Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

ياسمين دخيل بخيت اللهيبي

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز البيئة الاجتماعية في منجز الببغاء الشعري، وهو من شعراء العصر العباسي الثاني الذي زخر بعدد من الفنون والعلوم؛ التي أثَّرت بشكل إيجابي في نتاجهم الشعري واتجاهاتهم الفنية. وقد حفل نتاجه الشعري بعدد من الأغراض الشعرية المتنوعة. وجاء البحث في مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، وخاتمة، اشتمل التمهيد على التعريف بالشاعر، ونبذة موجزة عن علاقة المجتمع بالأدب، وتناول المبحث الأول: صورة العلاقات الاجتماعية، كصورة الأمراء، والمرأة، والأصدقاء، والمبحث الثاني: صورة القيم الاجتماعية، كصورة الزهد، والشجاعة، والعفو، أما المبحث الثالث: فقد تناول صورة المظاهر الاجتماعية، كالصورة الحضارية، والترف الاجتماعي. وقد اهتمت الدراسة بتحليل النصوص المختارة تحليلًا اجتماعيا فنيا يوضح أن الأدب لا يعكس الواقع فقط، بل يغيره، ويعيد تشكيله بطريقة تُلفت النظر إلى الشكل والأسلوب في اللغة والتعبير. وقد توصلت إلى عدد من النتائج، جاء من أهمها: أن الشاعر قد امتلك قدرة فنية على تصوير الأشياء ونقلها، وتجسيد المحسوسات آنذاك إلى صورة ناطقة حية، بالإضافة إلى أن الشاعر قد جعل القارئ يعيش أجواء المجتمع العباسي، من خلال تصوير العلاقات والقيم والمظاهر الاجتماعية، بشكل لافت من حيث الأسلوب واللغة والسمات الفنية والبنى النصية.

Hayk Avetisyan, Artak Gnuni, Levon Mkrtchyan et al.

The given contribution is devoted to the problem of computer modeling in archaeology. The territory of the Republic of Armenia is chosen as a target zone for investigations, which is considered in the context of historical and cultural developments of the neighboring countries. The chronological range of the given study is the Bronze and Iron Ages (3rd-1st millennia BC). Тhe principles of computer modeling are applicable to the investigation of monumental architecture (fortifications, towers, cairns, kites, kurgans, dolmens), aiming at reconstructing both the complexes of the monuments and the historical landscape.

Artyom Tonoyan, Artem Davydov

In New Persian (hereafter NP) there are more than two dozen Arabic borrowings, attested in different dictionaries and partly still using today for the concept of "leader" [8], while most of the words for the same concept in Middle Persian (hereafter MP) are of Iranian origin. The present article introduces and examines the lexemes attested in Middle Persian and Arabic with the meaning "leader, leader, commander". The choice of the Middle Persian language is due to the task of showing the features of the public perception of the concept "leader" and its expressions at the linguistic extent in Sassanid Iran, still free from strong Arab influence. On the other hand, the choice of Arabic is due to the fact that it shows the enormous influence that the Arab world had already in the post-Sassanid period on the Iranians' perception of the concept of "leader", and, consequently, the Arabic language itself, in the level of linguistic thought, in the face of Arabic borrowings to denote the concept of "leader" in NP. The Arabic loanwords in NP, used for the concept of "leader", are presented in the authors' previous paper [8], because of which the present examination is limited in the presentation of the denotants of the concept of "leader" only in Sasanian Middle Persian and Arabic.

Olena Kronina

The article presents the first Ukrainian translation of Yunus Emre's poetry based on the original texts written by the author in the twelfth century. The material for the translation is the poetry of the main collection of his poetry, Divan. The significance of the translation lies in the opportunity for the Ukrainian reader to get acquainted not only with the ideas of oriental culture common in the Old Anatolian Turkish language but also with the relevant religious and philosophical traditions of Sufism. The poems we have chosen fully reveal one of the main ideas of Sufism, which includes not only love for God but also a comprehensive merger with the divine essence, where there is no place for worldly egoism and personal self. The author's main artistic device is numerous metaphors that echo the historical context of the twelfth century. All the works begin with a philosophical idea that is developed in the following stanzas. It is noteworthy that the last stanza is always the author's philosophy, which at the same time is a kind of instruction to the reader, reflecting the values of Sufism. This is evidence of the author's idiom, which is closely intertwined with religious beliefs. Below are the original texts and their translation-interpretation into Ukrainian. Considerable attention has been paid to observing the rhyme and the main idea of the works, adapting the poems for better understanding by the Ukrainian reader.

