Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

Кузнецова О.А., Негашева М.А., Хафизова А.А. et al.

Введение. Формирование дефинитивной длины тела определяется генетическими факторами и факторами окружающей среды. Актуальной задачей является межсистемный анализ связей секулярной динамики длины тела с изменениями во времени социально-экономических и демографических показателей. Подобная модель взаимосвязей была разработана для изменений длины тела населения России во второй половине XX в. на основе флуктуаций во времени социально-экономических и демографических показателей. Цель данной работы – проверка работоспособности общероссийской модели на региональных материалах – анализ общих тенденций и выявление особенностей на примере четырех крупных городов России. Материалы и методы. Материалами послужили временные ряды антропометрических, социально-экономических и демографических показателей из открытых источников. Использованы данные по длине тела, собранные авторами в 2020-2024 гг. в результате обследования молодежи 17-23 лет в четырех городах России: Барнаул, Москва, Петрозаводск и Краснодар. Длина тела для демографических когорт с 1930-39 гг. до начала 2000-х гг. рождения получена из источников литературы. Результаты и обсуждение. Показано, что изменчивость длины тела в отдельных городах и федеральных округах сходна с общероссийской. В первой половине XX в. наблюдается резкое увеличение дефинитивной длины тела с последующим снижением прироста и выходом на плато. Для современной когорты обследованных (2000-2006 гг. рождения) в некоторых крупных городах отмечено уменьшение длины тела. Заключение. Проверка регрессионной модели общероссийского секулярного тренда длины тела в связи с изменениями во времени социально-экономических и демографических показателей на региональных данных показала близкие результаты. Выявленные региональные особенности могут быть обусловлены разновременной динамикой изменений социально-экономических условий. Незначительное уменьшение длины тела в некоторых городах России у молодежи 2000-2006 гг. рождения может свидетельствовать об изменении направления секулярного тренда, что подтверждает общебиологическую гипотезу о волнообразном характере трансэпохальной динамики дефинитивной длины тела. Финансирование. Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РНФ № 23-18-00086 «Региональные особенности влияния социально-экономических и социокультурных факторов на секулярный тренд размеров тела современной молодёжи на рубеже XX-XXI веков».

Sasha T. Manso González, Rocío C. Gambaro, Analía I. Seoane et al.

Las células cancerígenas están muy adaptadas y suelen ser resistentes a los agentes antitumorales, lo cual impedimenta una terapia efectiva contra el cáncer. Sin embargo, en estas células se encuentran factores que pueden modificar la respuesta al tratamiento quimioterapéutico. Resultados previos, obtenidos en células tumorales HeLa, demostraron que el ácido fólico (AF) combinado con el carboplatino (CBP) permitía bajar la dosis de CBP utilizada y aumentar la actividad del compuesto platinado. En este sentido, es imprescindible evaluar los efectos de dicho tratamiento en las células sanas. Por este motivo, se analizó el efecto del tratamiento combinado de AF y CBP in vitro sobre la viabilidad celular (ensayo MTT) utilizando sangre periférica de mujeres sanas. Los cultivos se realizaron por 48 horas a 37°C, durante las últimas 24 horas se efectuaron los tratamientos: 1. control negativo (CN); 2. control AF (900 nM); 3. control CBP (40,4 mM); 4. control de manitol (ML 40,4 mM); 5. combinado AF-CBP (900 nM-40,4 mM); 6. combinado AF-ML (900 nM-40,4 mM); 7. control positivo (CP etanol 10%). Los cultivos que recibieron la combinación AF-CBP presentaron una viabilidad similar a la observada para el CN. Por el contrario, en los cultivos que recibieron el tratamiento sólo con CBP la viabilidad disminuyó de manera estadísticamente significativa respecto de dicho control. Estos hallazgos podrían resultar un aporte explorando el uso del AF en protocolos basados en agentes platinados, con el fin de reducir las dosis en el tratamiento de pacientes y la aparición de efectos secundarios.

Kevin N. Lala, Gillian Brown, Kalyani Twyman et al.

Sergio Moreno, Mohamed Amine Doukani, Ana Hipólito et al.

