new insights into the responses of bacterial communities to stressful environments.