Rumeysa Bakır Dayı

Mehcer edebiyatı, Arap edebiyatının felsefe ile bütünleşip sanatsal öğelerden ve karışık üsluptan daha uzak olduğu, içinde barındırdığı anlam ve düşüncelerle değerliliğini kazanmış bir ekolüdür. Mehcer edebiyatının ikinci adamı olarak bilinen Nu‘ayme de aynı şekilde düşünceleri ile ilgi odağı olmuş, edebiyat ve felsefeyi aynı elekten geçirip, felsefi düşünceleri edebi sanatıyla süsleyip, birçok alandan okuyucuyu kendi edebi ve felsefi dünyasına çekmiş bir edebiyatçıdır. Mehcer edebiyatçılarının ülkelerinden çıkmak zorunda kalışları ve gittikleri ülkelerde karşılaştıkları dil, edebi, sosyal, kültürel ve düşünsel değişimler kendilerinde doğal olarak değişime ve karmaşaya da yol açmıştır. Nu‘ayme de aynı şekilde önce Rus ardından Amerika kültür ve edebiyatından etkilenmiştir. Rus edebiyatında kendisine yol gösterici olarak Tolstoy’u seçen Nu‘ayme onun gibi sürekli hakikat arayışı içinde olmuştur. Çocukluğundan beri zihnini meşgul eden yaşamın manası, ölüm ve ötesi, insanın dünyadaki gayesinin ne olduğu gibi düşünceler olgunluk dönemlerinde de devam etmiştir. Amerika’da birçok edebiyatçı ve filozof ile tanışan Nu‘ayme en çok Spinoza’dan ve onun panteizmi savunmasından etkilenmiştirÇalışmada Mîhâîl Nu‘ayme’nin hayatına kısa bir giriş yapılmış, onun düalizm görüşü, bunu monizmle bağlaması, vahdet-i vücut konusu ve her şeyi kapsayan içkin bir Tanrı’nın varlığı, doğanın ya da evrenin Tanrı ile aynı olduğunu kabul eden panteizm görüşü Nu‘ayme’nin eserleri ışığında incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Eserlerinde dikkat çeken şeylerden biri, yaşadığı bu birbirinden farklı ortamların ve düşünsel gelişimlerin onda bazen reenkarnasyona yönelmesine, bazen tek tanrıcılığı kabul etmesine, dini inanca ve İncil’e sıkı bağlılığın ardından kiliseyi reddetmesine, Tanrı’yı kendi içinde ve doğada aramasına kadar götürmüştür. Bahsedilen bu görüşler çerçevesinde belli bir düşünceye sahip olamaması, sürekli değişim gösteren evren ve zaman karşısında gelgitler yaşamasına sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada hem edebiyat hem felsefe alanı dâhilinde yapılmış bir çalışma olup mehcer edebiyatı ve felsefe alanında daha iyi çalışmalara katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır

Najla Saad Al-Dhafeer Al-Shahrani

يتناول هذا البحث الحجاج في سورة الهُمَزَة؛ بوصف الخطاب القرآني خطابًا حجاجيًا، يوفر طاقة حجاجية قادرة على إثارة المتلقي ولفت انتباهه، معتمدًا على الحجاج بتقسيماته المختلفة وأدواته المتنوعة التي تحمل المتلقي على الاستنتاج، وتدفعه إلى نتيجة واحدة لا تردد فيها ولا شك، ولتحقيق ذلك اعتمدت الباحثة المنهج الحجاجي، لبيان العوامل والآليات الحجاجية في سورة الهمزة، وتم تقسيمه إلى مقدمة وتمهيد، ثم مبحثين، يليهما الخاتمة، المبحث الأول: الروابط الحجاجية، أما المبحث الثاني: العوامل الحجاجية، المبحث الثالث: الحجاج البلاغي، ومن أهم نتائج الدراسة: أن الحجاج بأنواعه المختلفة في سورة الهمزة قد أسهم في إيصال المعاني المخصوصة التي يحملها للمتلقي، وهو عامل أساسي في تحقيق الإقناع والتأثير، وأن الوجهة الحجاجية في السورة بُنيت على العموم والانفتاح؛ لأن العوامل الحجاجية الموظفة فيها تهدف إلى إقناع أكبر عدد ممكن من المتلقين عبر حقبٍ زمنيةٍ عديدة، علاوة على أن علاقات التتابع الحجاجية في (السلم الحجاجي) قامت على الروابط السببية التي تتضمنها الحجة؛ بحيث تقود هذه الحجج إلى النتيجة، فتؤدي الحجة بالأذهان إلى التسليم والإذعان والإقناع.