During the last two decades, the Macaronesian archipelagos have been the focus of multiple studies targeting the abundant and diversified fossil record from late Neogene and Quaternary deposits. This record of past biota, ecosystems and climates is crucial for understanding the impact of glacial–interglacial cycles on Atlantic littoral marine organisms. Coupled with ongoing studies on the factors responsible for global climate change and associated sea-level variations, they contributed decisively towards the development of the modern marine island biogeography theory. Our current knowledge of the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the past and extant, shallow-water marine organisms from the Macaronesian geographic region relies on detailed analysis of many individual fossiliferous outcrops by means of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Here, we focus on the fossil record of a newly studied MIS 5e outcrop at Pedra-que-pica (PQP), on Santa Maria Island (Azores Archipelago, Portugal). This multidisciplinary work integrates geology, paleontology and biology, providing the first detailed description of the sedimentary facies and stratigraphic framework of the PQP MIS 5e sequence that, coupled with the documentation of the biodiversity and ecological composition of PQP molluscan assemblages, allows us to produce a paleoecological reconstruction and to compare PQP with other last interglacial outcrops from Santa Maria Island. Our results increase the number of the Azorean MIS 5e marine molluscs to 140 taxa (116 Gastropoda and 24 Bivalvia). <i>Ervilia castanea</i> (Montagu, 1803) is the most abundant bivalve, while <i>Bittium nanum</i> (Mayer, 1864) and <i>Melarhaphe neritoides</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) are the most abundant gastropod species. In addition, this work emphasizes the crucial importance of complementing quantitative collecting with qualitative surveys of the fossiliferous outcrops, because nearly 42% of the bivalve species and 28% of the gastropod taxa would be missed if only quantitative samples were used. Derivation of Hill numbers and rarefaction curves both indicate that the sampling effort should be increased at PQP. Thus, although Santa Maria Island is recognized by the scientific community as one of the best-studied islands regarding the last interglacial fossil record, this study emphasizes the need to continue with similar efforts in less known outcrops on the island.

Marcos Plischuk, Rocío García Mancuso, Bárbara Desántolo

Natalia Albuquerque, Carine Savalli, Marina Belli et al.

Capuchin monkeys have rich social relationships and from very young ages they participate in complex interactions with members of their group. Lipsmacking behaviour, which involves at least two individuals in socially mediated interactions, may tell about processes that maintain, accentuate or attenuate emotional exchanges in monkeys. Lipsmacking is a facial expression associated with the establishment and maintenance of affiliative interactions, following under the ‘emotional regulation’ umbrella, which accounts for the ability to manage behavioural responses. We investigated behaviours related to the emitter and to the receiver (infant) of lipsmacking to answer the question of how lipsmacking occurs. In capuchin monkeys, lipsmacking has been previously understood solely as a face-to-face interaction. Our data show that emitters are engaged with infants, looking longer towards their face and seeking eye contact during the display. However, receivers spend most of the time looking away from the emitter and stay in no contact for nearly half of the time. From naturalistic observations of wild infant capuchin monkeys from Brazil we found that lipsmacking is not restricted to mutual gaze, meaning there are other mechanisms in place than previously known. Our results open paths to new insights about the evolution of socio-emotional displays in primates.

Alexei S. Kassian, George Starostin, Ilya M. Egorov et al.

In this paper, we present the results of our analysis of the 110-item basic wordlists for four reconstructed and one ancient languages, the linguistic ancestors of five language families which are hypothesized to constitute the Altaic (a.k.a. Transeurasian) macrofamily: Proto-Turkic, Proto-Mongolic, Proto-Tungusic, Middle Korean and Proto-Japonic wordlists. Protolanguage wordlists were reconstructed according to strict criteria of semantic reconstruction, based on accurate semantic glossing of forms in daughter languages. Each involved form was encoded into a bi-consonantal CC-shaped sequence using the consonant class method, after which a recently developed weighted permutation test was applied. In a typical situation, our algorithm makes a small number of type 1 errors (false positive), but the number of type 2 errors (false negative) can be substantial. Our main finding is that pairs between the Nuclear Altaic taxa – Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic – as well as the Turkic-Japonic and Tungusic-Japonic pairs demonstrate significant p-values. In some cases, this can be attributed to either ancient contacts or genealogical relationships, but at least for the Turkic–Japonic pair, a contact scenario is unlikely owing to geographical remoteness.

Holly Ellen Smith, Mike W. Morley, Julien Louys

Karst-derived breccia is the most analysed deposit in fossil-bearing Southeast Asian caves due to its superior preservation potential for human, faunal, archaeological, and palaeontological data. The study of breccia can provide a better understanding of human and faunal histories, and an opportunity to investigate site taphonomy and insights into environments of deposition and post-depositional processes. We review the literature on approaches used to improve the taphonomic understanding of cave deposits in Southeast Asia and how these deposits fit into a cave’s life history. We discuss common methods used to extract taphonomic data retained in Southeast Asian cave deposits and the associated opportunities to discern the mechanisms of cave formation, depositional history, and faunal accumulation. While attempts have previously been made to discern the taphonomic characteristics of Pleistocene vertebrate remains in the region, there has been no comprehensive review outlining methods used to understand taphonomic histories and the biases introduced through these processes. We illustrate the challenges of researching cave breccias in Southeast Asia and the knowledge gaps brought about by conventional methodologies. Uncertainties exist about the extent to which breccia can be examined to infer the taphonomic history of a vertebrate assemblage. These uncertainties exist in part because of dating complexities. This review demonstrates that a taphonomic analysis of breccia in complex long-term accumulations requires a multi-disciplinary approach. We recommend using digital techniques to record spatial distribution data for a thorough interpretation of taphonomic characteristics.

Soomin Lee, Naoshi Kakitsuba, Tetso Katsuura

Abstract Background It is well known that light containing the blue component stimulates the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and plays a role in melatonin suppression and pupillary constriction. In our previous studies, we verified that simultaneous exposure to blue and green light resulted in less pupillary constriction than blue light exposure. Hence, we hypothesized that the nonvisual effects of polychromatic white light might be increased by blocking the green component. Therefore, we conducted an experiment using optical filters that blocked blue or green component and examined the nonvisual effects of these lights on pupillary constriction and electroencephalogram power spectra. Methods Ten healthy young males participated in this study. The participant sat on a chair with his eyes facing an integrating sphere. After 10 min of light adaptation, the participant’s left eye was exposed to white pulsed light (1000 lx; pulse width 2.5 ms) every 10 s with a blue-blocking glasses, a green-blocking glasses, or control glasses (no lens), and pupillary constriction was measured. Then, after rest for 10 min, the participant was exposed a continuous white light of 1000 lx with a blue- or green-blocking glasses or control glasses and electroencephalogram was measured. Results Pupillary constriction with the blue-blocking glasses was significantly less than that observed with the green-blocking glasses. Furthermore, pupillary constriction under the green-blocking glasses was significantly greater than that observed with the control glasses. Conclusions A reduction in the green component of light facilitated pupillary constriction. Thus, the effects of polychromatic white light containing blue and green components on ipRGCs are apparently increased by removing the green component.

Andrea Mancosu , James H. Nebelsick

Clypeasteroid echinoids are widespread and abundant within Miocene sedimentary sequences of the Mediterranean area within both siliciclastic and carbonate deposits. Herein, three clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages from the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession of the Mores Formation (lower Miocene) cropping out within the Porto Torres Basin (northern Sardinia) are described. These assemblages were compared to previously described clypeasteroid-bearing deposits from the Miocene of northern Sardinia with the purpose of investigating their palaeoecology and taphonomy along a shelf gradient. These goals are accomplished by various methods including (i) logging sedimentary facies, (ii) analysing the functional morphology of sea urchin skeletons, (iii) comparing the relative abundance of taxa and taphonomic features, and (iv) studying associated fauna, flora, and trace fossils. The clypeasteroid-bearing deposits differ greatly with respect to echinoid diversity, accompanying fauna and flora, sedimentological signatures, and taphonomic features. They also show variations in depositional environments and the mechanism of formation of the deposits. Three different shelf settings are distinguished: littoral, inner sublittoral, and outer sublittoral environments. Furthermore, an ecomorphological gradient along the shelf is recognized with respect to echinoid taxa and their morphologies. This gradient ranges from shallow water to a moderately deep shelf and is interpreted with respect to both abiotic and biotic factors as well as the taphonomy of the echinoid tests.