This work investigates the task of the translator in a postcolonial setting. The short story, “Sizin Memlekette Eşek Yok Mu?” [Don't You Have Any Donkeys in Your Country?] by the Turkish satirist, Aziz Nesin, is selected to throw light on the social and political status quo of translators in nonwestern cultures and the impact of imperialism. Using the politics of postmodernism and postcolonial theory, the paper shows how the marginalization of a Turkish interpreter working in the service of an ethnocentric oriental-rug merchant is representative of power relations between the ‘developing world’ and imperialistic states. Some pertinent notions from postcolonial theory including mimicry and hegemony are summoned to illustrate the sharply polarized binary author/ translator. The study also discusses how the extensively studied issue of the invisibility of translators is linked to the essentialist principles of faithfulness, equivalence, and symmetry in translation.

عمر عيضة حسين الحارثي

يهدف البحث إلى تحليل بناء الشخصية، في رواية سيرة حمى للروائي السعودي خالد أحمد اليوسف بأبعادها المختلفة والأساليب المتبعة في تقديمها، وعلاقة الشخصية بمكونات الرواية الأخرى. على وفق المنهج البنيوي. وقد تكون من مقدمة ومدخل ومبحثين، فجاءت المقدمة متناولة أهمية البحث، وأهدافه، وتساؤلاته، والدراسات السابقة. وقد تناول المدخل الرواية وطريقة السرد فيها ووصف أحداثها إجمالًا. وجاء المبحث الأول: متناولًا الشخصية وطبيعتها وأساليب بنائها، فيما تناول المبحث الثاني: علاقة الشخصية بكل من المكان، والزمان، والحدث. وتوصل البحث إلى أن رواية سيرة حمى رواية شخصية لتمحورها حول شخصية الدكتور خزيمة التي لا تتمتع شخصية في الرواية بوجودها المستمر مثل شخصيته؛ لذلك وسمت بالرئيسة، بينما بقية الشخصيات كان ظهورها مؤقتا، ثم تتوارى؛ لذلك صنفت في البعد المقابل من ثنائية بنية الشخصية بوصفها شخصيات ثانوية. وقد امتد تأثير هذه الشخصية وتلاحمت علاقتها بالحدث والزمن والمكان.

Yani Zimatullah, Rozaanah Rozaanah, Ilham Tumanggor

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between ability to pronounce Arabic letters and Imla' ablity in first grade students of SMP Ma'had Tahfizul Qur'an Fajar Islam Tanjung Morawa. The method used is a quantitative approach with a correlation method and the data analysis method uses statistical data with the Product Moment formula to find the results of the study. The result is that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. That is, there is a correlation between ability to pronounce Arabic letters and Imla’ ability in first grade students of SMP Ma'had Tahfizul Qur'an Fajar Islam Tanjung Morawa with a correlation value of 0.765 which shows a strong and unidirectional correlation.

Miftahusa’adah Miftahusa’adah, Nofa Isman, Nuradi Nuradi et al.

Good exercises affect the quality of the textbook. This study aims to describe the types of exercises (mechanism / patterns, meaning, communication) in the Arabic language teaching book for the second intermediate grade of the Ministry of Religious Affairs in 2020 AD, and to describe the types and form of the questions of the exercises, and to describe the exercises of four language skills and three language elements in it. This study follows the descriptive approach with a qualitative approach. The results revealed that the exercises in this book included patterns, meaning, and communication exercises, and also included 17 forms of questions. As for the exercises for language skills and language elements, there were no exercises for listening skill or sounds exercises in this book. With this comprehensiveness, the exercises in this book are considered good and valid for measuring students' abilities.