Krzysztof Hryniewicz, Kazutaka Amano, Robert G. Jenkins et al.

We present a systematic study of thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous to Oligocene seep carbonates worldwide. Eleven species of thyasirid bivalves are identified belonging to three genera: Conchocele, Maorithyas, and Thyasira. Two species are new: Maorithyas humptulipsensis sp. nov. from middle Eocene seep carbonates in the Humptulips Formation, Washington State, USA, and Conchocele kiritachiensis sp. nov. from the late Eocene seep deposit at Kiritachi, Hokkaido, Japan. Two new combinations are provided: Conchocele townsendi (White, 1890) from Maastrichtian strata of the James Ross Basin, Antarctica, and Maorithyas folgeri (Wagner and Schilling, 1923) from Oligocene rocks from California, USA. Three species are left in open nomenclature. We show that thyasirids have Mesozoic origins and appear at seeps before appearing in “normal” marine environments. These data are interpreted as a record of seep origination of thyasirids, and their subsequent dispersal to non-seep environments. We discuss the age of origination of thyasirids in the context of the origin of the modern deep sea fauna and conclude that thyasirids could have deep sea origins. This hypothesis is supported by the observed lack of influence of the Cretaceous and Paleogene Oceanic Anoxic Events on the main evolutionary lineages of the thyasirids, as seen in several other members of the deep sea fauna.

Armand de Ricqlès, Xabier Pereda Suberbiola, Zulma Gasparini et al.

Ankylosaurian remains from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Santa Marta Formation of the James Ross Island in the Antarctic Peninsula include several types of armour, the most abundant being tiny, button-like ossicles (less than 5 mm in diameter). An histological study of these small ossicles evidences an original tissue structure. We notice the very small amount of vascularization and of bone remodeling. Some structural aspects strongly suggest a direct (metaplastic) mineralization of the preexisting stratum compactum of the dermis. However, some contradictory evidences support instead the hypothesis of the structures originating de novo at the limit of the stratum compactum and stratum spongiosum of the dermis and experiencing further growth via neoplasy. KEY WORDS. Ankylosauria. Late Cretaceous. Antarctica. Dermal armour. Histology.

Evelia Oyhenart

La descripción y el análisis del crecimiento humano han ocupado gran parte de las investigaciones de antropobiólogos, médicos y biólogos humanos, entre otros. En Argentina si bien se dispone de información de prevalencias de malnutrición, existe dificultad en la comparación debido a que en la mayor parte de los casos hay disparidad en las técnicas y/o metodologías empleadas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el estado nutricional de la población de General Alvear a fin de disponer de elementos diagnósticos que permitan su contrastación con otras provincias argentinas. Peso corporal (kg.) y talla (cm.) fueron medidos en una muestra de 3129 escolares (1639 varones y 1490 mujeres) durante 2003. Con los datos obtenidos se analizaron los indicadores Peso/Edad (P/E), Peso/Talla (P/T), Talla/Edad (T/E) e Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC). La prevalencia de cada indicador se calculó siguiendo los puntos de corte recomendados por la OMS: para bajo P/E, T/E y P/T se utilizó el percentilo 5, para sobrepeso (S) el intervalo percentilar 85-95 (>P85 IMC <P95) y para obesidad (O) el percentilo 95 (IMC>P95). Los resultados obtenidos indicaron las siguientes prevalencias totales: Desnutrición: 12,5%, Bajo P/E: 8,2%, Baja T/E: 8,8% Bajo P/T: 0,1%, S: 9,6% y O: 5,3%. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, de acuerdo a la OMS, la población evaluada pertenece a un grupo de prevalencia baja de desnutrición, siendo moderados los porcentajes de sobrepeso y obesidad.