أشواق سليمان عبدالرحمن البراهيم

 تُعالج الدراسة ظاهرة العدول في أزمنة الأفعال في سورة الكهف، وقد هدفت يهدف البحث إلى استخلاص النّماذج المُتكرّرة للعدول في أزمنة الأفعال في هذه سورة الكهف. وعمدت إلى دراسة العدول الفعلي بأزمنته المختلفة، المبثوثة في ثنايا الآيات الكريمة، ثمّ التدرج بدراسة العدول في هذه الأزمنة، لكشف انزياح دلالة هذه الآيات عن الماضي والأمر إلى المضارع، وعن المضارع والأمر إلى الماضي، وعلى الرغم من أن العدول انحراف لغوي عن القاعدة فإن كل عدول عن مبنى لا بدّ وله معنى. وقد انقسم البحث إلى مقدمة ومبحثيْن يسبقهما تمهيد بمثابة مهاد نظري للدراسة؛ أمّا المبحث الأول فتناول العدول إلى الفعل المضارع عن الماضي والأمر، في حين تناول المبحث الثاني العدول إلى الفعل الماضي عن المضارع والأمر. توصل البحث إلى عدّة نتائج، منها: الكشف عن دور العدول الفعلي في البنية اللغوية للتراكيب. وإلقاء الضّوء على الدور البلاغي الدلالي السّياقي، والذي أسهم العدول الفعلي في بلورته.    

Nuri Şimşekler

Babası Mevlâna’nın Mesnevî’sine nazire olarak mesnevîler kaleme alan, Farsça ve Türkçe şiirleriyle hem Fars edebiyatının Anadolu’lu bir şâiri hem de Türk Divan Edebiyatımızın ilk şâirlerinden olan Sultan Veled, çoğunluğu Farsça gazellerden meydana gelen bir Divan da oluşturmuştur. Bu Divan’da tasavvufî mahiyetteki gazellerinin yanı sıra önemli devlet adamlarına ve Konya, Kayseri, Aksaray ve Kütahya şehirlerine yazılan övgü gazelleri de vardır.Bu yazıda Sultan Veled’in çocukluğu ve eğitimi ile ilgili kısa bilgiler verildikten sonra adı geçen şehirlere yazdığı gazeller Farsça ve Türkçe çevirisi ile sunulacak, ayrıca Sultan Veled’in bu şehirlere yaptığı seyahatleri ve orada yaşanan olaylarla ilgili bilgiler verilecektir.Sultan Veled’in yaşadığı Konya’yı “Ey Konya halkı! Can şehrinde doğduğunuzu bilin!” şeklinde nitelemesi ve bu şehirde yaşayan herkesi “Küçüklü, büyüklü evliya” olarak sıfatlandırıp, babası Mevlâna’nın bu şehre olan lütufları ile gazelini tamamlaması Konya’ya olan sevgisini, saygısını ve bağlılığını göstermekte; Kayseri’ye yaptığı bir seyahatinde söylediği tahmin edilen bir gazelinde de oranın büyüklerinin adını anması ve Kayseri’yi “seçilmiş kişilerin şehri” olarak nitelemesi Konya’dan sonra Selçukluların ikinci merkezi olan Kayseri’ye verdiği değeri göstermektedir. Sultan Veled yine bu şehirde iken Selçuklu Emiri Muîneddin Pervâne’nin de hazır bulunduğu bir mecliste sohbette bulunmuş, sonrasında ise hem övülmüş hem de sohbetini beğenmeyenler tarafından eleştiri almıştır. Sultan Veled “Nurlu şehir” diye vasıflandırdığı Kütahya’yı da bir gazelinde medhetmiş ve dönemi kaynakları zikretmese de bu şehre bir seyahatte bulunarak söz konusu gazelini söylemiştir. Tabi ki Kütahya’nın Sultan Veled’in nezdinde ayrı bir değeri vardır. Çünkü kızı Mutahhara Hatunu bu şehre gelin vermiştir. Kaynaklarda farklı şekilde nakledilse de kızı Mutahhara Hatun Germiyanoğulları Beyliği’nden Süleyman Şah ile evlenmiş ve bu evlilikten doğan Devlet Hatun adlı kız da 1378 yılında Yıldırım Bâyezid’le Osmanlılar ile irtibat sağlamak üzere evlendirilmiştir. Mutahhara Hatun’un Germiyanoğullarına gelin gittiği hususunda kaynaklar hemfikir olmakla birlikte evliliğini Süleyman Şah ile yaptığı hususu tarihi açıdan pek mümkün görünmemektedir ve Germiyanoğulları ailesinden kiminle evlendirildiği hususu hâlen bilim dünyasınca aydınlatılmaya muhtaçtır.Sultan Veled’in gazellerinde övgü yazdığı son şehir ise yine Selçukluların önemli şehirlerinden Aksaray’dır. Bir gazelinde Aksaray’ı hem öven hem de hicveden Sultan Veled bu şehri “Doğruluk madeni” olarak vasıflandırmakla birlikte Moğolların orayı merkez edinerek Konya’daki Selçukluları tehdit etmiş olmalarını da “Zenci ordudan daha ne kadar zulüm göreceksiniz!” diyerek dile getirir ve Selçukluları savaş meydanına çağırır. Ayrıca babası Mevlâna’nın yakın müridi olan IV. Rükneddin Kılıçarslan’ın Moğollar tarafından Aksaray’a davet edilerek burada öldürülmesi de Sultan Veled’i etkilemiş olmalıdır.

Vladimir E. Polyakov

Introduction. The article deals with the Crimean period (August 1941 – June 1942) in the life of Basan Badminovich Gorodovikov, Hero of the Soviet Union and a major military and political figure of Kalmykia. The present article aims at describing and analyzing this less-known period of his biography, which was significant and full of dramatic events. Data and research methods. For the purposes of this research, the author has used a wide range of archival materials, as well as memoirs of participants of the partisan movement in the Crimea (including unpublished papers). Results. The author describes the first battles in the north of the Crimea in which Gorodovikov’s regiment was engaged; then, its retreat into the mountains and transition to partisans, the creation of a partisan detachment and the actions behind enemy lines. The activities of Gorodovikov’s detachment are shown against the general background of the partisan movement in the Crimea; special attention given to the discussion of warfare under the specific conditions on the peninsula. The article focuses on the role of the military personnel, especially at the first stage of the partisan movement, revealing, among other things, the problems in the relationship between the command staff of the 48th cavalry division and the partisan leaders in the Crimea. For the first time, the article sheds light on the history of awarding Gorodovikov with the Order of the Red Banner, which was the first award of the Crimean partisans. The dramatic story of his evacuation from the partisan forest to the “Bol´shaia zemlia” is also documented in detail; with previously unknown documents and materials introduced in this paper. The undertaken research allows to conclude that the Crimean period in the life of Gorodovikov was one of the most dramatic in his biography. During a difficult period for the Crimea, he became the commander of one of the most successful partisan detachments, which after he left was officially named after him, its first commander. Notably, Gorodovikov was among the first Crimean partisans to be awarded a military order and to get a promotion in rank and in office.

Eleonora A. Nemanova

One of the most promising aspects of research into the cult tradition of the Buryats is the study of the concepts of ‘cult’ and ‘sacred’. Goals. The paper aims to analyze the issue of applying the category of ‘sacred’ developed by European religious studies to the lexical material associated with the category of the sacred in the traditional culture of the Buryats on the basis of etymological and historical-genetic research. Results. Description of the scope of application of the concept of ‘sacred’ in Buryat culture, as well as semantic analysis are necessary to avoid inadequate interpretations and extrapolations while using respective lexemes. By virtue of their conservatism, ritual terms contain invaluable evidence of the cultural and historical perspectives, preserve the valuable information that allows us to reconstruct the ethnography of the past, its social structures, spiritual culture, including the cult tradition.

Waheed Safiah

Jews lived with the Muslim Arabs in Islamic Andalusia for more than eight hundred years, in which and studied in the Islamic institutes and universities beside Muslims there. So, the Arabic culture has its influence on the Jewish intellectual life. In our study we try to unveil the effect of the Arabic linguistic thought on the linguistic thought of Andalusian Jews during that period. We have considered the "Allamaa" book by Marwan Ibn Janah as an example that sheds light about this effect so we can prove by clear evidence that the Jewish scholars didn't have creative thoughts as Jews pretend. They were copiers of the Muslims thinkers and scholars, and were affected by their thoughts to a great deal.

Yusef Hamid Jaber

The book, Cultural Criticism, aims to discover literary patterns which comprise the current cultural infrastructure. The author uses a critical approach which is different from the established literary criticism, which limits itself to exploring the beauties of literary texts and ignores the central but not so apparent themes. Therefore, cultural criticism is necessary so that these cultural patterns and themes as well as the styles of the works become known. These styles are interwoven with social styles and norms and it is these norms and styles that help or hinder their expansion. This article examines the most important themes of this book and attempts to suggest modifications to its approaches and methods.

Fadwa El Guindi