Silvia L. V. Dahinten

Desde el año 2011 se organizan reuniones anuales bajo el nombre de Taller de Discusión sobre Restitución de Restos Humanos de Interés Arqueológico y Bioantropológico (TaDiRH). En este ámbito de pluralidad académica y también ideológica, se discuten posibles estrategias comunes para dar respuesta fundamentalmente a las demandas de las comunidades sobre restitución de restos en el marco de la ley 25.517/01

Silvia N. Césari, Marcela Remesal, Claudio Parica

Available data on Early Cretaceous Antarctic ferns, based on mega and microfossils from Cerro Negro Formation (Shetland Islands) in Livingston Island are evaluated, together with the information provided by recently collected fossils. Anatomically well preserved Osmundaceous stems are common in the fossil assemblage. The cyatheaceae are represented by fertile foliage with spores in situ and the first Antarctic petrified stems of this family are found in Cretaceous strata. Fertile structures support the presence of Marattiaceae in the flora. Spores of Lophosoriaceae and other families are present. This diversity suggests that ferns successfully inhabited these Antarctic areas during the Early Cretaceous, therefore at least warm, frost-free paleoclimatic conditions are proposed. KEY WORDS. Cretaceous. Antarctica. Cerro Negro Formation. Ferns.

Elvira Inés Baffi, María Fernanda Torres, José Alberto Cocilovo

RESUMEN: A partir de un enfoque bioarqueológico, evaluamos el estrés al que estuvo sometida la población prehistórica de Las Pirguas (Salta). Se consideraron indicadores métricos, no métricos, patológicos, del aparato bucal y del uso del cuerpo. Se consignan resultados de análisis anteriores con los aportes de nueva información. De todos estos estudios se concluye un costo adaptativo alto para este grupo. ABSTRACT: The stress which the prehistoric population of "Las Pirguas" (Salta) underwent was analyzed from a bioarcheologic point of view. Metric, nonmetric and pathologic indicators of the dental analysis and daily life activities were considered. Results from former analysis, together with contribution of new information, have been recorded. Out of all these studies, it was concluded that the adaptability cost for this group was very high.

Kozameh, Livia Febes, Benítez, Ana María

Desgastes dentarios atípicos y disarmónicos, asociados a patologías sugirieron la posibilidad que los mismos se hubieran producido por una actividad masticatoria excesiva y no alimentaria. La variedad de rastros registrados sugiere el uso de la boca con fines instrumentales, como recurso posiblemente constante. Los casos seleccionados son seis y sus rasgos predominantes se describen sucintamente. 1) Muestra dentaria de canoeros fueguinos. Fracturas cuspídeas pulimentadas únicamente en denticiones femeninas.2)Resto de cazador canoero del Beagle. Notables desgastes dentarios con distintas angulaciones a modo de zigzag. Raíces en función oclusal con procesos alveolares concomitantes. 3)Resto de cazador pedestre de Tierra del Fuego. Disminución del tamaño coronal de los dientes anteriores y primeros premolares, con pérdida completa de su morfología. Los bordes incisales exhiben tres planos de desgaste con diferentes direcciones. 4 y 5)Cazadores de Santa Cruz. En uno de ellos los desgastes coronales son convexos en todos sus dientes. Patologías alveolares. En el otro ejemplar el desgaste tornó cilíndricas las coronas de las piezas anteriores. 6)Resto femenino de Chubut. Pérdida prematura de los cuatro dientes anteriores con compromiso óseo y canino transpuesto.

John R. Lukacs

Deann Muller

Caratini, Alicia Liliana, Dahinten, Silvia Lucrecia, Carnese, Francisco R.

El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en la reconstrucción biodemográfica del grupo fundador de la colonia Galesa de Gaiman. Se realizó el relevamiento de las actas de matrimonios, nacimientos y defunciones del archivo del Registro Civil de la ciudad de Rawson, para el periodo en estudio. Los datos se procesaron con el programa PARF. Se reconstruyeron 216 familias y las genealogías se completaron hasta cuatro generaciones con los aportes de los miembros descendientes de la comunidad. La endogamia registró valores muy elevados (92.5%) y la exogamia es muy debil en estos decenios (7.5%).La dimensión media de la familia fue de 3.67 y el tamaño reproductivo y efectivo alcanzó valores de 412 y 252, respectivamente, con un coeficiente de aislamiento reproductivo (Nem) de 17.65. El índice de Crow (It) = 0.88 presentó un componente de mortalidad (Im=0.25) más bajo que el de fertilidad (If=0.46). Estos datos sugieren la existencia de un moderado efecto de la deriva genética y de una probable acción de la selección natural a través del componente de fertilidad. En cuanto a la baja tasa de exogamia se puede inferir que las redes trazadas en el proceso migratorio siguieron actuando en la sociedad receptora.